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Abstract Introduction: The practice of anesthesiology during the COVlD-i9/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had a psychological impact, and has been associated with ethical dilemmas, work overload, and occupational risk. Objective: To understand different problems affecting anesthesiologists, in particular with regards to professional ethics in the decision-making process, increased personal workload, and the potential risk in terms of their own safety and health, as a consequence of working during the COVlD-19 pandemic. Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. A survey was administered to anesthesiologists members of the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (S.C.A.R.E.), to enquire about work hours, occupational safety, prevention standards and strategies, and ethical aspects involved in decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: 218 anesthesiologist participated in the survey. Most of the respondents felt that there was not a significant increase in their workload, except for those in critical care (42.5 %; n = 17). Most of the participants believe that leisure time is not enough. 55.96 % (n = 122) of the participants said they felt moderately safe with the biosecurity measures, but with a higher risk of contagion versus other practitioners, with 72.9 % (n = 159) responding that they used their own money to buy personal protection equipment (PPE). There was also evidence that one fourth of the respondents has faced ethical dilemmas during the resuscitation of SARS-CoV-2 - infected patients. Conclusions: The information gathered is a preliminary approach to the situation arising in Colombia as a result of the pandemic; it is clear that anesthesiologists perceive higher associated lack of safety due to different factors such as higher risk of infection, shortage of PPEs and burnout, inter alia. Hence we believe that it is fundamental to acknowledge the work of all anesthesiologists and understand the impact that the pandemic has had on this group of professionals.

Resumen Introducción: El ejercicio de la anestesiología durante la pandemia por COVID-i9/SARS-CoV-2 ha tenido un impacto psicológico y ha estado asociado a dilemas éticos, aumento en la sobrecarga y riesgo laboral. Objetivo: Comprender distintos problemas en los que se han visto envueltos los médicos anestesiólogos, en especial los relacionados con su ética profesional en el proceso de tomar decisiones, el aumento en la carga personal y el posible riesgo de su seguridad y salud como consecuencia de su labor durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Por medio de una encuesta, aplicada a anestesiólogos afiliados a la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación (S.C.A.R.E.), se indagó acerca de jornadas laborales, seguridad laboral, normas y estrategias de prevención, y aspectos éticos vinculados con la toma de decisiones durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Resultados: Participaron 218 anestesiólogos. La mayoría de los encuestados consideró que no hubo aumento significativo en su carga laboral, excepto aquellos que ejercen en cuidado crítico (42,5 %; n = 17). La mayoría de los participantes consideran que el tiempo de descanso no es suficiente. Un 55,96 % (n = 122) de los participantes, refieren sentirse moderadamente seguros con las medidas de bioseguridad, pero con un mayor riesgo de contagio frente a otros profesionales, con un 72,9 % (n = 159) y manifestaron haber invertido de sus propios recursos para la adquisición de elementos de protección personal (EPP). Así mismo, se evidenció que una cuarta parte de los entrevistados se ha enfrentado a dilemas éticos durante la reanimación de pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2. Conclusiones: La información obtenida hace un acercamiento inicial a la problemática generada en Colombia por la pandemia, donde es evidente que los anestesiólogos perciben una mayor inseguridad asociada, debido a diversos factores como mayor riesgo de infección, insuficiencia de EPP y burnout, entre otros. Por ende, creemos que es fundamental reconocer el trabajo de todos los anestesiólogos, y comprender el impacto que la pandemia ha tenido en estos profesionales.

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Abstract Introduction The risk of suicide among anesthesiologists seems to be higher than in other areas of specialization, probably because of the significant stress associated with this specialty, easy access to strong medications and the profound knowledge about the use of these drugs. There is a poor knowledge about the impact of suicide on anesthesiologists in Colombia and the resources available to deal with this situation are limited. Objective This survey is intended to indirectly identify the frequency of suicide among the Colombian anesthesiologists and the experiences associated with the suicide of a colleague. Methods Observational, cross-sectional study based on a survey administered to all the anesthesiologists members of the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (S.C.A.R.E.), at a national scale. Results 403 anesthesiologists completed the survey. Eighty (19.8 %) of the respondents said they were aware of the death of at least one colleague that committed suicide. Most of them are male anesthesiologists or intensivists, and the age group with the highest rate of reports is between 25 - 29 years old in males. The primary causal mechanism was opioid overdose (58.5 %). Conclusions In an indirect characterization of suicide among Colombian anesthesiologists, 99 suicide reports were identified corresponding to 80 anesthesiologists. Suicide is preventable and the worksite should provide the support mechanisms required to identify occupational stress, drug dependence, depression and suicide.

Resumen Introducción: El riesgo de suicidio entre anestesiólogos parece ser mayor que el que se presenta en otras especialidades, posiblemente debido al elevado estrés asociado con la especialidad, al fácil acceso a medicamentos potentes y al conocimiento íntimo de cómo usarlos. En Colombia poco se sabe sobre el impacto del suicidio de un colega en un departamento de anestesia y los recursos disponibles para afrontar esta situación. Objetivo: Con esta encuesta se buscó identificar de manera indirecta la frecuencia de suicidio entre anestesiólogos colombianos y las experiencias relacionadas con el suicidio de un colega. Métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal de tipo encuesta aplicada a todos los anestesiólogos afiliados a la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación (S.C.A.R.E.) a escala nacional. Resultados: Se obtuvo respuesta de 403 anestesiólogos. Ochenta (19,8 %) participantes indicaron tener conocimiento de la muerte por suicidio de al menos un colega. La mayoría corresponden a anestesiólogos o intensivistas de sexo masculino, y el grupo etario con mayor número de reportes es el de 25 a 29 años para el sexo masculino. El principal mecanismo causal identificado fue la intoxicación por opioides (58,5 %). Conclusiones: En una caracterización indirecta del suicidio en anestesiólogos colombianos se encontraron 99 informes de suicidio reportados por 80 anestesiólogos. El suicidio es prevenible, en los sitios de trabajo deben existir los mecanismos de apoyo para la identificación del estrés laboral, la farmacodependencia, la depresión y el suicidio.

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BACKGROUND: Tracheal intubation in patients with coronavirus disease-19 is a high-risk procedure that should be performed with personal protective equipment (PPE). The influence of PPE on operator's performance during tracheal intubation remains unclear. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of simulation studies to evaluate the influence of wearing PPE as compared to standard uniform regarding time-to-intubation (TTI) and success rate. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to device used and operator's experience. RESULTS: The TTI was prolonged when wearing PPE (eight studies): Standard Mean Difference (SMD) -0.54, 95% Confidence Interval [-0.75, -0.34], p <  0.0001. Subgroup analyses according to device used showed similar findings (direct laryngoscopy, SMD -0.63 [-0.88, -0.38], p < 0.0001; videolaryngoscopy, SMD -0.39 [-0.75, -0.02], p =  0.04). Considering the operator's experience, non-anesthesiologists had prolonged TTI (SMD -0.75 [-0.98, -0.52], p < 0.0001) while the analysis on anesthesiologists did not show significant differences (SMD -0.25 [-0.51, 0.01], p = 0.06). The success rate of tracheal intubation was not influenced by PPE: Risk Ratio (RR) 1.02 [1.00, 1.04]; p = 0.12). Subgroup analyses according to device demonstrated similar results (direct laryngoscopy, RR 1.03 [0.99, 1.07], p = 0.15, videolaryngoscopy, RR 1.01 [0.98, 1.04], p =  0.52). Wearing PPE had a trend towards negative influence on success rate in non-anesthesiologists (RR 1.05 [1.00, 1.10], p = 0.05), but not in anesthesiologists (RR 1.00 [0.98, 1.03], p = 0.84). Trial-sequential analyses for TTI and success rate indicated robustness of both results. CONCLUSIONS: Under simulated conditions, wearing PPE delays the TTI as compared to dressing standard uniform, with no influence on the success rate. However, certainty of evidence is very low. Performing tracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy seems influenced to a greater extent as compared to videolaryngoscopy. Similarly, wearing PPE affects more the non-anesthesiologists subgroup as compared to anesthesiologists.

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BACKGROUND: Anesthetic and/or opioid abuse is more prevalent among anesthesiologists than in other medical specialties and it has been associated with high mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with lethal anesthetic and/or opioid abuse among anesthesiologists. METHODS: We evaluated psychological factors, and occupational history and circumstances of death of anesthesiologists who died from anesthetic abuse. Data were obtained post-mortem from colleagues, and relatives. After finding eligible cases, we identified the key informants, who were interviewed personally or via email, through the qualitative method known as "Psychological Autopsy". RESULTS: Eighteen cases of death were identified, but we were able to interview 44% of them (n = 8), most of whom were young males. They died at home or at the hospital and were found "at the scene". Being an introspective person who did not share personal issues at workplace was the most prevalent personal characteristic. At work, they seemed to perform very well their functions, but some presented subtle changes such as to staying more than usual at the workplace and/or neglecting some of their responsibilities. The main reported factors to explain their substance abuse were emotional problems including psychiatric, excessive hours of work, and other health factors. CONCLUSION: This study identified that emotional disturbances, compulsive work, and general health problems were the more prominent factors involved with those deaths. Further, larger studies are needed to better understand how these factors could be early identified in order to timely prevent anesthetic and/or opioid abuse and several deaths among anesthesiologists.

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Due to the high cost and insufficient offer, the request for Intensive Care (ICU) beds for postoperative recovery needs adequate criteria. Therefore, we studied the characteristics of patients referred to postoperative care at an ICU from the perspective of anesthesiologists, surgeons, and intensive care physicians. METHODS: A questionnaire on referrals to postoperative intensive care was applied to physicians at congresses in Brazil. Anesthesiologists, surgeons, and intensive care physicians who agreed to fill out the questionnaire were included. The questionnaire consisted of hypothetical clinical scenarios and cases for participants to choose which would be the priority for referral to the ICU. RESULTS: 360 physicians participated in the study, with median time of 10 (5-18) years after graduation. Of the interviewees, 36.4% were anesthesiologists, 30.0% surgeons, and 33.6% intensive care physicians. We found that anesthesiologists were more conservative, and surgeons less conservative in ICU referrals. As to patients with risk of bleeding, 75.0% of the surgeons would refer them to the ICU, in contrast with 52.1% of the intensive care physicians, and 43.5% of the anesthesiologists (p < 0.001). As to elderly persons with limited reserve, 62.0% of the surgeons would refer them to the ICU, in contrast with 47.1% of the intensive care physicians, and 22.1% of the anesthesiologists (p < 0.001). As to patients with risk of respiratory complications, 64.5% of the surgeons would recommend the ICU, versus 43.0% of the intensive care physicians, and 32.1% of the anesthesiologists (p < 0.001). Intensive care physicians classified priorities better in indicating ICU, and the main risk indicator was the ASA physical status in all specialties (p < 0.001). There was no agreement among the specialties and surgeries on prioritizing post-operative intensive care. CONCLUSION: Anesthesiologists, surgeons, and intensive care physicians presented different perspectives on postoperative referral to the ICU.

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Resumen: Introducción: durante el 2011 se propuso un modelo de simulación para valorar la oferta, la relación demanda/necesidades y las tendencias en el tiempo de anestesiólogos y establecer escenarios posibles. Objetivo: comparar la oferta actual de anestesiólogos con la proyectada por el modelo de simulación en el año 2011. Material y métodos: se realizó una actualización a partir de las bases de datos disponibles. Se registró número de anestesiólogos titulados y no titulados, su distribución demográfica y se comparó con los escenarios propuestos en un estudio anterior. Resultados: la tasa de médicos con competencias en anestesiología fue de 14,2/100.000 habitantes y la de anestesiólogos titulados 12/100.000. La distribución de edad presentó una mediana de 54 años, el 90% central se encontraba entre 36 y 75 años. El 57% correspondió a mujeres. 21,8 anestesistas/100.000 habitantes corresponden a Montevideo y área metropolitana contra 7/100.000 en el resto del país. Hubo un incremento promedio del 50% en el número de plazas para la formación, un aumento de solicitudes de reválida (11 en el período estudiado) y un incremento del 17,5% de la producción quirúrgica en el subsector público. Conclusiones: el número de anestesiólogos disponibles en el año 2020 sugirió que la proyección realizada en dos de los escenarios propuestos en investigación anterior reprodujeron adecuadamente la oferta real. Se observó un crecimiento de la participación de mujeres, mayor porcentaje en franjas etarias menores, centralización de los recursos humanos en Montevideo y una edad de retiro mayor. La principal limitación sigue siendo contar con información oportuna y de calidad. Es fundamental la utilización de metodologías rigurosas y de aplicaión sistemática para que quienes planifican puedan tomar decisiones informadas.

Summary: Introduction: during 2011 a simulation method was proposed to assess the needs and trends over time of anesthesiologists and establish possible scenarios. Objective: compare the current situation with the projections formulated in 2011 by the simulation method to evaluate anesthesiologists' supply and demand. Material and methods: an update of the available databases was revised. The number and demographic distribution of the anesthesiologist workforce were recorded and compared with the proposed scenarios. Results: the number of physicians with anesthesiology skills was 14.2/100.000, and wholly trained anesthesiologists were 12/100.000. The age distribution presented a median of 54 years, the central 90% were between 36 and 75 years old. 57% of the anesthesiologist are females. 21.8 workforce in anesthesiology/100.000 corresponds to Montevideo and the metropolitan area, against 7/100.000 in the rest of the country. There was an average increase of 50% in the number of positions for training, an increase in revalidation applications, and a rise of 17.5% in a surgical procedure in the public subsector. Conclusions: the prediction of the number of anesthesiologists and their characteristics for 2020 coincided with two of the proposed scenarios. We verify a growth in female participation, a higher percentage in younger age groups, centralization of human resources in Montevideo and higher retirement age. The main limitation was access to reliable information.

Resumo: Introdução: durante 2011, foi proposto um modelo de simulação para avaliar a oferta, demanda / necessidades, tendências ao longo do tempo dos anestesiologistas e estabelecer possíveis cenários. Objetivo: comparar a oferta atual de anestesiologistas com a projetada pelo modelo de simulação em 2011. Material e métodos: foi feita uma atualização das bases de dados disponíveis. O número de anestesiologistas licenciados e não certificados e sua distribuição demográfica foram registrados e comparados com os cenários propostos em um estudo anterior. Resultados: a taxa de médicos com habilidades em anestesiologia foi de 14,2/100.000 habitantes e a de anestesiologistas licenciados de 12/100.000. A distribuição de idade apresentou mediana de 54 anos, os centrais 90% estavam entre 36 e 75 anos. 57% correspondiam a mulheres. 21,8 anestesistas / 100.000 habitantes correspondem a Montevidéu e região metropolitana contra 7 / 100.000 no resto do país. Houve um aumento médio de 50% no número de vagas para treinamentos, um aumento nas solicitações de revalidação (11 no período estudado) e um aumento de 17,5% na produção cirúrgica no subsetor público. Conclusões: o número de anestesiologistas disponíveis em 2020 sugeria que a projeção feita em dos cenários propostos em pesquisas anteriores reproduzia adequadamente a oferta real. Houve crescimento da participação feminina, maior percentual nas faixas etárias mais jovens, centralização dos recursos humanos em Montevidéu e maior idade de aposentadoria. A principal limitação continua sendo a disponibilidade de informaçao oportuna e de qualidade. O uso de metodologias rigorosas e sistematicamente aplicadas é essencial para que aqueles que planejam possam tomar decisões informadas.

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RESUMEN Introducción: los programas de formación y superación de los profesionales de las Ciencias Médicas se encuentran enfrascados en una revisión profunda, donde el principal aporte de este trabajo está en reconocer las etapas de estos procesos en las especialidades de Anestesia y Reanimación y Cirugía General imbricadas una con la otra. Objetivo: describir las tendencias históricas de las especialidades de Anestesia y Reanimación unida a Cirugía General en el proceso de formación y superación de estos profesionales en la evaluación preoperatoria del paciente quirúrgico. Métodos: se realiza revisión documental y sistemática de fuentes teóricas y empíricas de artículos con carácter histórico, para la reconstrucción del pasado de manera objetiva a través de la recolección, evaluación, verificación y síntesis de las evidencias existentes que hacían referencia al tema en cuestión, como la formación y superación de estos especialistas. Conclusiones: la cirugía en Cuba ha tenido un progreso mantenido a lo largo de la historia, cuya magnitud ha sido consecuente con el grado de desarrollo de la sociedad y de las limitaciones externas e internas, donde la formación de los cirujanos generales en Cuba comienza a partir del siglo XVII. El nacimiento de la anestesia como ciencia fue el fruto y el esfuerzo de cirujanos que no querían que sus pacientes sufrieran del dolor durante la intervención quirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the training and upgrading programs for professionals in the medical sciences are currently undergoing a thorough review, where the main contribution of this work is to recognize the stages of these processes in the specialties of Anesthesia and Resuscitation together with General Surgery, which are intertwined with each other. Objective: to describe the historical trends of the specialties of Anesthesia and Resuscitation together with General Surgery in the process of training and upgrading of these professionals in the preoperative assessment of the surgical patient. Methods: to carry out a documentary and systematic review of theoretical and empirical sources of historical articles for the reconstruction of the past in an objective manner through the collection, assessment, verification and synthesis of existing evidence that would reference the subject in question, such as the training and upgrading syllabuses of these specialists. Conclusions: surgery in Cuba has had a maintained progress throughout history, whose magnitude has been consistent with the degree of development of the society and the external and internal limitations, where the training of general surgeons in Cuba begins from the 17th century. The origin of anesthesia as a science was the fruit and efforts of surgeons who did not want their patients to suffer from pain during the surgery.

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Abstract Introduction: The safety climate (SC) measurement in the hospitals, is essential for the development of a patient safety policy (PSP). Information about SC in the operating rooms is scarce. Objective: To measure the dimensions of SC in Colombian Operating Rooms according to characteristics of surgical staff. Methods: Cross-sectional study. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety and an additional module for operating rooms were administered to healthcare workers in 6 high-complexity hospitals in the Metropolitan Area of Medellín (Colombia). The positive responses percentage for each dimension was measured. Differences by profession and type of contract were analyzed. Results: A total of442 participants were included. The workers in the operating rooms perceive a weak SC in terms of non-punitive response to error and workload (49.4% and 59.3% positive responses, respectively). Differences were found between physicians and nurses with lower scores in nursing for dimensions related to patient care. Anesthesiologists present low scores in events reporting. There are also differences by the type of work contract. Conclusion: Despite the PSP, the perception of a punitive culture to error, with a high workload. Recognizing differences between the groups within the surgical units helps to focus interventions strengthening the patient safety.

Resumen Introducción: La medición del clima de seguridad (CS) en las instituciones de salud es parte fundamental del desarrollo de una política de seguridad del paciente (PSP). Existe poca información acerca de la medición de clima de seguridad en las unidades quirúrgicas. Objetivo: Medir las dimensiones del CS en las unidades quirúrgicas de seis instituciones de salud colombianas según las características del personal. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. El cuestionario sobre seguridad del paciente en los hospitales (HSOPS) más la adición de un módulo para unidades quirúrgicas se aplicó al personal de seis hospitales de III nivel de Medellín (Colombia). Se midió el porcentaje de respuestas positivas para cada dimensión del CS. Se analizaron las diferencias por profesión y tipo de contratación. Resultados: Se incluyeron 442 participantes. El personal de las unidades quirúrgicas percibe un CS débil en respuesta no punitiva al error y carga de trabajo (49,4 % y 59,3 % de respuestas positivas respectivamente). Se encontraron diferencias entre personal médico y de enfermería con puntajes más bajos de percepción de CS en enfermería para aquellas dimensiones relacionadas con cuidado del paciente. Los anestesiólogos presentan puntajes bajos en el reporte de eventos. Existen además diferencias según el tipo de contrato de trabajo. Conclusiones: A pesar de la implementación de políticas de seguridad del paciente, persiste la percepción de una cultura punitiva frente al error, con una carga de trabajo elevado. El reconocimiento de las diferencias entre los grupos en las unidades quirúrgicas permitirá focalizar intervenciones que fortalezcan la seguridad del paciente.

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This study evaluated both telomere length (TL) and micronucleus (MN) as indicators of genome instability in 40 anesthesiologists occupationally exposed to anesthetics and in 40 physicians without occupational exposure to anesthetics who were matched by age, sex, and lifestyle. Blood and buccal samples were collected from both groups at the same period. Anesthetic exposure assessment was performed. The studied groups were assessed regarding relative TL by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and MN by buccal MN assay. Mean trace concentrations of anesthetics were below two parts per million. No significant differences between groups were found for both biomarkers. However, MN frequency was slightly increased (1.9-fold; p = .094) in the exposed group compared to the control group and in the exposed males (2.4-fold; p = .090) compared to unexposed males. TL and age showed a significant negative correlation. Anesthetic occupational exposure below recommended levels is not associated with changes in TL and MN in anesthesiologists.

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BACKGROUND: Burnout is characterized by the presence of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment, and manifests itself in difficulties in the handling of the psychological aspects of personal relationships with patients, by taking a negative attitude toward them. The objective was to evaluate the associated factors and describe the prevalence of burnout in Colombian anesthesiologists. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study. The classification of burnout was carried out using two criteria: the first related to high emotional exhaustion, accompanied by either high depersonalization or low personal accomplishment; the second associated with high emotional exhaustion in conjunction with both high depersonalization and low personal accomplishment. The prevalence and the variables associated with the presence of Burnout were described according to each criterion. RESULTS: 19.2% of the respondents were categorized as having burnout according to the first criterion and 9.2% according to the second criterion. The results are consistent regardless of the criterion used to define burnout; the associated factors were the presence of depression, anxiety, the degree of satisfaction with the profession, more than 200 hours worked per month and being an at-risk drinker. Anxiety was found to be associated with increased risk of both criteria 1 and 2 burnout. CONCLUSIONS: In line with other studies, the prevalence of burnout among Colombian anesthesiologists varies depending on the burnout criteria. However, a strong correlation was noted with depression, anxiety, low satisfaction with professional career and high number of working hours per month.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A presença de Síndrome de Burnout (SB) e Depressão vêm aumentando devido às rotinas extenuantes vivenciadas pelos anestesiologistas. OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de Depressão e Síndrome de Burnout em anestesiologistas e residentes desta especialidade médica do Centro Cirúrgico de um Hospital. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, descritivo e exploratório. Participaram da pesquisa 51 profissionais, sendo utilizados dois questionários, ambos autoaplicáveis: os Inventários de Maslach Burnout (MBI) e Depressão de Beck, além de uma breve conversa a respeito da rotina de trabalho dos profissionais. RESULTADOS: Para a SB, verificou-se a presença desta em 3 médicos e 5 residentes. Já para a depressão; encontrou-se níveis de mínima (24 indivíduos), leve (4 indivíduos), moderada (4 indivíduos) e grave depressão (1 indivíduo). CONCLUSÃO: Embora obtido baixos valores para a SB e Depressão grave, é relevante destacar que sinais e sintomas iniciais destas patologias estão presentes em muitos profissionais, sendo que a persistência da rotina em que se encontram pode acentuar a aparição de ambas.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of Burnout Syndrome (BS) and Depression have been increasing, due the strenuous routines experienced by anesthesiologists. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of Depression and BS in anesthesiologists and residents of this medical specialty of a School's Hospital. METHOD: Cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory study. A total of 51 professionals participated in this study It was used two questionnaires, both self-applied: the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Beck Depression Inventory, as well as a interview about the work routine of them. RESULTS: BS was detected in 3 physicians and 5 residents. Furthermore, for depression (24 individuals), mild (4 individuals), moderate (4 individuals) and severe depression (1 individual). CONCLUSION: Although low values are obtained for SB and severe depression, it is important to emphasize that initial signs and symptoms of these pathologies are present in many professionals. Besides that, if the strenuous routine persists it may accentuate or develop the symptons.

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BACKGROUND: Surgical site infection (SSI) remains one of the most frequent complications in abdominal surgery, and hyperglycemia prevention is recommended as a measure to reduce this type of infection. The aims of this study were to estimate the incidence of SSI and to identify the effect of perioperative hyperglycemia on the incidence of this type of infection in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. METHODS: We enrolled 484 abdominal surgery patients ≥ 18 years of age, recruited between July 2016 and May 2017. Data were collected through structured interviews and patient assessments in the perioperative period and at the surgical outpatient clinic (30th day after surgery). Crude and adjusted models were built to identify the effect of hyperglycemia on SSI. RESULTS: The incidence rate of SSI was 20.25%. The attributable fraction for patients exposed to hyperglycemia was >60%. In the multivariable analysis, patients with hyperglycemia, at the end of the surgery and 12 hours later, were more likely to develop this type of infection (relative risk = 1.89 and 2.17, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative hyperglycemia was identified as an independent risk factor for SSI. The evidence generated reinforces the importance of proper glycemic control management in the perioperative period for the prevention of SSI.

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INTRODUCTION: Due to the absence of precise data regarding the occupational and mental health of Anesthesiologists (MA), in this study. OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify the frequency of suicidal ideation in Anesthesiologists of a Brazilian state. The goals was to verify the frequency of suicidal ideation and common variables in the Anesthesiologists of the selected population, in order to make a literary contribution and generate knowledge that may be useful, through mental and occupational health strategies. METHOD: An individual, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted, characterized as a research, with a quantitative approach, among anesthesiologists, by means of an electronic questionnaire. RESULTS: 266 questionnaires were applied between September 2018 and November 2018, of which all those who did not answer the questionnaire or did so partially were excluded, as well as those who did not perform the profession in the state of Paraná, resulting in n = 233. DISCUSSION: It was verified that 14.59% (34) of the anesthesiologists in the sample have experienced suicidal thoughts. Suicidal ideation conceptually addresses thoughts, ideas, planning or desire to end life

INTRODUCCIÓN: Debido a la ausencia de datos precisos respecto de la salud laboral y mental de los Médicos Anestesiólogos (MA), en este estudio, se buscó identificar la frecuencia de ideación suicida en anestesiólogos de un Estado brasileño. OBJETIVOS: Verificar la frecuencia de ideación suicida y variables comunes en los anestesiólogos de la población seleccionada, con el fin de realizar una contribución literaria y generar conocimiento que pueda ser útil, por medio de estrategias de salud mental y laboral. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio individual, observacional, transversal, caracterizado como investigación, de enfoque cuantitativo, entre médicos anestesiólogos, por medio de un cuestionario electrónico. RESULTADOS: Se aplicaron 266 cuestionarios entre septiembre de 2018 y noviembre de 2018, de los cuales se excluyeron a todos aquellos que no respondieron el cuestionario o lo hicieron de forma parcial, así como aquellos que no desempeñaban la profesión en el Estado de Paraná, dando como resultado n = 233. DISCUSIÓN: Se verificó que el 14,59% (34) de los médicos anestesiólogos de la muestra han experimentado pensamientos suicidas. La ideación suicida conceptualmente aborda pensamientos, ideas, planeación o deseo de terminar con la vida.

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Background Sun exposure is the main source of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D. Since anesthesiologists work inside operating rooms, they are identified as a deficiency risk group. As medical activity in general occurs indoors, added to the work excess and sedentary lifestyle, physicians in general have low sun exposure. Aim To investigate the determinants of vitamin D levels in physicians. Material and Methods Anesthesiologists and physicians not working in operating rooms were included. A survey that comprised working hours, diet, skin color, sunscreen use and outdoor activities was also applied. Measurements of vitamin D and parathormone levels in blood were performed. Results We analyzed samples from 81 volunteers. Median vitamin D values of the whole sample were in the range of insufficiency (25.3 [interquartile range 12.4] ng/ml). Multiple linear regression analysis detected no differences between anesthesiologists and non-anesthesiologists. A higher body mass index was a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency, (p = 0.025). The only protective factor was the intake of a vitamin D supplement (p < 0.01). Conclusions Anesthesiologists and other specialists were both at risk for vitamin D deficiency. Obesity was a risk factor and the use of a vitamin D supplement was the only protective factor.

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RESUMEN Fundamento: la preparación del residente en Anestesiología y Reanimación para la atención al paciente en shock es una exigencia curricular. Objetivo: diseñar una vía para potenciar la preparación del residente en Anestesiología y Reanimación para la atención médica integral al paciente en shock. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo y transversal en el Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto de Guantánamo durante el curso 2017-2018. Se sistematizaron los referentes teóricos esenciales que sustentaron la definición operacional y la estructuración didáctica del proceso de preparación de este residente. Resultados: se definió y operacionalizó la variable preparación del residente en Anestesiología y Reanimación para la atención médica integral al paciente en shock y se identificaron tres momentos de este proceso: Se implementó un sistema de talleres docentes y de tareas docentes que guían el trabajo metodológico de los profesores para este propósito, que posibilitó que el 83,3 % de los residentes mejorara su preparación para la atención médica integral al paciente en shock. El 100 % de los profesores manifestó conformidad con la propuesta de modelación. Conclusión: se hizo una modelación didáctica del proceso de preparación del residente para esta finalidad, que concebirla puede tributar a una transformación cualitativamente superior del proceso de formación de este profesional, y a la profesionalización pedagógica del profesor.

ABSTRACT Background: the preparation of the intern in Anesthesiology and Reanimation for the attention to the patient in shock is a curricular demand. Objective: to design a way to encourage the preparation of the intern in Anesthesiology and Reanimation for the integral medical care to the patient in shock. Methods: a prospective and traverse study was carried out in the hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto of Guantánamo during the academic year 2017-2018. The relating theoretical essentials that sustained the operational definition and the didactic structuring of the process of this intern's preparationwere systematized. Results: the variable preparation of the intern in Anesthesiology and Reanimation for the integral medical care to the patient in shock was defined and operationalized, and three moments of this process were identified: A system of educational workshops was implemented and of educational tasks that guide the methodological work of the professors for this purpose that facilitated that 83.3% of the interns improved their preparation for the integral medical care to the patient in shock. 100.0% of the professors manifested conformity with the model proposal. Conclusion: a didactic model of the process of preparation of the intern was made for this purpose, while conceiving it can contribute to a transformation qualitatively superior of the process of this professional's formation, and to the professor's pedagogic professionalization.

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Abstract This article is addressed to those anesthetists who are occasionally faced with pediatric patients, and the anxiety and stress created by the fear of failure in the management of the airway. It aims to present specific concepts for approaching the airway safely. The article describes the importance of adequate airway management in pediatrics; relevant differences with respect to adults; the details of the new classification of the pediatric airway proposed since 2012; and important aspects of the existing airway management algorithms. Considerations that may become a source of failure in securing the airway are pointed out, thoughts about each topic are presented, and conclusions are provided.

Resumen El presente artículo está dirigido a aquellos anestesiólogos que ocasionalmente se enfrentan a pacientes pediátricos generán doles ansiedad y estrés, por el temor a fallar en el manejo de la vía aérea. Tiene como objetivo precisar conceptos para abordar la VA de manera segura. Se describe la importancia del manejo adecuado de la vía aérea en pediatría, las diferencias importantes respecto al adulto, se detalla la nueva clasificación de la vía aérea pediátrica propuesta desde el año 2012, se recopilan puntos importantes de los algoritmos existentes para manejar la vía aérea y se puntualizan aspectos que originan fallas al asegurar la vía aérea. Se hace una reflexión de cada tópico para terminar en las conclusiones.

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Abstract Background Macintosh laryngoscopes are widely used for endotracheal intubation training of medical students and paramedics whereas there are studies in the literature that supports videolaryngoscopes are superior in endotracheal intubation training. Our aim is to compare the endotracheal intubation time and success rates of videolaryngoscopes and Macintosh laryngoscopes during endotracheal intubation training and to determine the endotracheal intubation performance of the students when they have to use an endotracheal intubation device other than they have used during their education. Methods Endotracheal intubation was performed on a human manikin owing a standard respiratory tract by Macintosh laryngoscopes and C-MAC® videolaryngoscope (Karl Storz, Tuttligen, Germany). Eighty paramedic students were randomly allocated to four groups. At the first week of the study 10 endotracheal intubation trials were performed where, Group-MM and Group-MV used Macintosh laryngoscopes; Group-VV and Group-VM used videolaryngoscopes. Four weeks later all groups performed another 10 endotracheal intubation trial where Macintosh laryngoscopes was used in Group-MM and Group-VM and videolaryngoscopes used in Group-VV and Group-MV. Results Success rates increased in the last 10 endotracheal intubation attempt in groups MM, VV and MV (p = 0.011; p = 0.021, p = 0.290 respectively) whereas a decrease was observed in group-VM (p = 0.008). Conclusions The success rate of endotracheal intubation decreases in paramedic students who used VL during endotracheal intubation education and had to use Macintosh laryngoscopes later. Therefore we believe that solely videolaryngoscopes is not enough in endotracheal intubation training programs.

Resumo Justificativa Os laringoscópios Macintosh são amplamente utilizados para o treinamento de estudantes de medicina e paramédicos em intubação endotraqueal; contudo, há mais estudos na literatura que apoiam os videolaringoscópios no treinamento de intubação endotraqueal. Nosso objetivo foi comparar o tempo de intubação endotraqueal e as taxas de sucesso de videolaringoscópios e laringoscópios Macintosh durante o treinamento de intubação endotraqueal e determinar o desempenho da intubação endotraqueal dos alunos quando precisam usar um dispositivo de intubação endotraqueal diferente daquele que usaram durante seu treinamento. Métodos A intubação endotraqueal foi realizada em modelo humano com trato respiratório padrão usando laringoscópios Macintosh e videolaringoscópio C-MAC® (Karl Storz, Tuttligen, Alemanha). Oitenta estudantes paramédicos foram randomicamente alocados em quatro grupos. Na primeira semana do estudo, 10 tentativas de intubação endotraqueal foram realizadas, nas quais o Grupo-MM e Grupo-MV utilizaram laringoscópios Macintosh e o Grupo-VV e Grupo-VM utilizaram videolaringoscópios. Quatro semanas depois, todos os grupos realizaram mais 10 tentativas de intubação endotraqueal, nas quais laringoscópios Macintosh foram utilizados pelo Grupo-MM e Grupo-VM e videolaringoscópios pelo Grupo VV e Grupo-MV. Resultados As taxas de sucesso aumentaram nas últimas 10 tentativas de intubação endotraqueal nos grupos MM, VV e MV (p = 0,011; p = 0,021, p = 0,290, respectivamente), enquanto uma redução foi observada no Grupo-VM (p = 0,008). Conclusões A taxa de sucesso da intubação endotraqueal diminuiu nos estudantes paramédicos que utilizaram VL durante o treinamento em intubação endotraqueal e precisaram usar laringoscópios Macintosh posteriormente. Portanto, acreditamos que o uso isolado de videolaringoscópios não é suficiente em programas de treinamento de intubação endotraqueal.

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BACKGROUND: Macintosh laryngoscopes are widely used for endotracheal intubation training of medical students and paramedics whereas there are studies in the literature that supports videolaryngoscopes are superior in endotracheal intubation training. Our aim is to compare the endotracheal intubation time and success rates of videolaryngoscopes and Macintosh laryngoscopes during endotracheal intubation training and to determine the endotracheal intubation performance of the students when they have to use an endotracheal intubation device other than they have used during their education. METHODS: Endotracheal intubation was performed on a human manikin owing a standard respiratory tract by Macintosh laryngoscopes and C-MAC® videolaryngoscope (Karl Storz, Tuttligen, Germany). Eighty paramedic students were randomly allocated to four groups. At the first week of the study 10 endotracheal intubation trials were performed where, Group-MM and Group-MV used Macintosh laryngoscopes; Group-VV and Group-VM used videolaryngoscopes. Four weeks later all groups performed another 10 endotracheal intubation trial where Macintosh laryngoscopes was used in Group-MM and Group-VM and videolaryngoscopes used in Group-VV and Group-MV. RESULTS: Success rates increased in the last 10 endotracheal intubation attempt in groups MM, VV and MV (p=0.011; p=0.021, p=0.290 respectively) whereas a decrease was observed in group-VM (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The success rate of endotracheal intubation decreases in paramedic students who used VL during endotracheal intubation education and had to use Macintosh laryngoscopes later. Therefore we believe that solely videolaryngoscopes is not enough in endotracheal intubation training programs.

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ABSTRACT Purposes: Shoulder arthroplasty (SA) has been performed by many years for the treatment of several conditions, including osteoarthritis and proximal humeral fractures following trauma. Surgical site infection (SSI) following Shoulder arthroplasty remains a challenge, contributing to increased morbidity and costs. Identification of risk factors may help implementing adequate strategies to prevent infection. We aimed to identify pre- and intra-operative risk factors associated with deep infections after Shoulder arthroplasty. Methods: An unmatched case-control study was conducted to describe the prevalence, clinical and microbiological findings, and to evaluate patient and surgical risk factors for prosthetic shoulder infection (PSI), among 158 patients who underwent SA due to any reason, at a tertiary public university institution. Risk factors for PSI was assessed by uni- and multivariate analyses using multiple logistic regression. Results: 168 SA from 158 patients were analyzed, with an overall infection rate of 9.5% (16/168 cases). Subjects undergoing SA with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade III or higher (odds ratio [OR] = 5.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.58-17.79, p < 0.013) and presenting local hematoma after surgery (odds ratio [OR] = 7.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-46.09, p = 0.04) had higher risk for PSI on univariate analysis. However, only ASA score grade III or higher remained significant on multivariate analysis (OR = 4.74, 95% CI = 1.33-16.92, p = 0.016). Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli were equally isolated in 50% of cases; however, the most commonly detected bacterium was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.7%). Conclusion: This study provides evidence suggesting that patient-related known factors such as higher ASA score predisposes to shoulder arthroplasty-associated infection. Furthermore, unusual pathogens associated with PSI were identified.

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