RESUMO
Growing evidence suggests an important role of fluoxetine with serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors in the modulation of emotion and nociception in brain areas such as the amygdala and periaqueductal gray (PAG). Acute fluoxetine impairs 5-HT2C (but not 5-HT1A) receptor activation in the amygdaloid complex. Given that fluoxetine produces its clinical therapeutic effects only when given chronically, this study investigated the effects of chronic treatment with fluoxetine on the effects produced by 5-HT1A or 5-HT2C receptors activation in the amygdala or PAG on fear-induced antinociception. We recorded the effects of chronic fluoxetine on serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels as well as serotonin turnover; 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptor protein levels in the amygdala and PAG. Also, we evaluated the effects of chronic fluoxetine combined with intra-amygdala or intra-PAG injection of MK-212 (a 5-HT2C agonist; 0.63 nmol) or 8-OH-DPAT (a 5-HT1A agonist; 10 nmol) on the antinociceptive response in mice confined in the open arm of the elevated plus-maze (EPM). Nociception was assessed with the writhing test induced by intraperitoneal injection of 0.6% acetic acid. Results showed that fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, s.c.) enhanced the open-arm induced antinociception (OAA) and reduced the number of writhes in mice confined in the enclosed arm, featuring an analgesic effect. In addition, fluoxetine increased the expression of 5-HT2C receptors and 5-HT levels whereas reduced its turnover in the amygdala. While fluoxetine did not change 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels, and its turnover in the PAG, it up-regulated 5HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors in this midbrain area. Chronic fluoxetine (5.0 mg/Kg, an intrinsically inactive dose on nociception) antagonized the enhancement of OAA produced by intra-amygdala or intra-PAG injection of MK-212. Fluoxetine also impaired the attenuation of OAA induced by intra-amygdala injection of 8-OH-DPAT and totally prevented OAA in mice that received intra-PAG 8-OH-DPAT. These results suggest that (i) 5-HT may facilitate nociception and intensify OAA, acting at amygdala 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors, respectively, and (ii) fluoxetine modulates the OAA through activation of 5-HT2C receptors within the PAG. These findings indicate that chronic fluoxetine impairs the effects of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors activation in the amygdala and PAG on fear-induced antinociception in mice.
RESUMO
The confinement of rodents to the open arm of the elevated-plus maze provokes antinociception (OAA). As a type of defensive reaction, the OAA has been investigated through systemic and intramesencephalic (e.g., dorsal portion of the periaqueductal gray - dPAG) injections of anxiolytic-like drugs [e.g., serotonergic (5-HT) receptor agonists or antagonists]. Here we investigated the effects of (i) intra-dPAG injections of a 5HT2C receptor agonist (MK-212; 0.21 or 0.63â¯nmol) and antagonist (SB 242084; 0.01, 0.1 or 1.0â¯nmol); (ii) combined injections of SB 242084 and MK-212 into the dPAG; (iii) combined injections of SB 242084 with 8-OHDPAT (10â¯nmol) into the dPAG on the OAA in male Swiss mice. Nociception was assessed with the writhing test induced by acetic acid injection. Results showed that (i) intra-dPAG injection of MK-212 (0.63â¯nmol) increased the OAA; (ii) intra-dPAG SB 242084 (1.0â¯nmol) prevented the OAA; (iii) SB 242084 (0.1â¯nmol, a dose devoid of intrinsic effect on nociception) blocked the OAA enhancement provoked by MK-212 and enabled 8-OH-DPAT to prevent the OAA. These results suggest that OAA is mediated by 5-HT2C receptors within the dPAG. Intra-dPAG SB242084 administration provoked similar results on the effects produced by MK-212 and 8-OH-DPAT on OAA. In addition, the dPAG 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors interact each other in the modulation of OAA.
Assuntos
Nociceptividade/fisiologia , Medição da Dor/efeitos dos fármacos , Substância Cinzenta Periaquedutal/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/fisiologia , Receptor 5-HT2C de Serotonina/fisiologia , 8-Hidroxi-2-(di-n-propilamino)tetralina/farmacologia , Aminopiridinas/farmacologia , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Interações Medicamentosas , Medo/efeitos dos fármacos , Indóis/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Microinjeções , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Agonistas do Receptor 5-HT2 de Serotonina/farmacologia , Antagonistas do Receptor 5-HT2 de Serotonina/farmacologiaRESUMO
It is well-known that the exposure of rodents to threatening environments [e.g., the open arm of the elevated-plus maze (EPM)] elicits pain inhibition. Systemic and/or intracerebral [e.g., periaqueductal gray matter, amygdala) injections of antiaversive drugs [e.g., serotonin (5-HT) ligands, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)] have been used to change EPM-open arm confinement induced antinociception (OAA). Here, we investigated (i) the role of the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors located in the amygdaloid complex on OAA as well as (ii) the effects of systemic pretreatment with fluoxetine (an SSRI) on the effects of intra-amygdala injections of 8-OH-DPAT (a 5-HT1A agonist) or MK-212 (a 5-HT2C agonist) on nociception in mice confined to the open arm or enclosed arm of the EPM. Nociception was assessed by the writhing test. Intra-amygdala injections of 8-OH-DPAT (10â¯nmol) or MK-212 (0.63â¯nmol) produced a pronociceptive effect and intensified OAA, respectively. Fluoxetine (2.5â¯mg/kg, intraperitoneally) did not change 8-OH-DPAT effects on nociception but antagonized the enhancement of the OAA produced by MK-212. Interestingly, prior injection of SB 242084 (a selective 5-HT2C antagonist) into the amygdala also blocked the MK-212 effects on OAA. These results indicate that 5-HT may facilitate nociception and intensify OAA, respectively, at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors located in the amygdala of mice. The impairment produced by systemic fluoxetine on the OAA enhancement provoked by intra-amygdala MK-212 suggests that this type of fear-induced antinociception may be modulated by SSRIs.