RESUMO
Introducción: el objeto del estudio es la población de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz). Debido a la implantación del Servicio Militar obligatorio en España, el reclutamiento se efectuaba basándose en los censos de los Ayuntamientos, eligiendo a una quinta parte de los mozos sorteables. Objetivo: exponer las causas de exención por parte de los quintos para no realizar el Servicio Militar, durante el siglo XIX. Material y métodos: la investigación en el Archivo Histórico Municipal de Jerez de los Caballeros, así como en publicaciones actuales y de la época, refiriendo las patologías médicas esgrimidas según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades de Jacques Bertillon. Resultados: los mozos utilizaban toda clase de argumentos, entre ellos patologías médicas, reales o no, para eludir el Servicio Militar, el cual era muy cuestionado en la época, y que suponía muchas veces una sentencia de muerte para el quinto, debido a los frecuentes conflictos militares en los que estuvo envuelta España durante el siglo XIX. Discusión: el sorteo se efectuaba mediante unos bombos de manera pública, pero se podía evitar la realización del Servicio Militar, mediante el pago de una cantidad, o sustituciones, lo que suponía una gran discriminación. Conclusiones: a consecuencia del descontento popular que suponía el Servicio Militar obligatorio, los mozos seleccionados esgrimían toda clase de excusas para eludir su realización, circunstancia que fue aumentado con el correr de los años, y por consecuencia también la cantidad de quintos que lo lograban.
Introduction: the object of the study is the population of Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz). Due to the implementation of the obligatory Military Service in Spain, the recruitment was carried out based on the census of the City Councils, choosing a fifth part of the drawable young men. Objective: to expose the causes of exemption on the part of the fifth for not performing the Military Service, during the 19th century. Material and methods: research in the Municipal Historical Archive of Jerez de los Caballeros, as well as in current and period publications, referring to the medical pathologies used according to Jacques Bertillon's International Classification of Diseases. Results: the young men used all kinds of arguments, among them medical pathologies, real or not, to avoid the Military Service, which was very questioned at the time, and which was often a death sentence for the fifth, due to the frequent military conflicts in which Spain was involved during the 19th century. Discussion: the lottery was carried out by means of a public drawing of lots, but the Military Service could be avoided by paying an amount, or substitutions, which meant a great discrimination. Conclusions: as a consequence of the popular dissatisfaction with the compulsory military service, the selected young men used all kinds of excuses to avoid performing it, a circumstance that increased over the years, and as a consequence, so did the number of young men who did so.
Introdução: o objeto de estudo é a população de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz). Devido à introdução do serviço militar obrigatório na Espanha, o recrutamento foi realizado com base nos censos dos conselhos municipais, sendo selecionado um quinto dos jovens elegíveis. Objetivo: expor as causas da isenção por parte dos quintos por não prestarem o serviço militar durante o século XIX. Material e métodos: pesquisa no Arquivo Histórico Municipal de Jerez de los Caballeros, bem como em publicações atuais e da época, referentes às patologias médicas utilizadas de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças de Jacques Bertillon. Resultados: os jovens usaram todos os tipos de argumentos, incluindo patologias médicas, reais ou não, para evitar o serviço militar, que era altamente questionado na época e que muitas vezes significava uma sentença de morte para o quinto, devido aos frequentes conflitos militares nos quais a Espanha estava envolvida durante o século XIX. Discussão: o sorteio era realizado por meio de um sorteio público, mas o serviço militar podia ser evitado mediante o pagamento de uma taxa ou substituições, o que significava uma grande discriminação. Conclusões: como resultado do descontentamento popular com o serviço militar obrigatório, os jovens selecionados usaram todos os tipos de desculpas para não cumpri-lo, uma circunstância que aumentou com o passar dos anos e, consequentemente, também o número de recrutas que o cumpriram.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , História do Século XIX , Seleção de Pessoal , Aptidão Física , Recusa de Participação , Militares , EspanhaRESUMO
This article analyzes the feeding forms and care, in a record made by the nursing friars of the Hospital San Juan de Dios of La Serena in 1796. The food intake of both patients and hospital staff, is examined through a quantitative and qualitative perspective. In this context, it is proposed that food intake, in a monastic space dedicated to the care of the poor and sick, responded to doctrinal elements typical of the Western Catholic tradition, but above all to local economic conditions. It supported the poor who wandered in a city with economic and social growth at the end of the 18th century.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Pacientes , Hospitais , ChileRESUMO
With increasing maritime activities in the proximity of coral reefs, a growing number of manmade structures are becoming available for coral colonisation. Yet, little is known about the sessile community composition of such artificial reefs in comparison with that of natural coral reefs. Here, we compared the diversity of corals and their competitors for substrate space between a centuries-old manmade structure and the nearest natural reef at St. Eustatius, eastern Caribbean. The artificial reef had a significantly lower species richness and fewer competitive interactions than the natural reef. The artificial reef was dominated by a cover of crustose coralline algae and zoantharians, instead of turf algae and fire corals on the natural reef. Significant differences in species composition were also found between exposed and sheltered sites on both reefs. Our study indicates that even a centuries-old manmade reef cannot serve as a surrogate for natural reefs.
Assuntos
Antozoários , Recifes de Corais , Animais , Região do Caribe , Ecologia , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
Abstract The study of skin, the science of dermatology, has undergone significant transformations throughout the centuries. From the first descriptions of skin diseases in Egyptian papyri and in Hippocratic writings to the first treatises on dermatology, important individuals and discoveries have marked the specialty. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the specialty consolidated itself as a field of medical study based on the first classifications of dermatoses, diagnostic methods, and drug treatments. In the 20th century, the scientific and technological revolution transformed dermatological practice, incorporating new therapeutic resources, as well as surgical and aesthetic procedures. In the face of such a vigorous process, it is important to provide a historical synthesis for the medical community to recognize and understand the origins that supported one of the most relevant specialties in the current medical scenario.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Dermatopatias/diagnóstico , Dermatopatias/terapia , Dermatologia , Pele , História Antiga , História Medieval , Egito , EstéticaRESUMO
La contextualización del momento histórico en el que surgió la Homeopatía, la postura que tomó Samuel Hahnemann ante aquellos que la criticaban y algunos de los conceptos que se utilizaron para descalificar el ejercicio de este método médico clínico terapéutico son los fundamentos de este texto. Se destaca, de manera primordial y a la luz de la Historia, el rechazo que sufrió la Homeopatía al interior de algunos grupos de médicos convencionales del siglo XVIII, postura que fue secundada por asociaciones de farmacéuticos que se sintieron amenazados por la posibilidad de que los homeópatas fueran, al mismo tiempo, agentes boticarios responsables de la preparación de sus propios medicamentos.
The following elements are the basis of this text: The contextualization of the historical moment in which Homeopathy arose, the posture taken by Samuel Hahnemann to those who criticized him, and some of the concepts that were used to discredit the practice of this therapeutic clinical method (Homeopathy). In a primordial manner, as shown by history, Homeopathy's rejection inside of some groups of conventional physicians in the 18th century is highlighted. This position was seconded by pharmaceutical associations, which felt threatened by the possibility that homeopaths could also be apothecary agents responsible for the elaboration of their own medications.
Assuntos
História do Século XVIII , Método Hahnemanniano , EspanhaRESUMO
The study of skin, the science of dermatology, has undergone significant transformations throughout the centuries. From the first descriptions of skin diseases in Egyptian papyri and in Hippocratic writings to the first treatises on dermatology, important individuals and discoveries have marked the specialty. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the specialty consolidated itself as a field of medical study based on the first classifications of dermatoses, diagnostic methods, and drug treatments. In the 20th century, the scientific and technological revolution transformed dermatological practice, incorporating new therapeutic resources, as well as surgical and aesthetic procedures. In the face of such a vigorous process, it is important to provide a historical synthesis for the medical community to recognize and understand the origins that supported one of the most relevant specialties in the current medical scenario.
Assuntos
Dermatologia , Dermatopatias , Egito , Estética , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Pele , Dermatopatias/diagnóstico , Dermatopatias/terapiaRESUMO
The aim of this paper is to evaluate some aspects of the life of William Hunter (1718-1783), and to argue that he deserves a better place in history as he was one of the most outstanding figures in British medicine of the 18th century. A Scotsman, Presbyterian, from a family without means or connections, he underwent a classic education at the University of Glasgow, completed with apprenticeships with William Cullen and Alexander Monro first in Scotland, and then in London, with William Smellie, James Douglas and James Wilkie, in anatomy, obstetrics and surgery, respectively. Despite initial disadvantages, he was highly successful as an anatomist, educator, surgeon, man-midwife, artist, gentleman and collector. He moved and had influences in the highest medical, cultural and social circles of his time, was named Physician Extraordinary to Queen Charlotte, and was a member of many scientific, medical and cultural societies in Great Britain and in France, such as the Royal Society, the Royal College of Physicians and the Societé Royale de Médicine of Paris. His museum was notable in its magnitude and its diversity, including anatomical preparations, coins, shells, plants, birds, insects, fossils, and minerals. He donated his great museum to the University of Glasgow. His figure has been relegated mainly due to the absence of heirs, individuals or institutional, that could have cared for, maintained, and increased his legacy as happened with his brother John.
Assuntos
História do Século XVIII , Anatomia/história , Obstetrícia/história , Educação Médica/história , Reino Unido , Medicina nas Artes/históriaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To present and define the context of a medical prescription dating from the eighteenth century in the New Kingdom of Granada, used for the suppression of menstruation, and to analyze it in the light of current knowledge as to whether its ingredients as a whole, may or may not achieve inhibition of menstrual bleeding. Materials and methods: Documentary search in the Historical Archives of the Octavio Arizmendi Posada Library at Universidad de La Sabana where the prescription "Opilation and menstrual suppression" was found. A review of the literature available in SciELO/proQuest databases was subsequently conducted for the period 1993-2015. Conclusions: The manuscript found describes multiple ingredients that, as a whole, and analyzed in light of current knowledge, are not valid to achieve the alleged suppressive effect. However, the components of the "liquid vitriol of Mars" could be recognized as having antianemic properties, and the potential suppressive effect of prescribing vigorous exercise in the middle of the menstrual cycle, although the recipe does not accurately describe the frequency or intensity of exercising to achieve the desired effect.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Presentar y definir el contexto de una receta médica que data del siglo XVIII en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, utilizada para la supresión de la menstruación, y analizar, a la luz de los conocimientos actuales, si sus ingredientes en conjunto podrían o no lograr la inhibición del sangrado menstrual. Materiales y métodos: Búsqueda documental en el Archivo Histórico de la Biblioteca Octavio Arizmendi Posada en la Universidad de La Sabana, donde se identifica la receta "Opilación y supresión de menstruos", y, posteriormente, se realizó una revisión de la literatura disponible en las bases de datos SciELO/proQuest en el periodo 1993-2015. Conclusiones: En la receta manuscrita hallada se describen múltiples ingredientes que, analizados a la luz de los conocimientos actuales, y en su conjunto, no tienen validez para lograr el pretendido efecto supresor. Sin embargo, se reconocen las propiedades antianémicas del "vitriolo líquido de Marte", y el posible efecto que ejercería el ejercicio excesivo formulado en medio del ciclo menstrual, aunque en la receta no se describe con exactitud la frecuencia ni la intensidad con la que este debería ser realizado para lograr una supresión del menstruo.
Assuntos
História do Século XVIII , Supressão , História do Século XVIII , Ginecologia , MenstruaçãoRESUMO
Este artigo pretende realizar um diálogo entre a Demografia e a História, aliando os conhecimentos específicos dessas duas disciplinas, no sentido de um melhor entendimento tanto dos números coletados para a população do Rio Grande do Norte quanto do contexto histórico que explicaria esses números. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo é apresentar características sociodemográficas da população norte-riograndese na virada do século XVIII para o XIX, por meio dos primeiros mapas de população realizados na segunda metade do século XVIII, como parte da tentativa da política pombalina de conhecer melhor o império português. Assim, são discutidos alguns dados demográficos, como composição da população por sexo, cor/etnia e condição jurídica, da capitania do Rio Grande do Norte, com base em informações produzidas em 1782, 1788, 1801 e 1805, utilizando metodologias da demografia que serão explicitadas e com um diálogo direto com a historiografia da região.
This article intends to conduct a dialogue between Demography and History, combining the specific knowledge of these disciplines in order to better understand both the numbers collected for the population of Rio Grande do Norte and the historical context which would explain those numbers. The purpose of this article is to present socio-demographic characteristics of the Rio Grande do Norte's population at the turn of the eighteenth century to the nineteenth, through the first population maps created in the second half of the eighteenth century, as part of the Pombal policy attempt to better understand the Portuguese empire. Furthermore, this paper seeks to present some demographic data, such as population composition by sex, color / ethnicity and legal status, of the Rio Grande do Norte captaincy, based on data produced in 1782, 1788, 1801 and 1805, using Demography methodologies which will be explained through direct dialogue with the area´s historiography.
Este artículo tiene la intención de plantear un diálogo entre la Demografía y la Historia, combinando la experiencia de estas disciplinas con el fin de aportar una mejor comprensión tanto de los números que se han logrado reunir sobre la población de Rio Grande como del contexto histórico que los explicarían. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es presentar las características sociodemográficas de la población riograndese del norte desde fines del siglo XVIII hasta el siglo XIX a través de los primeros mapas de población de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, parte del intento de la política pombalina para conocer mejor el imperio portugués, y proporcionar algunos datos demográficos como la composición de la población por sexo, raza-etnia y condición jurídica de la capitanía de Rio Grande do Norte, con base en los datos producidos en 1782, 1788, 1801 y 1805, utilizando metodologías de la Demografía que serán explicitadas a lo largo del trabajo y en diálogo directo con la historia de la región.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Previsões Demográficas , Dinâmica Populacional/história , Dados Estatísticos , Crescimento Demográfico , Censos/história , População , BrasilRESUMO
A agricultura paulista apresentou uma significativa expansão durante o final do século XVIII e início do XIX. Representativa de uma região de grandes propriedades escravistas, Campinas foi a localidade estudada devido à grande riqueza documental, de tal forma que este artigo foi pautado, principalmente, pelo Mapa Geral de Habitantes existente para o período de 1798 a 1822, acrescentando-se informações provenientes das Listas Nominativas de habitantes e dos Registros Paroquiais. Os resultados do estudo mostraram um crescimento demográfico de grande intensidade, sobretudo da população cativa.
The development of agriculture in São Paulo, Brazil, presented a significant expansion during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, which is the focus of this paper. The purpose is to understand the dynamics and movements of these populations of a region of plantations (slaveholding properties). The sources for this discussion are derived from the General Map of Inhabitants existing for the period 1798-1822 in Campinas, with added data from the Nominative Lists of inhabitants and Parish Registers. Despite evident data limitation, there was a strong demographic increase, especially in captive population.
La agricultura paulista tuvo una expansión significativa durante los últimos años del siglo XVIII y los comienzos del XIX. En tanto región de grandes propiedades esclavistas, Campinas se estudia por su gran riqueza documental, de modo que este artículo fue pautado principalmente por el Mapa General de Habitantes del período 1798-1822, ampliado con información proveniente de las listas nominativas de habitantes y de los registros parroquiales. Finalmente, se verificó un crecimiento demográfico de gran intensidad, sobre todo en lo que refiere a la población esclava.