RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The year-round availability of apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) depends on post-harvest technologies, which are essential for the retention of fruit sensory and chemical properties by delaying senescence. The effectiveness of strategies for preserving the quality of apples depends on complex interactions between the storage environment and endogenous biological factors. In the current work, we integrated instrumental, sensory, and transcriptional data to determine the role of conservation technologies cold storage, controlled atmosphere, and 1-methylcyclopropene-mediated ethylene blockage on the long-term conservation of apples. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that inhibition of the consumer's perception of the apples' ethylene content is essential for long-term cold storage, and such quality conservation can be achieved by reducing oxygen pressure. Overall appreciation of apples after storage was determined mainly by their texture, with crispness and juiciness contributing favorably, and mealiness contributing negatively. Reduced oxygen pressure and inhibition of ethylene perception exerted distinct effects on the transcription of candidate genes associated with ripening in apple. Hexose and cell-wall carbohydrate metabolism genes exhibit distinct expression patterns under storage. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of ethylene perception and reduction of relative oxygen pressure under cold storage both promote similar conservation of apple sensory traits under long-term cold storage. Texture was the main contributor to global appreciation of apples subjected to long-term storage. The conditions that were investigated were able to delay, but not fully prevent, senescence, as evidenced by physicochemical and gene expression analyses. The expression of gene-encoding enzymes involved in hexose metabolism was mainly developmentally regulated, whereas storage conditions exerted a stronger effect on the expression of genes associated with cell-wall metabolism. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Assuntos

RESUMO

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is used for extending the postharvest life of the avocado during storage. Evaluated the effect of 1-MCP application at different times after harvest, i.e., 0, 7, 14, and 21 d at 5 °C, to identify the threshold of the ethylene inhibition response in "Hass" avocado. Our results showed that fruits from two maturity stages at harvest: low dry matter (20-23%) and high dry matter (27%). Changes in ethylene production rates and transcript accumulation of genes involved in ethylene metabolism were measured at harvest and during storage. 1-MCP treated fruit up to 14 d of storage showed similar values of firmness and skin color as fruit treated at harvest time. In contrast, when the application was performed after 21 d, the fruit showed ripening attributes similar to those of the untreated ones. To further understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for the lack of response to 1-MCP at 21 d of storage, transcriptomic analysis was performed. Gene ontology analyses based on the DEG analysis showed enrichment of transcripts involved in the 'response to ethylene' for both maturity stages. All genes evaluated showed similar expression profiles induced by cold storage time, with a peak at 21 d of storage and an increased softening of the fruit and peel color. This was a two-year field study, and results were consistent across the two experimental years. Our results should help growers and markets in selecting the optimal timing of 1-MCP application in "Hass" avocados and should contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the avocado ripening process.

RESUMO

Apples have a continuous hydrophobic layer that covers the surface of the fruit, which is called the cuticle. The effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the cuticular wax layer of apples were reported after cold storage, although the interaction between 1-MCP and dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) is not yet known. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effects of 1-MCP on the wax composition and metabolism of 'Maxi Gala' apples after storage in a controlled atmosphere (CA) and dynamic controlled atmosphere based on chlorophyll fluorescence (DCA-CF) and respiratory quotient (DCA-RQ; RQ = 1.3 and 1.5). The 1-MCP treatment effectively decreased ethylene production for CA and DCA-CF treatments, while in DCA-RQ treatments produced no effect. The average extracted cuticular wax content of 'Maxi Gala' apples was 16.65 g m-2 and no differences in storage conditions or 1-MCP application were observed. Alkanes, alcohols, fatty acids, aldehydes, and terpenoids were identified in the chemical composition of the cuticular waxes, being alkanes and fatty acids the predominant ones. Moreover, 1-MCP decreased fatty acid and 10-nonacosanol concentrations in the fruit. Fruit with the 1-MCP application and stored in DCA had lower α-farnesene concentrations. The wax compositions of the DCA-stored apples with and without 1-MCP were similar. However, 1-MCP treatment resulted in a greater mass loss in fruit stored in DCA.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Acremonium strictum Elicitor Subtilisin (AsES) is a fungal elicitor that activates innate immunity, conferring disease resistance in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), Arabidopsis and other plant species. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the involvement of the ethylene (ET) signalling pathway in AsES-mediated immune response in strawberry. Ethylene production and expression of the genes responsible for ET synthesis, perception and response were measured after AsES treatment. ROS (H2 O2 ) accumulation and immunity induced by AsES were studied after ET perception was blocked by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Biochemical and molecular results showed that AsES induced a marked increase in local and systemic biosynthesis of ET, both in a biphasic manner. Blocking of ET perception by 1-MCP prior to AsES induction reduced production of ROS (H2 O2 ) and prevented AsES from eliciting defence against fungal pathogens having different lifestyles, such as Botrytis cinerea (necrotrophic) and Colletotrichum acutatum (hemibiotrophic). These findings contribute to elucidate the mode of action of the novel elicitor subtilase, AsES, specifically regarding the role of ET signalling in the activation of plant innate immunity, in addition to the multitude of processes regulated by ET in plants.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The goal of this study was to evaluate patulin contamination in 'Galaxy' and 'Fuji Kiku' apples subjected to controlled atmosphere (CA) and dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) conditions. Experiments were performed and fruit were stored for nine months under refrigeration plus 7 days shelf life at 20 °C. CA and DCA were not effective in preventing patulin production in either 'Galaxy' or 'Fuji Kiku' apples. Healthy fruit were not contaminated with patulin, even when stored together with decayed apples. For 'Galaxy' apples, application of 1-methylcyclopropene increased the percentage of fruit with decay and patulin contamination. Patulin concentrations were above the maximum limit (50 µg kg-1) established in the Brazilian legislation, meaning the use of CA and DCA conditions were not advantageous in preventing patulin accumulation. In 'Fuji Kiku' apples, there was no significant difference in patulin concentration among CA, DCA-CF and DCA-RQ 1.3 treatments, and all were below the maximum.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Apple is commercially important worldwide. Favorable genomic contexts and postharvest technologies allow year-round availability. Although ripening is considered a unidirectional developmental process toward senescence, storage at low temperatures, alone or in combination with ethylene blockage, is effective in preserving apple properties. Quality traits and genome wide expression were integrated to investigate the mechanisms underlying postharvest changes. Development and conservation techniques were responsible for transcriptional reprogramming and distinct programs associated with quality traits. A large portion of the differentially regulated genes constitutes a program involved in ripening and senescence, whereas a smaller module consists of genes associated with reestablishment and maintenance of juvenile traits after harvest. Ethylene inhibition was associated with a reversal of ripening by transcriptional induction of anabolic pathways. Our results demonstrate that the blockage of ethylene perception and signaling leads to upregulation of genes in anabolic pathways. We also associated complex phenotypes to subsets of differentially regulated genes.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Fruit texture changes impair the quality of apples submitted to long term storage, especially under cold. The changes are due to cell wall modifications during ripening and senescence and are associated to ethylene. We have investigated the activity of α-l-arabinofuranosidase, a glycosyl hydrolase acting on the side chains of pectin in the cell wall and middle lamella. The transcription of arabinofuranosidase coding sequences 1 and 3 was investigated in plant organs and in response to ethylene, employing hormone application and 1-methylcyclopropene. The transcription of arabinofuranosidase genes is not restricted to fruits, although upregulated by ripening and ethylene. Transcripts of the genes were detected under cold storage up to 180 days. Similarly, arabinofuranosidase activity increased with rising levels of ethylene and under cold storage. Levels of arabinofuranosidase3 transcripts were higher than those of arabinofuranosidase1, suggesting that the first is an important contributor to enzyme activity and texture changes during cold storage.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O bloqueio de eventos dependentes da sinalização do etileno pode afetar de maneira positiva ou negativa a qualidade de frutos tropicais após o armazenamento refrigerado. Dessa forma, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estudar o envolvimento do etileno no desenvolvimento de injúrias de frio em tangor 'Murcott' e avaliar as respostas envolvidas no processo de resistência às injúrias. Os frutos foram expostos a 500nL L-1 de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) durante 12 horas ou imersos em soluções contendo 2000nL L-1 de ethephon ou ácido salicílico durante cinco minutos antes de serem armazenados a 1°C, por 90 dias. Como controle, parte dos frutos foi armazenada a 1°C. O tratamento de frutos com ethephon ou ácido salicílico antecipou e intensificou as injúrias de frio. Por outro lado, a inibição do etileno pelo 1-MCP retardou o surgimento dos sintomas e resultou em menor índice de injúrias e percentual de frutos podres ao final do armazenamento. A atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi intensificada aos 45 dias, contudo em menor intensidade nos frutos tratados com ácido salicílico. Nas avaliações subsequentes, houve decréscimo na atividade da SOD em todos os tratamentos, porém aos 90 dias a intensidade manteve-se levemente superior à observada nos primeiros 30 dias de armazenamento. Os teores de putrescina (Put) e espermina (Spm), no flavedo dos frutos, não sofreram significativa alteração durante o armazenamento. Em contrapartida, os teores de espermidina (Spd) foram mais afetados pelo estresse ocasionado pelo frio.

The blockage of ethylene-dependent signaling may affect the quality of tropical fruit in a positive or negative way after cold storage. Hence, the role of ethylene on chilling injury in tangor 'Murcott' and the responses related to injuries resistance were the aims of this study. Fruit were treated for 12h with 500nL L-1 of 1 methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) or immersed into solutions containing 2000nL L-1 ethephon or salicylic acid for 5min before storage at 1°C for 90 days. As a control fruit were stored at 1°C. Chilling injury symptoms were anticipated and intensified when fruit were treated with ethephon or salicylic acid. On the other hand, the ethylene inhibition by 1-MCP delayed symptoms and resulted in the lowest injury index and percentage of fruit decay at the end of storage. At 45 days the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was intensified, however, in lower intensity in salicylic acid treated fruit. Afterwards, SOD activity decrease in all the treatments, though at 90 days the intensity was slightly superior to that at the initial 30 days of storage. During storage period it were not observed significantly alterations in putrescine (Put) and spermine (Spm) levels in flavedo tissues. In contrast, spermidine (Spm) levels were more affected by chilling stress.

RESUMO

The blockage of ethylene-dependent signaling may affect the quality of tropical fruit in a positive or negative way after cold storage. Hence, the role of ethylene on chilling injury in tangor 'Murcott' and the responses related to injuries resistance were the aims of this study. Fruit were treated for 12h with 500nL L-1 of 1 methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) or immersed into solutions containing 2000nL L-1 ethephon or salicylic acid for 5min before storage at 1°C for 90 days. As a control fruit were stored at 1°C. Chilling injury symptoms were anticipated and intensified when fruit were treated with ethephon or salicylic acid. On the other hand, the ethylene inhibition by 1-MCP delayed symptoms and resulted in the lowest injury index and percentage of fruit decay at the end of storage. At 45 days the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was intensified, however, in lower intensity in salicylic acid treated fruit. Afterwards, SOD activity decrease in all the treatments, though at 90 days the intensity was slightly superior to that at the initial 30 days of storage. During storage period it were not observed significantly alterations in putrescine (Put) and spermine (Spm) levels in flavedo tissues. In contrast, spermidine (Spm) levels were more affected by chilling stress.

O bloqueio de eventos dependentes da sinalização do etileno pode afetar de maneira positiva ou negativa a qualidade de frutos tropicais após o armazenamento refrigerado. Dessa forma, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estudar o envolvimento do etileno no desenvolvimento de injúrias de frio em tangor 'Murcott' e avaliar as respostas envolvidas no processo de resistência às injúrias. Os frutos foram expostos a 500nL L-1 de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) durante 12 horas ou imersos em soluções contendo 2000nL L-1 de ethephon ou ácido salicílico durante cinco minutos antes de serem armazenados a 1°C, por 90 dias. Como controle, parte dos frutos foi armazenada a 1°C. O tratamento de frutos com ethephon ou ácido salicílico antecipou e intensificou as injúrias de frio. Por outro lado, a inibição do etileno pelo 1-MCP retardou o surgimento dos sintomas e resultou em menor índice de injúrias e percentual de frutos podres ao final do armazenamento. A atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi intensificada aos 45 dias, contudo em menor intensidade nos frutos tratados com ácido salicílico. Nas avaliações subsequentes, houve decréscimo na atividade da SOD em todos os tratamentos, porém aos 90 dias a intensidade manteve-se levemente superior à observada nos primeiros 30 dias de armazenamento. Os teores de putrescina (Put) e espermina (Spm), no flavedo dos frutos, não sofreram significativa alteração durante o armazenamento. Em contrapartida, os teores de espermidina (Spd) foram mais afetados pelo estresse ocasionado pelo frio.

RESUMO

The blockage of ethylene-dependent signaling may affect the quality of tropical fruit in a positive or negative way after cold storage. Hence, the role of ethylene on chilling injury in tangor 'Murcott' and the responses related to injuries resistance were the aims of this study. Fruit were treated for 12h with 500nL L-1 of 1 methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) or immersed into solutions containing 2000nL L-1 ethephon or salicylic acid for 5min before storage at 1°C for 90 days. As a control fruit were stored at 1°C. Chilling injury symptoms were anticipated and intensified when fruit were treated with ethephon or salicylic acid. On the other hand, the ethylene inhibition by 1-MCP delayed symptoms and resulted in the lowest injury index and percentage of fruit decay at the end of storage. At 45 days the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was intensified, however, in lower intensity in salicylic acid treated fruit. Afterwards, SOD activity decrease in all the treatments, though at 90 days the intensity was slightly superior to that at the initial 30 days of storage. During storage period it were not observed significantly alterations in putrescine (Put) and spermine (Spm) levels in flavedo tissues. In contrast, spermidine (Spm) levels were more affected by chilling stress.

O bloqueio de eventos dependentes da sinalização do etileno pode afetar de maneira positiva ou negativa a qualidade de frutos tropicais após o armazenamento refrigerado. Dessa forma, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estudar o envolvimento do etileno no desenvolvimento de injúrias de frio em tangor 'Murcott' e avaliar as respostas envolvidas no processo de resistência às injúrias. Os frutos foram expostos a 500nL L-1 de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) durante 12 horas ou imersos em soluções contendo 2000nL L-1 de ethephon ou ácido salicílico durante cinco minutos antes de serem armazenados a 1°C, por 90 dias. Como controle, parte dos frutos foi armazenada a 1°C. O tratamento de frutos com ethephon ou ácido salicílico antecipou e intensificou as injúrias de frio. Por outro lado, a inibição do etileno pelo 1-MCP retardou o surgimento dos sintomas e resultou em menor índice de injúrias e percentual de frutos podres ao final do armazenamento. A atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi intensificada aos 45 dias, contudo em menor intensidade nos frutos tratados com ácido salicílico. Nas avaliações subsequentes, houve decréscimo na atividade da SOD em todos os tratamentos, porém aos 90 dias a intensidade manteve-se levemente superior à observada nos primeiros 30 dias de armazenamento. Os teores de putrescina (Put) e espermina (Spm), no flavedo dos frutos, não sofreram significativa alteração durante o armazenamento. Em contrapartida, os teores de espermidina (Spd) foram mais afetados pelo estresse ocasionado pelo frio.

RESUMO

The blockage of ethylene-dependent signaling may affect the quality of tropical fruit in a positive or negative way after cold storage. Hence, the role of ethylene on chilling injury in tangor 'Murcott' and the responses related to injuries resistance were the aims of this study. Fruit were treated for 12h with 500nL L-1 of 1 methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) or immersed into solutions containing 2000nL L-1 ethephon or salicylic acid for 5min before storage at 1°C for 90 days. As a control fruit were stored at 1°C. Chilling injury symptoms were anticipated and intensified when fruit were treated with ethephon or salicylic acid. On the other hand, the ethylene inhibition by 1-MCP delayed symptoms and resulted in the lowest injury index and percentage of fruit decay at the end of storage. At 45 days the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was intensified, however, in lower intensity in salicylic acid treated fruit. Afterwards, SOD activity decrease in all the treatments, though at 90 days the intensity was slightly superior to that at the initial 30 days of storage. During storage period it were not observed significantly alterations in putrescine (Put) and spermine (Spm) levels in flavedo tissues. In contrast, spermidine (Spm) levels were more affected by chilling stress.

O bloqueio de eventos dependentes da sinalização do etileno pode afetar de maneira positiva ou negativa a qualidade de frutos tropicais após o armazenamento refrigerado. Dessa forma, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estudar o envolvimento do etileno no desenvolvimento de injúrias de frio em tangor 'Murcott' e avaliar as respostas envolvidas no processo de resistência às injúrias. Os frutos foram expostos a 500nL L-1 de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) durante 12 horas ou imersos em soluções contendo 2000nL L-1 de ethephon ou ácido salicílico durante cinco minutos antes de serem armazenados a 1°C, por 90 dias. Como controle, parte dos frutos foi armazenada a 1°C. O tratamento de frutos com ethephon ou ácido salicílico antecipou e intensificou as injúrias de frio. Por outro lado, a inibição do etileno pelo 1-MCP retardou o surgimento dos sintomas e resultou em menor índice de injúrias e percentual de frutos podres ao final do armazenamento. A atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi intensificada aos 45 dias, contudo em menor intensidade nos frutos tratados com ácido salicílico. Nas avaliações subsequentes, houve decréscimo na atividade da SOD em todos os tratamentos, porém aos 90 dias a intensidade manteve-se levemente superior à observada nos primeiros 30 dias de armazenamento. Os teores de putrescina (Put) e espermina (Spm), no flavedo dos frutos, não sofreram significativa alteração durante o armazenamento. Em contrapartida, os teores de espermidina (Spd) foram mais afetados pelo estresse ocasionado pelo frio.

RESUMO

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inibição da ação do etileno sobre o amadurecimento e o desenvolvimento de dano causado pelo frio em tomates do tipo não longa vida da cultivar 'Monte Carlo'. O experimento foi conduzindo no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (3x2), com quatro repetições. O Fator A foi composto por temperaturas de armazenamento (20°C, 10°C e 5°C), já o Fator B foi composto pela aplicação ou não de 1,0µL L-1 de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), um composto que bloqueia a ação do etileno. Depois de 14 dias de armazenamento, verificaram-se dois padrões distintos de amadurecimento dependentes da temperatura de armazenamento. A temperatura de 5°C levou ao desenvolvimento de dano pelo frio, o que resultou em elevada produção de etileno sem, contudo, levar a alterações significativas no amadurecimento dos frutos. Esses resultados indicam que sob essa temperatura os frutos perdem a sensibilidade ao etileno. No entanto, sob temperaturas acima do limite de dano, a aplicação de 1-MCP não apenas reduziu a síntese de etileno, mas também inibiu o amadurecimento, sendo a duração desse efeito maior a 10°C do que a 20°C. A qualidade de tomates não longa vida pode ser mantida por até 14 dias com o armazenamento a 10°C ou com a aplicação de 1-MCP a 20°C.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of inhibiting the ethylene action on the ripening and on the development of chilling injury in non-long life 'Monte Carlo' tomatoes. The experiment was a fatorial (3x2), with storage temperature (20°C, 10°C and 5°C) and the treatment or not of 1.0µL L-1 of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), a compound that blocks the ethylene action. After 14 days of storage, two distinct patterns of ripening dependents on the storage temperature were observed. The storage under 5°C led the fruits to develop chilling injury (CI). Although CI-affected fruits showed higher ethylene production, they did not ripen properly, suggesting that CI results in a lack of ethylene sensitivity in tomatoes. On the other hand, above chilling temperatures, 1-MCP treatment not only reduced the ethylene synthesis, but also inhibited the ripening process. The inhibitory effect of 1-MCP was, however, significantly longer at 10°C as compared to 20°C. The quality of non-long-life tomato fruits can be maintained during 14 days either by storing at 10°C or by applying 1-MCP at 20°C.

RESUMO

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de reguladores vegetais e da data de colheita sobre a maturação de ameixas 'Laetitia'. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: controle, aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG; 125mg L-1), 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP; 70µg L-1) e ácido giberélico (GA3; 100mg.L-1), em combinação com duas datas de colheita (11/01/2007 e 25/01/2007). O GA3 foi aplicado 14 dias antes da primeira colheita, enquanto AVG e 1-MCP foram aplicados sete dias antes da primeira colheita. O experimento seguiu o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os reguladores de crescimento, em geral, retardaram as alterações da cor da epiderme e mantiveram a textura dos frutos, com os maiores valores de resistências à compressão e à penetração de polpa. A força necessária para a ruptura da epiderme foi maior no tratamento com 1-MCP. O tratamento controle apresentou os maiores teores de sólidos solúveis (SS). O atraso na colheita reduziu a textura dos frutos, a acidez titulável e o teor de SS, mas proporcionou frutos mais vermelhos. No entanto, nos frutos tratados com os reguladores, a evolução da maturação foi retardada.

The objective this research was to evaluate the effects of preharvest spraying with plant regulators and harvest date on the fruit maturity of 'Laetitia' plums. The treatments evaluated were: control (untreated), aminoethoxyvinylglycine [AVG; at 125mg (a.i.) L-1], giberellic acid [GA3; at 100mg (a.i.) L-1] and 1-Methylcyclopropene [1-MCP; at 70µg (a.i.) L-1], combined with two harvest dates (01/11/2007 and 01/25/2007). The GA3 was sprayed 14 days before the first harvest, while AVG and 1-MCP were sprayed 7 days before the first harvest. The experiment followed the randomized block design with four replications. In general, the plant regulators delayed changes in skin color and preserved fruit texture, providing the highest resistances values for flesh compression and fresh penetration. The force for skin rupture was highest in treatment with 1-MCP. The control treatment showed the highest levels of soluble solids content (SSC). The treatments had no affect on red color of the fruit. Delays in harvest reduced fruit texture, titratable acidity and SSC, and increased fruit red color, however, treatment with plant regulators delayed changes in fruit maturity.

RESUMO

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of inhibiting the ethylene action on the ripening and on the development of chilling injury in non-long life 'Monte Carlo' tomatoes. The experiment was a fatorial (3x2), with storage temperature (20°C, 10°C and 5°C) and the treatment or not of 1.0µL L-1 of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), a compound that blocks the ethylene action. After 14 days of storage, two distinct patterns of ripening dependents on the storage temperature were observed. The storage under 5°C led the fruits to develop chilling injury (CI). Although CI-affected fruits showed higher ethylene production, they did not ripen properly, suggesting that CI results in a lack of ethylene sensitivity in tomatoes. On the other hand, above chilling temperatures, 1-MCP treatment not only reduced the ethylene synthesis, but also inhibited the ripening process. The inhibitory effect of 1-MCP was, however, significantly longer at 10°C as compared to 20°C. The quality of non-long-life tomato fruits can be maintained during 14 days either by storing at 10°C or by applying 1-MCP at 20°C.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inibição da ação do etileno sobre o amadurecimento e o desenvolvimento de dano causado pelo frio em tomates do tipo não longa vida da cultivar 'Monte Carlo'. O experimento foi conduzindo no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (3x2), com quatro repetições. O Fator A foi composto por temperaturas de armazenamento (20°C, 10°C e 5°C), já o Fator B foi composto pela aplicação ou não de 1,0µL L-1 de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), um composto que bloqueia a ação do etileno. Depois de 14 dias de armazenamento, verificaram-se dois padrões distintos de amadurecimento dependentes da temperatura de armazenamento. A temperatura de 5°C levou ao desenvolvimento de dano pelo frio, o que resultou em elevada produção de etileno sem, contudo, levar a alterações significativas no amadurecimento dos frutos. Esses resultados indicam que sob essa temperatura os frutos perdem a sensibilidade ao etileno. No entanto, sob temperaturas acima do limite de dano, a aplicação de 1-MCP não apenas reduziu a síntese de etileno, mas também inibiu o amadurecimento, sendo a duração desse efeito maior a 10°C do que a 20°C. A qualidade de tomates não longa vida pode ser mantida por até 14 dias com o armazenamento a 10°C ou com a aplicação de 1-MCP a 20°C.

RESUMO

The objective this research was to evaluate the effects of preharvest spraying with plant regulators and harvest date on the fruit maturity of 'Laetitia' plums. The treatments evaluated were: control (untreated), aminoethoxyvinylglycine [AVG; at 125mg (a.i.) L-1], giberellic acid [GA3; at 100mg (a.i.) L-1] and 1-Methylcyclopropene [1-MCP; at 70µg (a.i.) L-1], combined with two harvest dates (01/11/2007 and 01/25/2007). The GA3 was sprayed 14 days before the first harvest, while AVG and 1-MCP were sprayed 7 days before the first harvest. The experiment followed the randomized block design with four replications. In general, the plant regulators delayed changes in skin color and preserved fruit texture, providing the highest resistances values for flesh compression and fresh penetration. The force for skin rupture was highest in treatment with 1-MCP. The control treatment showed the highest levels of soluble solids content (SSC). The treatments had no affect on red color of the fruit. Delays in harvest reduced fruit texture, titratable acidity and SSC, and increased fruit red color, however, treatment with plant regulators delayed changes in fruit maturity.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de reguladores vegetais e da data de colheita sobre a maturação de ameixas 'Laetitia'. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: controle, aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG; 125mg L-1), 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP; 70µg L-1) e ácido giberélico (GA3; 100mg.L-1), em combinação com duas datas de colheita (11/01/2007 e 25/01/2007). O GA3 foi aplicado 14 dias antes da primeira colheita, enquanto AVG e 1-MCP foram aplicados sete dias antes da primeira colheita. O experimento seguiu o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os reguladores de crescimento, em geral, retardaram as alterações da cor da epiderme e mantiveram a textura dos frutos, com os maiores valores de resistências à compressão e à penetração de polpa. A força necessária para a ruptura da epiderme foi maior no tratamento com 1-MCP. O tratamento controle apresentou os maiores teores de sólidos solúveis (SS). O atraso na colheita reduziu a textura dos frutos, a acidez titulável e o teor de SS, mas proporcionou frutos mais vermelhos. No entanto, nos frutos tratados com os reguladores, a evolução da maturação foi retardada.

RESUMO

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of inhibiting the ethylene action on the ripening and on the development of chilling injury in non-long life 'Monte Carlo' tomatoes. The experiment was a fatorial (3x2), with storage temperature (20°C, 10°C and 5°C) and the treatment or not of 1.0µL L-1 of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), a compound that blocks the ethylene action. After 14 days of storage, two distinct patterns of ripening dependents on the storage temperature were observed. The storage under 5°C led the fruits to develop chilling injury (CI). Although CI-affected fruits showed higher ethylene production, they did not ripen properly, suggesting that CI results in a lack of ethylene sensitivity in tomatoes. On the other hand, above chilling temperatures, 1-MCP treatment not only reduced the ethylene synthesis, but also inhibited the ripening process. The inhibitory effect of 1-MCP was, however, significantly longer at 10°C as compared to 20°C. The quality of non-long-life tomato fruits can be maintained during 14 days either by storing at 10°C or by applying 1-MCP at 20°C.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inibição da ação do etileno sobre o amadurecimento e o desenvolvimento de dano causado pelo frio em tomates do tipo não longa vida da cultivar 'Monte Carlo'. O experimento foi conduzindo no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (3x2), com quatro repetições. O Fator A foi composto por temperaturas de armazenamento (20°C, 10°C e 5°C), já o Fator B foi composto pela aplicação ou não de 1,0µL L-1 de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), um composto que bloqueia a ação do etileno. Depois de 14 dias de armazenamento, verificaram-se dois padrões distintos de amadurecimento dependentes da temperatura de armazenamento. A temperatura de 5°C levou ao desenvolvimento de dano pelo frio, o que resultou em elevada produção de etileno sem, contudo, levar a alterações significativas no amadurecimento dos frutos. Esses resultados indicam que sob essa temperatura os frutos perdem a sensibilidade ao etileno. No entanto, sob temperaturas acima do limite de dano, a aplicação de 1-MCP não apenas reduziu a síntese de etileno, mas também inibiu o amadurecimento, sendo a duração desse efeito maior a 10°C do que a 20°C. A qualidade de tomates não longa vida pode ser mantida por até 14 dias com o armazenamento a 10°C ou com a aplicação de 1-MCP a 20°C.

RESUMO

The objective this research was to evaluate the effects of preharvest spraying with plant regulators and harvest date on the fruit maturity of 'Laetitia' plums. The treatments evaluated were: control (untreated), aminoethoxyvinylglycine [AVG; at 125mg (a.i.) L-1], giberellic acid [GA3; at 100mg (a.i.) L-1] and 1-Methylcyclopropene [1-MCP; at 70µg (a.i.) L-1], combined with two harvest dates (01/11/2007 and 01/25/2007). The GA3 was sprayed 14 days before the first harvest, while AVG and 1-MCP were sprayed 7 days before the first harvest. The experiment followed the randomized block design with four replications. In general, the plant regulators delayed changes in skin color and preserved fruit texture, providing the highest resistances values for flesh compression and fresh penetration. The force for skin rupture was highest in treatment with 1-MCP. The control treatment showed the highest levels of soluble solids content (SSC). The treatments had no affect on red color of the fruit. Delays in harvest reduced fruit texture, titratable acidity and SSC, and increased fruit red color, however, treatment with plant regulators delayed changes in fruit maturity.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de reguladores vegetais e da data de colheita sobre a maturação de ameixas 'Laetitia'. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: controle, aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG; 125mg L-1), 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP; 70µg L-1) e ácido giberélico (GA3; 100mg.L-1), em combinação com duas datas de colheita (11/01/2007 e 25/01/2007). O GA3 foi aplicado 14 dias antes da primeira colheita, enquanto AVG e 1-MCP foram aplicados sete dias antes da primeira colheita. O experimento seguiu o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os reguladores de crescimento, em geral, retardaram as alterações da cor da epiderme e mantiveram a textura dos frutos, com os maiores valores de resistências à compressão e à penetração de polpa. A força necessária para a ruptura da epiderme foi maior no tratamento com 1-MCP. O tratamento controle apresentou os maiores teores de sólidos solúveis (SS). O atraso na colheita reduziu a textura dos frutos, a acidez titulável e o teor de SS, mas proporcionou frutos mais vermelhos. No entanto, nos frutos tratados com os reguladores, a evolução da maturação foi retardada.

RESUMO

The objective this research was to evaluate the effects of preharvest spraying with plant regulators and harvest date on the fruit maturity of 'Laetitia' plums. The treatments evaluated were: control (untreated), aminoethoxyvinylglycine [AVG; at 125mg (a.i.) L-1], giberellic acid [GA3; at 100mg (a.i.) L-1] and 1-Methylcyclopropene [1-MCP; at 70µg (a.i.) L-1], combined with two harvest dates (01/11/2007 and 01/25/2007). The GA3 was sprayed 14 days before the first harvest, while AVG and 1-MCP were sprayed 7 days before the first harvest. The experiment followed the randomized block design with four replications. In general, the plant regulators delayed changes in skin color and preserved fruit texture, providing the highest resistances values for flesh compression and fresh penetration. The force for skin rupture was highest in treatment with 1-MCP. The control treatment showed the highest levels of soluble solids content (SSC). The treatments had no affect on red color of the fruit. Delays in harvest reduced fruit texture, titratable acidity and SSC, and increased fruit red color, however, treatment with plant regulators delayed changes in fruit maturity.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de reguladores vegetais e da data de colheita sobre a maturação de ameixas 'Laetitia'. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: controle, aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG; 125mg L-1), 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP; 70µg L-1) e ácido giberélico (GA3; 100mg.L-1), em combinação com duas datas de colheita (11/01/2007 e 25/01/2007). O GA3 foi aplicado 14 dias antes da primeira colheita, enquanto AVG e 1-MCP foram aplicados sete dias antes da primeira colheita. O experimento seguiu o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os reguladores de crescimento, em geral, retardaram as alterações da cor da epiderme e mantiveram a textura dos frutos, com os maiores valores de resistências à compressão e à penetração de polpa. A força necessária para a ruptura da epiderme foi maior no tratamento com 1-MCP. O tratamento controle apresentou os maiores teores de sólidos solúveis (SS). O atraso na colheita reduziu a textura dos frutos, a acidez titulável e o teor de SS, mas proporcionou frutos mais vermelhos. No entanto, nos frutos tratados com os reguladores, a evolução da maturação foi retardada.

RESUMO

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of inhibiting the ethylene action on the ripening and on the development of chilling injury in non-long life 'Monte Carlo' tomatoes. The experiment was a fatorial (3x2), with storage temperature (20°C, 10°C and 5°C) and the treatment or not of 1.0µL L-1 of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), a compound that blocks the ethylene action. After 14 days of storage, two distinct patterns of ripening dependents on the storage temperature were observed. The storage under 5°C led the fruits to develop chilling injury (CI). Although CI-affected fruits showed higher ethylene production, they did not ripen properly, suggesting that CI results in a lack of ethylene sensitivity in tomatoes. On the other hand, above chilling temperatures, 1-MCP treatment not only reduced the ethylene synthesis, but also inhibited the ripening process. The inhibitory effect of 1-MCP was, however, significantly longer at 10°C as compared to 20°C. The quality of non-long-life tomato fruits can be maintained during 14 days either by storing at 10°C or by applying 1-MCP at 20°C.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inibição da ação do etileno sobre o amadurecimento e o desenvolvimento de dano causado pelo frio em tomates do tipo não longa vida da cultivar 'Monte Carlo'. O experimento foi conduzindo no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (3x2), com quatro repetições. O Fator A foi composto por temperaturas de armazenamento (20°C, 10°C e 5°C), já o Fator B foi composto pela aplicação ou não de 1,0µL L-1 de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), um composto que bloqueia a ação do etileno. Depois de 14 dias de armazenamento, verificaram-se dois padrões distintos de amadurecimento dependentes da temperatura de armazenamento. A temperatura de 5°C levou ao desenvolvimento de dano pelo frio, o que resultou em elevada produção de etileno sem, contudo, levar a alterações significativas no amadurecimento dos frutos. Esses resultados indicam que sob essa temperatura os frutos perdem a sensibilidade ao etileno. No entanto, sob temperaturas acima do limite de dano, a aplicação de 1-MCP não apenas reduziu a síntese de etileno, mas também inibiu o amadurecimento, sendo a duração desse efeito maior a 10°C do que a 20°C. A qualidade de tomates não longa vida pode ser mantida por até 14 dias com o armazenamento a 10°C ou com a aplicação de 1-MCP a 20°C.

RESUMO

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da inibição da biossíntese de etileno no período pré-colheita e o efeito da inibição da ação ou da absorção do etileno durante o armazenamento em atmosfera controlada (AC; 1,2kPa de O2 + 2,5kPa de CO2 a 0ºC) sobre a qualidade de maçãs cv. "Gala". Além disso, avaliou-se também o efeito combinado desses tratamentos. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: (1) armazenamento em AC (controle); (2) aplicação pré-colheita de AVG; (3) AVG + aplicação pós-colheita de 1-MCP; (4) aplicação de 1-MCP; (5) AVG + absorção do etileno durante todo o período de armazenamento; e (6) absorção de etileno. Após oito meses de armazenamento mais sete dias a 20ºC, os frutos tratados com AVG apresentaram menor atividade da ACC oxidase. A combinação de AVG + 1-MCP ou AVG + absorção de etileno mantiveram menor produção de etileno até cinco dias de vida de prateleira a 20ºC. Além disso, a firmeza da polpa dos frutos submetidos a esses tratamentos combinados manteve-se mais elevada. A cor de fundo da epiderme manteve-se mais verde nos frutos tratados com AVG, independente do tratamento em pós-colheita, demonstrando que a modificação da coloração da epiderme é mais afetada pelo etileno produzido ainda na pré-colheita. Portanto, conclui-se que a aplicação em pré-colheita de AVG associada com a absorção do etileno durante o armazenamento é mais eficiente no controle da maturação de maçãs "Gala", no entanto, a aplicação pré-colheita de AVG combinada com a aplicação pós-colheita de 1-MCP também é eficiente.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of inhibition the ethylene biosynthesis at the pre-harvest stage, the ethylene action and the absorption from the controlled atmosphere storage room on the quality of 'Gala' apples. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with four replicates and the experimental unit composed by 25 fruits. The treatments were: (1) CA storage only (control); (2) pre-harvest application of AVG; (3) AVG + postharvest treatment with 1-MCP; (4) 1-MCP; (5) AVG + ethylene absorption during the storage period; and (6) ethylene absorption. Fruit quality was evaluated after 8 months of storage (CA; 1.2 kPa O2 + 2.5 kPa CO2 at 0ºC) and after 7 days at 20ºC. AVG-treated fruits showed lower ACC oxidase activity. AVG + 1-MCP and AVG + ethylene absorption decreased the ethylene production until 5 days of shelf-life and maintained higher flesh firmness. AVG-treated fruits had greener skin color, independently of the postharvest handling, showing that the change in the skin background colour is highly related to the pre-harvest ethylene production. The conclusion of this research is that the pre-harvest treatment of fruits with AVG associated with the absorption of ethylene during the storage is more efficient for controlling the ripening process in 'Gala' apples, nevertheless the application of AVG associated with postharvest application of 1-MCP is also efficient.

Assuntos