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RESUMEN Objetivo. Este estudio se realizó retrospectivamente para evaluar el estado de equinococosis quística de los animales de granja, analizando las muestras enviadas al Instituto de Control Veterinario de Samsun de la República de Türkiye, Ministerio de Agricultura y Silvicultura, entre el Enero de 2016 y el Diciembre de 2022. Materiales y Métodos. Un total de 818 ovejas, 160 cabras y 990 materiales de necropsia de ganado bovino se examinaron macroscópicamente e histopatológicamente de acuerdo con las directrices de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (WOAH). Los quistes se detectaron en 61 materiales de todos los materiales examinados. Resultados. Se encontró que la tasa de positividad de equinococosis quística total en animales de granja era del 3,1% en el norte de Türkiye. Se detectaron quistes en al menos uno de los hígados y pulmones. Se detectó en hígado en 24 casos (39.3%), pulmón en 23 casos (37.7%) y tanto pulmón como hígado en 11 casos (18%). Además, se encontraron quistes tanto en pulmón como en bazo (1 caso), riñón e hígado (1 caso) y corazón e hígado (1 caso). La tasa de positividad fue mayor en ovejas que en otros rumiantes, y la diferencia con otras especies de rumiantes fue estadísticamente significativa. (p<0.001). Se encontró que la diferencia entre las tasas de prevalencia por años era estadísticamente significativa (p=0.001). Conclusiones. Türkiye se define como una región altamente endémica para Echinococcus granulosus y Echinococcus multilocularis. La vigilancia debe realizarse regularmente para implementar programas de control. La información presentada en este estudio contribuirá a obtener una idea sobre el estado de la equinococosis quística en el ganado en el norte de Türkiye y al desarrollo de estrategias de prevención y control.
ABSTRACT Objective. This study was conducted retrospectively to assess the cystic echinococcosis status of farm animals from the samples sent to Samsun Veterinary Control Institute of the Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, between January 2016 and December 2022. Materials and Methods. A total of 818 sheep, 160 goats, and 990 cattle necropsy materials were examined macroscopically and histopathologically according to World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) guidelines. Cysts were detected in 61 of examined materials. Results. The rate of total cystic echinococcosis positivity in farm animals was found to be 3.1% in northern Türkiye. Cysts were detected in at least one of the liver and lungs. It was detected in the liver in 24 cases (39.3%), the lung in 23 cases (37.7%), and both the lung and liver in 11 cases (18%). In addition, cysts were found in both of lung and spleen (1 case), kidney and liver (1 case), and heart and liver (1 case). The positivity rate was higher in sheep than in other ruminants, and the difference with other ruminant species was statistically significant. (p<0.001). The difference between prevalence rates by years was found to be statistically significant (p=0.001). Conclusion. Türkiye is defined as a highly endemic region for Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis. Surveillance should be done regularly to implement control programs. The information presented in this study will contribute to gaining an idea about the status of cystic echinococcosis in livestock in northern Türkiye and to the development of prevention and control strategies.
RESUMO
El tratamiento quirúrgico de la equinococosis quística hepática se asocia (entre otras), con una tasa de recurrencia actual de hasta 27%, aunque es infrecuente la recurrencia después de la exéresis total de un quiste intacto. Por lo general, la recurrencia ocurre producto del derrame de estructuras parasitarias vivas a alguna cavidad, o de dejar residuos de germinal, vesículas hijas o protoescólices durante la cirugía. La recurrencia suele ser asintomática, por lo que el diagnóstico depende, casi exclusivamente, de un seguimiento riguroso y prolongado en el tiempo, con controles clínicos, determinaciones serológicas, e imágenes. El tratamiento puede incluir el uso de albendazol, asociado a técnicas de radiología intervencionista o cirugía. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue generar un documento de lectura referente a la recurrencia de la equinococosis quística hepática.
Surgical treatment of hepatic cystic echinococcosis is associated (among others), with a current recurrence rate of up to 27%; although recurrence after total resection of an intact cyst is rare. In general, recurrence occurs as a result of the spillage of living parasitic structures into a cavity, or of leaving germinal residues, daughter vesicles, or protoscolices during surgery. Recurrence is usually asymptomatic, so the diagnosis depends almost exclusively on a rigorous and prolonged follow-up, with clinical controls, serological determinations, and images. Treatment may include the use of albendazole, followed by interventional radiology techniques or surgery. The aim of this manuscript was to generate a reading document regarding the recurrence of hepatic cystic echinococcosis.
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SUMMARY: Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), is a tapeworm that spreads between intermediate and definitive hosts through the ingestion of fecal matter contaminated with the parasite's eggs. The life cycle consists of differentiation from eggs to oncospheres to embryos, which eventually form cysts in organs like the liver, lungs and others. Within these cysts are protoscolices, an intermediate stage of the parasite which develop into adult tapeworms once they infect their definitive hosts. When these hydatid cysts form in humans, it is known as Cystic Echinococcosis (CE). This disease is treated through surgical excision of the cysts and or chemotherapy with benzimidazole compounds. Understanding the morphology of the intermediate developmental stage of E. granulosus, protoscolex stage, can allow researchers to identify defining structural changes and protein functions that could be used to develop treatment modalities for CE. Unique characteristics in the tegumental surface during the protoescolex stage and proteins associated with cyst fertility have all been identified in previous research studies and bring researchers closer to understanding the underlying mechanisms of E. granulosus development, and consequently, means to disrupt it to achieve better control of the disease.
El Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), es un cestodo que se propaga entre huéspedes intermedios y definitivos a través de la ingestión de materia fecal contaminada con los huevos del parásito. El ciclo de vida consiste en la diferenciación de huevos a oncosferas y embriones, que finalmente forman quistes en órganos como el hígado, los pulmones y otros. Dentro de estos quistes hay protoescólices, una etapa intermedia del parásito que se convierte en su forma adulta (tenia), una vez que infectan a sus huéspedes definitivos. Cuando estos quistes hidatídicos se desarrollan en seres humanos, se les conoce como equinococosis quística (EC). Esta enfermedad se trata mediante la extirpación quirúrgica de los quistes o la quimioterapia con compuestos benzimidazólicos. La comprensión de la morfología de la etapa de desarrollo intermedia del E. granulosus y la etapa de protosclex, puede permitir a los investigadores identificar cambios estructurales definidos y funciones de proteínas que podrían usarse para desarrollar modalidades de tratamiento para la CE. Las características únicas en la superficie tegumentaria durante la etapa de protoescolex y las proteínas asociadas con la fertilidad del quiste se han identificado en estudios de investigación anteriores y acercan a los investigadores a la comprensión de los mecanismos subyacentes del desarrollo del E. granulosus y, en consecuencia, los medios para interrumpirlo para lograr un mejor control de la enfermedad.
Assuntos
Animais , Echinococcus granulosus/anatomia & histologia , Echinococcus granulosus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Echinococcus granulosus/patogenicidade , EquinococoseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the distribution cystic is required for its territorial control. Aim: To describe the spatial distribution of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes by host in the American continent. MATERRIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review of studies from the American continent, related to genotypes of the E. granulosus s.l complex were included, including any host species, without restriction of language or year of publication. Sensitive searches were performed based on sensitive searches from PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS and WoS; SciELO and BIREME-BVS and Trip Database. MeSH and free terms were used, including articles up to December 2020. Cartography was carried out with the Arc Map 10® program, using a world geodetic system. Result variables sought were genotype, host, geographic location, year of publication, number of samples, genes used for genotyping. RESULTS: From 1123 retrieved studies retrieved, 53 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studies analyzed represent 3,397 samples from humans and animals. Thirty six percent of articles were published in the five-year period 2016-2020. Reports were mainly from Argentina (27.9%), Brazil (20.6%) and Chile (13.2%). The most reported genotypes globally were G1-G3 (47.3%), G7 (15.3%), G5 (14.6%) and G6 (13.3%). A predominance of G1-G3 and G6 genotypes was verified in South America, G8 and G10 in North America, and "epidemiological silence" in Central America and the Caribbean. Conclusions: Spatial analysis allows defining the relationship of territories and cases with their own characteristics, which can help to plan control interventions.
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Humanos , Echinococcus granulosus/genética , Equinococose , Argentina/epidemiologia , Brasil , Genótipo , AnimaisRESUMO
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This affliction is an endemic worldwide condition that represents a neglected parasitic disease with important socioeconomic repercussions. Proteomic characterization of larval and adult stages of E. granulosus, as well as the association between expression profiles and host interactions, is relevant for a better understanding of parasite biology, and eventually for drug design and vaccine development. This study aimed to develop a synthesis of the evidence available related to proteomics of E. granulosus. A systematic review was carried out to collect data concerning the proteomics of E. granulosus, without language or host restriction, published between 1980 and 2019. A systematic search was carried out in the Trip Database, BIREME-BVS, SciELO, Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, EBSCO host, and LILACS, using MeSH terms, free words, and Boolean connectors, and adapting strategies to each source of information. Additionally, a manual cross-reference search was performed. Variables studied were the year of publication, geographic origin of the study, number of samples, hosts, parasitic organs, proteomic techniques, and parasite proteins verified. Nine-hundred and thirty-six related articles were identified: 17 fulfilled selection criteria, including slightly more than 188 samples. Most articles were published between 2014 and 2019 (64.7%) and were from Brazil and China (35.3% each). In reference to confirmed hosts in the primary articles, cattle (41.2%) and humans (23.5%) were the most frequently reported. Concerning proteomic techniques applied in the primary articles, LC-MS/MS was the most used (41.1%), and 890 proteins were reported by the primary articles. As the results of our search suggest, the information related to E. granulosus proteomics is scarce, heterogeneous, and scattered throughout several articles that include a diversity of tissues, samples, intermediate hosts, and proteomic techniques. Consequently, the level of evidence generated by our search is type 4.
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Equinococose/parasitologia , Echinococcus granulosus/química , Proteínas de Helminto/análise , Proteômica , Animais , Proteínas de Helminto/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the distribution cystic is required for its territorial control. AIM: To describe the spatial distribution of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes by host in the American continent. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review of studies from the American continent, related to genotypes of the E. granulosus s.l complex were included, including any host species, without restriction of language or year of publication. Sensitive searches were performed based on sensitive searches from PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS and WoS; SciELO and BIREME-BVS and Trip Database. MeSH and free terms were used, including articles up to December 2020. Cartography was carried out with the Arc Map 10® program, using a world geodetic system. Result variables sought were genotype, host, geographic location, year of publication, number of samples, genes used for genotyping. RESULTS: From 1123 retrieved studies retrieved, 53 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studies analyzed represent 3,397 samples from humans and animals. Thirty six percent of articles were published in the five-year period 2016-2020. Reports were mainly from Argentina (27.9%), Brazil (20.6%) and Chile (13.2%). The most reported genotypes globally were G1-G3 (47.3%), G7 (15.3%), G5 (14.6%) and G6 (13.3%). A predominance of G1-G3 and G6 genotypes was verified in South America, G8 and G10 in North America, and "epidemiological silence" in Central America and the Caribbean. CONCLUSIONS: Spatial analysis allows defining the relationship of territories and cases with their own characteristics, which can help to plan control interventions.
Assuntos
Equinococose , Echinococcus granulosus , Animais , Humanos , Echinococcus granulosus/genética , Argentina/epidemiologia , Brasil , GenótipoRESUMO
SUMMARY: Extra-visceral retroperitoneal echinococcosis (EVRE), represents an infrequent condition, even in endemic areas. Its best treatment option is surgery. The aim of this study was to determine postoperative morbidity (POM) and recurrence in patients with EVRE, surgically treated. Case series with follow-up of patients with EVRE undergoing surgery consecutively at RedSalud Mayor Temuco Clinic, between 2008 and 2019. The outcome variables were POM and recurrence. Other variables of interest were cyst diameter, surgical time, and hospital stay. Descriptive statistics was used. In this study, 12 patients (75.0 % male), with a median age of 46 years, were treated. The 58.3 % of cases were primary retroperitoneal cysts. The median of cyst diameter, surgical time, and hospital stay were 15 cm, 95 min, and 4 days respectively. The most frequent type of resection was total cystectomy (58.3 %). MPO was 8.3 % (there was urinary infection in one patient). No reoperations were necessary. There was no operative mortality. With a median follow-up of 90 months, a recurrence of 8.3 % was verified (one case). The results achieved, in terms of POM and recurrence were similar to other series.
RESUMEN: La equinococosis retroperitoneal extravisceral (EREV), representa una condición poco frecuente, incluso en áreas endémicas. Su mejor opción de tratamiento es la cirugía. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar morbilidad postoperatoria (MOP) y recurrencia de pacientes con EREV tratados quirúrgicamente. Serie de casos con seguimiento de pacientes con EREV intervenidos de forma consecutiva en Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, entre 2008 y 2019. Las variables resultado fueron POM y recurrencia. Otras variables de interés fueron diámetro del quiste, tiempo quirúrgico y estancia hospitalaria. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Se trató a 12 pacientes (75,0 % hombres), con una mediana de edad de 46 años. El 58,3 % de los casos fueron quistes retroperitoneales primarios. La mediana del diámetro del quiste, tiempo quirúrgico y estancia hospitalaria fueron 15 cm, 95 min y 4 días, respectivamente. El tipo de resección más frecuente fue la quistectomía total (58,3 %). La MPO fue 8,3 % (infección urinaria en un paciente). No hubo reintervenciones ni mortalidad operatoria. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 90 meses, se verificó una recurrencia de 8,3 % (un caso). Los resultados obtenidos, en cuanto a MPO y recurrencia, son similares a otras series.