RESUMO

The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of the autonomic nervous system on cardiovascular function during the first 35 days of life in different types of delivery, using heart rate variability (HRV) indices. Thirty newborns were equally divided into two groups based on delivery type: eutocic delivery (EG) and emergency cesarean section (CG). Electrocardiographic evaluation was performed at birth (T0), 24 h postpartum (T1), and at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days of life (T2 to T6). Physical parameters, neonatal reflexes, and Apgar scores were recorded. Over 35 days, the values of the time domain indices were higher in the GE group and increased with age. In the frequency domain, the low frequency (LF) index was higher in the CG, and the opposite occurred for the high frequency (HF) index. Since the CG presented lower HRV than the EG, it was shown that the type of delivery should be considered for the assessment of autonomic nervous system activity in neonates. Thus, as predictive factors of vitality, HRV and Apgar scores can help in the face of neonatal depression, demonstrating that delivery by emergency cesarean section can predispose newborns to delays in the autonomic influence on the heart.

RESUMO

Pheochromocytoma is a functional neoplasm that produces catecholamines, located in the medullary region of the adrenal glands. As it presents nonspeciÀ c signs, scarcity of diagnostic tools and is still associated with concomitant diseases, it may not be easily considered as a differential condition among veterinarians. This is an uncommon neoplasm that usually affects dogs, with medium to advanced age and without racial predilection, being very rare in cats. Clinical manifestations vary according to the effects of catecholamines and/or circulatory impairment due to the local invasion of the tumor into adjacent structures. In this way, systemic arterial hypertension and consequences in target organs such as the central nervous system and kidneys can be observed, in addition to ocular changes. The deÀ nitive diagnosis is given by the histopathological analysis of the excised adrenal gland. However, the increase in the serum concentration of catecholamine metabolites may contribute to the conÀ rmation of the disease. Adrenalectomy is the therapy of choice, but if this is not feasible, α and ß adrenergic blocking drugs should be used. The prognosis varies from reserved to favorable, based on surgical success and the presence of metastases.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to perform neonatal clinical assessments at birth to identify newborn kittens at risk according to type of delivery, thus allowing immediate intervention and increasing their chances of survival. METHODS: This study compared Apgar scores, reflexes and clinical parameters (temperature, weight, blood glucose and peripheral oxygen saturation [SpO2]) between eutocic neonates and those delivered by emergency cesarean section. The animals were evaluated at birth and after 10 and 60 mins. RESULTS: Thirty-two neonates were evaluated, with 19 animals in the eutocic group (EG) and 13 animals in the cesarean group (CG). When comparing groups, CG neonates had significantly lower Apgar scores (P <0.0001), lower SpO2 (P = 0.0535), higher blood glucose (P = 0.0009), reduced reflexes (P <0.0001) and lower respiratory rates (P <0.0001) at birth and after 10 and 60 mins than EG neonates. Apgar scores positively correlated with parameters such as heart rate, reflex score, SpO2 and weight. The mortality rate in evaluated newborns was 15.6% (5/32). The early mortality rate (0-2 days old) was 80% (4/5) and the late mortality rate (3-30 days old) was 20% (1/5). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study showed lower vitality in cats delivered by emergency cesarean section than in those delivered through eutocic birth. In general, neonates delivered by cesarean section have greater depression and low vitality at birth and may require advanced resuscitation procedures. The evaluations carried out in this study identified newborns with low vitality and those requiring advanced resuscitation, thus allowing immediate intervention. Apgar and reflex scores for feline neonates were suggested. Newborn-specific clinical assessment with these feline vitality scores allows the identification of at-risk neonates. Care immediately after birth increases the chance of survival among these patients.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Prolonged perinatal asphyxia and subsequent severe hypoxia are the main causes of mortality in neonatal dogs in the first days of life. In medicine, specific cardiac biochemical markers, such as troponin I, are used to diagnose ischemic and nonischemic myocardial injury in asphyxiated newborns after birth. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare the levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) between asphyxiated and nonasphyxiated newborn dogs and evaluate the correlations of cTnI levels with the modified Apgar score, the levels of oxygen saturation, blood glucose, and lactatemia, and blood gas parameters. This study aimed to determine the possible use of cTnI as a marker of severe hypoxia and myocardial ischemic injury in neonatal dogs. Fifteen animals in a eutocic vaginal delivery group (VG), 15 animals in a cesarean section group (CG), and 13 animals in a hypoxia (asphyxiated) group (HG) were evaluated. The animals in the asphyxiated group were from dystocic deliveries and born by vaginal delivery or cesarean section. All groups were evaluated at birth and after 60 min. The newborns in the VG and CG exhibited mixed acidosis (respiratory acidosis due to increased partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and metabolic acidosis due to reduced pH and bicarbonate (HCO3) levels, base excess/deficit in the extracellular fluid compartment (BEecf), and increased lactate levels) due to transient physiological hypoxemia at birth. The cTnI levels in the VG and CG were within the reference standards for healthy dogs. No correlations between cTnI level and the other parameters were observed in the VG and CG. Newborns in the HG exhibited prominent mixed acidosis (p < 0.05) due to severe hypoxemia. The Apgar score and blood gas parameters showed that these dogs were born asphyxiated, and they presented low vitality and the need for resuscitation maneuvers. The cTnI levels in the HG were significantly higher than those in the VG and CG (p < 0.05) and above the reference standards for healthy dogs, which indicated ischemic myocardial injury. The cTnI level was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the parameters Apgar score, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (sO2) level, reflex score, and total carbon dioxide (TCO2) level and positively correlated (p < 0.01) with lactate level. This study showed that asphyxiated newborn dogs have higher serum cTnI levels than nonasphyxiated newborn dogs; thus, the cTnI can be used as a marker of severe hypoxia and ischemic myocardial damage in newborn dogs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The neonatal period in dogs remains associated with high mortality rates. Sepsis is the main cause of neonatal losses during the first three weeks of life. Additionally, failure in the clinical assessment and early diagnosis of sick newborns is still common, leading to inadequate care, which contributes to a high mortality rate. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the incidence of sepsis in canine newborns, the clinical aspects involved, the main isolated bacterial agents and mortality rates to facilitate clinicians' early recognition of this condition. Of the 152 litters and 762 neonates evaluated, 14.8% (113/762) had sepsis or septic shock, and the mortality rate among affected puppies was 25.6% (29/113). Among the puppies with sepsis that died, early mortality (0-2 days of age) occurred in 69% (20/29) of affected neonates, and late mortality (3-30 days of age) occurred in 31% (9/29) of affected neonates. Significant differences (p < 0.0001) in clinical parameters (heart and respiratory rates, blood glucose, body temperature, peripheral oxygen saturation and reflexes) were noted among healthy neonates and neonates with sepsis and septic shock. The main and most relevant clinical signs were apathy, a reduced sucking reflex, diarrhea, the neonatal triad, failure to gain weight, bradycardia, dyspnea, cyanotic mucous membranes, body erythema, reduced peripheral oxygen saturation, cyanosis and tissue necrosis in the extremities. The mother may have been the main source of infection for 87.6% (99/113) of neonates with sepsis. Most infections were transmitted during pregnancy (68%, 77/113) in cases of neonatal sepsis. The major source of infection for neonates was the uterus, followed by breast milk and maternal oropharyngeal secretions. The most frequently isolated bacterial agent was Escherichia coli, accounting for 25.6% (29/113) of sepsis cases. The morbidity and mortality of neonatal sepsis in dogs is high. The clinical evaluation and diagnosis of sepsis in neonates differ from those in adult animals. Thus, knowledge of the neonatal particularities of sepsis is essential for proper clinical management and greater survival of these patients.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Canine eosinophilic folliculitis is a dermatological disease of acute onset with development of erosive to ulcerative papular lesions, especially on the nasal bridge, that may cause severe skin abnormalities leading to discomfort and pain to the patient. The aim of this report was to characterize a case of a canine eosinophilic folliculitis with papular, ulcerative and crusting dermatitis on the nasal bridge, papules on eyelid and pinna, with confirmed diagnosis based on aspiration cytology, history and response to immunosuppressive therapy with glucocorticoid. Case: An 1-year-old intact Daschund was attended showing an acute onset (over 4 h) of generalized urticarial reaction and nonpruriginous lesion at the muzzle with mild serosanguineous exudate, which persisted for 96 h when the dog was evaluated. It was observed a papular and ulcerative dermatitis with serosanguineous exudate and hematic crusts at nasal bridge, papules measuring 2 mm in diameter in the medial and lateral canthus of the left eyelid, ulcerative papule with hematic crust in the border of left ear pinna, multifocal papules on the skin, dyskeratosis and generalized hair loss. The patient was anesthetized for blood sampling (CBC and serum biochemistry), lesions fine-needle aspiration, scraping and imprint for cytological examination, bacterial culture and nasal turbinates radiography. Fragments for histopathological evaluation were also collected. Erythrogram and platelet evaluation were unremarkable. Leukogram revealed leukocytosis (neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis and eosinophilia). Serum biochemistry revealed hyperalbuminemia and discrete hyperproteinemia; values of alanine aminotransferase, creatinine and globulins were within normal range. In cytological examination, intense cellularity was observed with predominance of eosinophils (60%), neutrophils (35%), macrophages performing cytophagocytosis (5%) and degenerated cells. There was no bacterial growth within 48 h after incubation of nasal bridge lesion swab. There were no abnormalities identified at radiographic evaluation of nasal turbinates. As the patient was already with antibiotic therapy and steroidal anti-inflammatory, it was opted to maintain it, since interruption between the day of examination and laboratory results could cause more prejudice than benefit, corticosteroid dose, however, was readjusted (prednisone 2 mg/kg/per os/every 24h). After 1 week of treatment the owner reported significant improvement of clinical signs without any further complaint. Discussion: Typically, type I hypersensitivity reactions such as insect bites do not exceed clinical signs of erythema, local edema and pruritus, with spontaneous remission of clinical signs within few hours after exposure to the antigen. Eosinophilic folliculitis, however, may cause more severe clinical alterations, such as pain, apathy and hyporexia. Nasal bridge is the predominant site described to be affected in cases of eosinophilic folliculitis, being auricular pinna, thorax and limbs considered atypical presentations which can delay proper diagnosis, since in endemic regions for diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis, infectious etiology may be listed first. Differential diagnosis also includes superficial pyoderma, juvenile cellulitis, pemphigus foliaceus and pharmacodermia. The case described in this report emphasize the importance of an accurate diagnosis as well as an early and adequate treatment in order to promote satisfactory response. Also, highlights inadequate use of antimicrobials as a direct consequence of lack of laboratorial investigation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Astenia esofágica o megaesófago se define por una dilatación patológica del esófago y caracterizado por una insuficiencia progresiva de las olas peristálticas. Esta enfermedad se puede clasificar en: idiopática, congénita o adquirida secundaria. La causa más común del megaesófago secundario es Miastenia gravis. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza por ser una neuropatía que desencadena un trastorno neuromuscular que causa debilidad del músculo esquelético, el esófago, la faringe y la laringe. La debilidad muscular se correlaciona con la mejoría tras el descanso y empeora con el ejercicio. El megaesófago secundario adquirido a la miastenia gravis se caracteriza por la interrupción del reflejo nervioso, controlador de la deglutición que afecta el funcionamiento de los músculos del esófago, lo que lleva a la dilatación pasiva del órgano. Razas como Pastor Alemán, Golden Retriever y Setter Irlandés tienen una mayor predisposición a la enfermedad.

Esophageal asthenia or megaesophagus is defined as a pathological dilation and progressive failure of peristaltic waves. This disease can be classified in: idiopathic, congenity or acquired secondary. The most common cause of acquired secondary megaesophagus is myasthenia gravis. This disease is defined as a neuropathy that develops a neuromuscular disorder, resulting in muscle weakness, of the esophagus, of the larynx and of the pharynx. The muscle weakness is related to improvement after rest and worsening with exercise. The megaesophagus secondary to myasthenia gravis is defined to nervous reflex breakdown, swallowing controller or lesions that affect the esophageal muscle function, resulting in an organ passive dilation. Breeds like German Shepherd, Golden Retriever and Irish Setter have a greater predisposition to disease.

Astenia esofágica ou megaesôfago é definido por uma dilatação patológica do esôfago e caracterizado por uma falha progressiva das ondas peristálticas. Essa doença pode ser classificada em: idiopática, congênita ou secundária adquirida. A causa mais comum de megaesôfago secundário adquirido é a miastenia gravis. Tal doença é caracterizada por ser uma neuropatia que desencadeia uma desordem neuromuscular, provocando fraqueza de musculatura esquelética, esôfago, faringe e laringe. A fraqueza muscular está correlacionada com melhora após o descanso e piora com o exercício. O megaesôfago adquirido secundário a miastenia gravis é caracterizado pelo rompimento do reflexo nervoso, controlador da deglutição ou que afeta o funcionamento da musculatura esofágica, levando a dilatação passiva do órgão. Raças como Pastor Alemão, Golden Retriever e Setter Irlandês possuem maior predisposição à doença.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Astenia esofágica o megaesófago se define por una dilatación patológica del esófago y caracterizado por una insuficiencia progresiva de las olas peristálticas. Esta enfermedad se puede clasificar en: idiopática, congénita o adquirida secundaria. La causa más común del megaesófago secundario es Miastenia gravis. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza por ser una neuropatía que desencadena un trastorno neuromuscular que causa debilidad del músculo esquelético, el esófago, la faringe y la laringe. La debilidad muscular se correlaciona con la mejoría tras el descanso y empeora con el ejercicio. El megaesófago secundario adquirido a la miastenia gravis se caracteriza por la interrupción del reflejo nervioso, controlador de la deglutición que afecta el funcionamiento de los músculos del esófago, lo que lleva a la dilatación pasiva del órgano. Razas como Pastor Alemán, Golden Retriever y Setter Irlandés tienen una mayor predisposición a la enfermedad.(AU)

Esophageal asthenia or megaesophagus is defined as a pathological dilation and progressive failure of peristaltic waves. This disease can be classified in: idiopathic, congenity or acquired secondary. The most common cause of acquired secondary megaesophagus is myasthenia gravis. This disease is defined as a neuropathy that develops a neuromuscular disorder, resulting in muscle weakness, of the esophagus, of the larynx and of the pharynx. The muscle weakness is related to improvement after rest and worsening with exercise. The megaesophagus secondary to myasthenia gravis is defined to nervous reflex breakdown, swallowing controller or lesions that affect the esophageal muscle function, resulting in an organ passive dilation. Breeds like German Shepherd, Golden Retriever and Irish Setter have a greater predisposition to disease.(AU)

Astenia esofágica ou megaesôfago é definido por uma dilatação patológica do esôfago e caracterizado por uma falha progressiva das ondas peristálticas. Essa doença pode ser classificada em: idiopática, congênita ou secundária adquirida. A causa mais comum de megaesôfago secundário adquirido é a miastenia gravis. Tal doença é caracterizada por ser uma neuropatia que desencadeia uma desordem neuromuscular, provocando fraqueza de musculatura esquelética, esôfago, faringe e laringe. A fraqueza muscular está correlacionada com melhora após o descanso e piora com o exercício. O megaesôfago adquirido secundário a miastenia gravis é caracterizado pelo rompimento do reflexo nervoso, controlador da deglutição ou que afeta o funcionamento da musculatura esofágica, levando a dilatação passiva do órgão. Raças como Pastor Alemão, Golden Retriever e Setter Irlandês possuem maior predisposição à doença.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

La presente revisión objetiva definir el síndrome metabólico y la acción del tejido adiposo sobre la resistencia a la insulina e hipertensión arterial sistémica en pequeños animales (Perros y gatos). El síndrome metabólico, típico en individuos obesos, es considerado un conjunto de factores de riesgo, que los predispone al desarrollo de resistencia a la insulina e hipertensión arterial, que puede llevar a cuadros endocrinos, como diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Este se caracteriza por obesidad, hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesteronemia, hipertensión arterial sistémica y un ligero aumento de la glicemia sérica en ayuno. Se sabe que el tejido adiposo funciona como un importante órgano endocrino, secretando factores que ayudan al aumento de la glicemia, disminución de la acción de la insulina y aumento de la presión arterial en el organismo. El tratamiento del síndrome principalmente es basado en actividad física y la dieta. A pesar de ser diagnosticada frecuentemente en medicina, todavía hay dudas en medicina veterinaria sobre su existencia y mecanismos fisiopatológicos, de este modo se deben realizar más estudios en el área.

The present review aims to define the metabolic syndrome and the action of fat on insulin resistance and hypertension in small animals (dogs and cats). Metabolic syndrome is considered a set of risk factors that predispose individuals to the development of insulin resistance and hypertension, which can lead to endocrine disease, as diabetes mellitus type 2 and cardiovascular disease. It consists of obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and slight increase or in the upper limit of fasting serum glucose. The adipose tissue functions as an important endocrine organ, secreting factors that contribute to increased blood glucose levels, decreased insulin action and increased blood pressure in the body. Treatment of the syndrome is mainly based on physical activity and dieting. Although it is often diagnosed in Medicine, there are still doubts about its existence and pathophysiological mechanisms in Veterinary Medicine, so further studies should be conducted in the area.

A presente revisão objetiva definir a síndrome metabólica e a ação do tecido adiposo sobre à resistência insulínica e hipertensão arterial sistêmica em pequenos animais (cães e gatos). A síndrome metabólica, típica de indivíduos obesos, é considerada um conjunto de fatores de risco que predispõe ao desenvolvimento de resistência à insulina e hipertensão arterial, podendo levar a quadros endócrinos, como diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e doenças cardiovasculares. É caracterizada por obesidade central, hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e aumento discreto ou no limite superior da glicemia sérica em jejum. O tecido adiposo funciona como um importante órgão endócrino, secretando fatores que contribuem para o aumento da glicemia, diminuição da ação da insulina e aumento da pressão arterial no organismo. O tratamento da síndrome baseia-se principalmente na prática de atividade física e dieta. Apesar de ser frequentemente diagnosticada na medicina, ainda há dúvidas sobre sua existência e mecanismos fisiopatológicos na Medicina Veterinária, portanto mais estudos na área devem ser realizados.

Assuntos

RESUMO

La presente revisión objetiva definir el síndrome metabólico y la acción del tejido adiposo sobre la resistencia a la insulina e hipertensión arterial sistémica en pequeños animales (Perros y gatos). El síndrome metabólico, típico en individuos obesos, es considerado un conjunto de factores de riesgo, que los predispone al desarrollo de resistencia a la insulina e hipertensión arterial, que puede llevar a cuadros endocrinos, como diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Este se caracteriza por obesidad, hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesteronemia, hipertensión arterial sistémica y un ligero aumento de la glicemia sérica en ayuno. Se sabe que el tejido adiposo funciona como un importante órgano endocrino, secretando factores que ayudan al aumento de la glicemia, disminución de la acción de la insulina y aumento de la presión arterial en el organismo. El tratamiento del síndrome principalmente es basado en actividad física y la dieta. A pesar de ser diagnosticada frecuentemente en medicina, todavía hay dudas en medicina veterinaria sobre su existencia y mecanismos fisiopatológicos, de este modo se deben realizar más estudios en el área.(AU)

The present review aims to define the metabolic syndrome and the action of fat on insulin resistance and hypertension in small animals (dogs and cats). Metabolic syndrome is considered a set of risk factors that predispose individuals to the development of insulin resistance and hypertension, which can lead to endocrine disease, as diabetes mellitus type 2 and cardiovascular disease. It consists of obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and slight increase or in the upper limit of fasting serum glucose. The adipose tissue functions as an important endocrine organ, secreting factors that contribute to increased blood glucose levels, decreased insulin action and increased blood pressure in the body. Treatment of the syndrome is mainly based on physical activity and dieting. Although it is often diagnosed in Medicine, there are still doubts about its existence and pathophysiological mechanisms in Veterinary Medicine, so further studies should be conducted in the area.(AU)

A presente revisão objetiva definir a síndrome metabólica e a ação do tecido adiposo sobre à resistência insulínica e hipertensão arterial sistêmica em pequenos animais (cães e gatos). A síndrome metabólica, típica de indivíduos obesos, é considerada um conjunto de fatores de risco que predispõe ao desenvolvimento de resistência à insulina e hipertensão arterial, podendo levar a quadros endócrinos, como diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e doenças cardiovasculares. É caracterizada por obesidade central, hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e aumento discreto ou no limite superior da glicemia sérica em jejum. O tecido adiposo funciona como um importante órgão endócrino, secretando fatores que contribuem para o aumento da glicemia, diminuição da ação da insulina e aumento da pressão arterial no organismo. O tratamento da síndrome baseia-se principalmente na prática de atividade física e dieta. Apesar de ser frequentemente diagnosticada na medicina, ainda há dúvidas sobre sua existência e mecanismos fisiopatológicos na Medicina Veterinária, portanto mais estudos na área devem ser realizados.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: The primary hyperaldosteronism, an endocrine disease increasingly identified in cats, is characterized by adrenal gland dysfunction that interferes with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, triggering the hypersecretion of aldosterone. Pathophysiological consequences of excessive aldosterone secretion are related to increased sodium and water retention, and increased excretion of potassium, which induce hypertension and severe hypokalemia, respectively. The most common clinical findings in cats include: polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, generalized weakness, neck ventroflexion, syncope, anorexia, weight loss, pendulous abdomen and blindness. Diagnosis is based on the evidence of hormonal hypersecretion with suppression of renin release, imaging and histopathological evaluation of adrenal glands. Treatment may be curative with adrenalectomy, in cases of unilateral disease, or conservative, through administration of aldosterone antagonists, potassium supplementation and antihypertensives. Prognosis varies from fair to good with the appropriate therapy. This article reviews the main aspects of primary aldosteronism in cats, providing the clinician with important information for the diagnosis of this disease.

RESUMO: O hiperaldosteronismo primário, doença endrócrina cada vez mais identificada em felinos, caracteriza-se pela disfunção da glândula adrenal com interferência no sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, desencadeando a hipersecreção de aldosterona. As consequências da secreção excessiva de aldosterona estão relacionadas com o aumento da retenção de sódio e água e aumento da excreção de potássio, que ocasionarão, respectivamente, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e hipocalemia grave. O diagnóstico é realizado com base na comprovação da hipersecreção hormonal com supressão da liberação de renina, além de exames de imagem e avaliação histopatológica da adrenal. O tratamento pode ser curativo, com a adrenalectomia, em enfermidades unilaterais, ou conservativo, por meio de antagonistas da aldosterona, suplementação de potássio e anti-hipertensivos. O prognóstico é bom e reservado com a terapia apropriada.

RESUMO

The primary hyperaldosteronism, an endocrine disease increasingly identified in cats, is characterized by adrenal gland dysfunction that interferes with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, triggering the hypersecretion of aldosterone. Pathophysiological consequences of excessive aldosterone secretion are related to increased sodium and water retention, and increased excretion of potassium, which induce hypertension and severe hypokalemia, respectively. The most common clinical findings in cats include: polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, generalized weakness, neck ventroflexion, syncope, anorexia, weight loss, pendulous abdomen and blindness. Diagnosis is based on the evidence of hormonal hypersecretion with suppression of renin release, imaging and histopathological evaluation of adrenal glands. Treatment may be curative with adrenalectomy, in cases of unilateral disease, or conservative, through administration of aldosterone antagonists, potassium supplementation and antihypertensives. Prognosis varies from fair to good with the appropriate therapy. This article reviews the main aspects of primary aldosteronism in cats, providing the clinician with important information for the diagnosis of this disease.(AU)

O hiperaldosteronismo primário, doença endrócrina cada vez mais identificada em felinos, caracteriza-se pela disfunção da glândula adrenal com interferência no sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, desencadeando a hipersecreção de aldosterona. As consequências da secreção excessiva de aldosterona estão relacionadas com o aumento da retenção de sódio e água e aumento da excreção de potássio, que ocasionarão, respectivamente, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e hipocalemia grave. O diagnóstico é realizado com base na comprovação da hipersecreção hormonal com supressão da liberação de renina, além de exames de imagem e avaliação histopatológica da adrenal. O tratamento pode ser curativo, com a adrenalectomia, em enfermidades unilaterais, ou conservativo, por meio de antagonistas da aldosterona, suplementação de potássio e anti-hipertensivos. O prognóstico é bom e reservado com a terapia apropriada.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical response of dogs with cutaneous lymphoma treated with lomustine (CCNU) and to identify possible adverse effects and toxicity during treatment. Fifteen dogs, seven females and eight males aged between five and 17 years old, diagnosed with cutaneous lymphoma by histopathological analysis were selected and treated with lomustine at 90 mg/m² every three weeks. Monitoring was carried out and consisted of the assessment of laboratory hematology and serum chemistry before and during treatment. Partial response was observed in 53.3% of the animals. None of the animals achieved a complete response and seven dogs (46.6%) had progressive disease. The median survival time was 22 days. The major hematological and biochemical changes found after therapy were leukopenia (73.3%), thrombocytopenia (60%) and anemia (46.1%). Renal and liver toxicity was observed in 40% and 73.3% of dogs, respectively. Hematocrit, total protein, leukocyte count, neutrophil count, serum creatinine, ALT, GGT, alkaline phosphatase and urine specific gravity were affected during therapy. The use of lomustine as a monotherapy in the treatment of canine cutaneous lymphoma was effective; however, adverse effects occurred and compromised the quality of life of the majority of dogs in this study. Therefore, lower doses of lomustine should be considered in future studies...

O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo foi avaliar a resposta clínica de cães com linfoma cutâneo tratados com lomustina (CCNU) e identificar possíveis efeitos adversos e toxicidade durante o tratamento. Quinze cães, sendo 7 fêmeas e 8 machos, com idades entre 5 e 17 anos diagnosticados com linfoma cutâneo por avaliação histopatológica foram selecionados e tratados com lomustina na dose de 90 mg/m2 a cada três semanas. Os cães foram monitorados por avaliação hematológica e bioquímica sérica antes e durante o tratamento. A resposta parcial foi observada em 53,3% dos animais. Nenhum dos animais apresentou resposta completa e sete animais (46,6%) apresentaram progressão da doença. O tempo médio de sobrevida foi de 22 dias. As principais alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas observadas após o tratamento foram leucopenia (73,3%), trombocitopenia (60%) e anemia (46,1%). Sinais de toxicidade renal e hepática foram observados em 40% e 73,3% dos cães, respectivamente. Durante o tratamento foram afetados os parâmetros hematócrito, proteínas séricas totais, contagem de leucócitos, contagem de neutrófilos, creatinina sérica, ALT, GGT, fosfatase alcalina e densidade urinária. O uso de lomustina como monoterapia no tratamento do linfoma cutâneo canino foi efetivo; entretanto, efeitos adversos ocorreram e comprometeram a qualidade de vida da maioria dos animais neste estudo. Assim, sugere-se que doses mais baixas de lomustina sejam consideradas em estudos futuros...

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical response of dogs with cutaneous lymphoma treated with lomustine (CCNU) and to identify possible adverse effects and toxicity during treatment. Fifteen dogs, seven females and eight males aged between five and 17 years old, diagnosed with cutaneous lymphoma by histopathological analysis were selected and treated with lomustine at 90 mg/m² every three weeks. Monitoring was carried out and consisted of the assessment of laboratory hematology and serum chemistry before and during treatment. Partial response was observed in 53.3% of the animals. None of the animals achieved a complete response and seven dogs (46.6%) had progressive disease. The median survival time was 22 days. The major hematological and biochemical changes found after therapy were leukopenia (73.3%), thrombocytopenia (60%) and anemia (46.1%). Renal and liver toxicity was observed in 40% and 73.3% of dogs, respectively. Hematocrit, total protein, leukocyte count, neutrophil count, serum creatinine, ALT, GGT, alkaline phosphatase and urine specific gravity were affected during therapy. The use of lomustine as a monotherapy in the treatment of canine cutaneous lymphoma was effective; however, adverse effects occurred and compromised the quality of life of the majority of dogs in this study. Therefore, lower doses of lomustine should be considered in future studies(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo foi avaliar a resposta clínica de cães com linfoma cutâneo tratados com lomustina (CCNU) e identificar possíveis efeitos adversos e toxicidade durante o tratamento. Quinze cães, sendo 7 fêmeas e 8 machos, com idades entre 5 e 17 anos diagnosticados com linfoma cutâneo por avaliação histopatológica foram selecionados e tratados com lomustina na dose de 90 mg/m2 a cada três semanas. Os cães foram monitorados por avaliação hematológica e bioquímica sérica antes e durante o tratamento. A resposta parcial foi observada em 53,3% dos animais. Nenhum dos animais apresentou resposta completa e sete animais (46,6%) apresentaram progressão da doença. O tempo médio de sobrevida foi de 22 dias. As principais alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas observadas após o tratamento foram leucopenia (73,3%), trombocitopenia (60%) e anemia (46,1%). Sinais de toxicidade renal e hepática foram observados em 40% e 73,3% dos cães, respectivamente. Durante o tratamento foram afetados os parâmetros hematócrito, proteínas séricas totais, contagem de leucócitos, contagem de neutrófilos, creatinina sérica, ALT, GGT, fosfatase alcalina e densidade urinária. O uso de lomustina como monoterapia no tratamento do linfoma cutâneo canino foi efetivo; entretanto, efeitos adversos ocorreram e comprometeram a qualidade de vida da maioria dos animais neste estudo. Assim, sugere-se que doses mais baixas de lomustina sejam consideradas em estudos futuros(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrinopathy reported in dogs, caused by a deficiency in the synthesis of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The lack of PTH causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, resulting in a series of neurological and neuromuscular disorders. Unlike most endocrinopathies, hypoparathyroidism is a disease in which the exogenous hormone replacement is not being viable, becoming the treatment a challenge. The present report aims to describe a case of primary hypoparathyroidism in a Schnauzer dog with seizures and neuromuscular disorders, and successful treatment employed, this being the first case, according to the literature, of hypoparathyroidism diagnosed in Brazil. The hypoparathyroidism should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of seizure. A complete neurological evaluation and determination of serum ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone are essential for the diagnosis of this disease. Early diagnosis may improve the quality of life of affected animals, since after the initiation of therapy, there is complete remission of clinical signs.(AU)

O hipoparatireoidismo é uma endocrinopatia raramente descrita em cães, provocada pela deficiência na síntese de paratormônio (PTH). A falta do PTH leva a hipocalcemia e hiperfosfatemia, resultando em uma série de alterações neurológicas e neuromusculares. Ao contrário da maioria das endocrinopatias, o hipoparatireoidismo é uma enfermidade em que a reposição hormonal exógena ainda não é viável, o que torna o tratamento um desafio. O presente relato tem como objetivo descrever um caso de hipoparatireoidismo primário em cão da raça Schnauzer com convulsões e alterações neuromusculares e o sucesso na terapia empregada, sendo este o primeiro caso, de acordo com a literatura consultada, de hipoparatiroidismo diagnosticado no Brasil. O hipoparatireoidismo deve ser considerado um diagnóstico diferencial para casos de convulsão. A avaliação neurológica completa e a dosagem dos níveis séricos do cálcio ionizado e do paratormônio são fundamentais para o diagnóstico desta doença. O diagnóstico precoce pode melhorar a qualidade de vida dos animais acometidos, pois após o início da terapia, há remissão completa dos sinais clínicos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Tumores mamários expressam a enzima cicloxigenase (Cox-2), que caracteriza um processo inflamatório intenso e pode também demonstrar a presença de alterações paraneoplásicas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a expressão de Cox-2 em tumores mamários de cadelas e avaliar o efeito do anti-inflamatório do firocoxibe sobre a mesma. Os animais selecionados foram divididos em dois grupos: controle (nove animais) e tratado (dez animais). As cadelas foram avaliadas por exame clínico, bioquímica sérica, em relação ao tumor: tamanho, volume, localização e estadiamento clínico pelo sistema TNM (avaliação de tumores, linfonodos e metástases) e avaliação da qualidade de vida. O grupo tratado recebeu o firocoxibe na dosagem de 5mg/kg ao dia por sete dias e, após este período, todos os animais foram novamente avaliados e submetidos à mastectomia. As amostras obtidas nos dois momentos foram avaliadas por exame histopatológico e imunoistoquímica para expressão de Cox-2. Os resultados mostraram que, embora não tenha havido diferença no tamanho do maior nódulo ou na expressão de COX-2 entre os grupos após o tratamento, o aumento na expressão de COX-2 observado no grupo controle não foi verificado no grupo tratado. Observou-se, ainda, que os animais que receberam o tratamento por sete dias apresentaram diminuição dos níveis de proteínas séricas totais (p=0.00588) e aumento dos níveis séricos de ureia (p=0.01388). Estes resultados sugerem que o uso do firocoxibe como coadjuvante no tratamento de cadelas com neoplasia mamária submetidas à mastectomia pode ser benéfico para deter a evolução da doença, embora seja indicado o acompanhamento da função renal e sinais digestórios consequentes.

Breast tumors express the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX-2), characterizing an inflammatory process or demonstrating the presence of paraneoplastic alterations. This experiment aimed to study the expression of Cox-2 in mammary tumors of dogs and to evaluate the effect of anti-inflammatory firocoxib on it. The selected animals were divided into two groups: control (9 animals) and treated (10 animals). The animals were evaluated by clinical examination; serum biochemistry; size, volume, location and staging of tumors by TNM (evaluation of tumor masses, lymphnodes and metastasis); and assessment of quality of life. The treated group received firocoxib at dosage of 5mg/kg daily for seven days and after this period all animals were re-evaluated and submitted to mastectomy. The samples obtained at both moments were evaluated by histopatology and immunohistochemistry for the expression of Cox-2. The results showed that, although there was no difference in size of the largest tumor or in the expression of COX-2 between the groups after treatment, increased expression of COX-2 seen in the control group was not observed in the treated group. It was also observed that those animals that received treatment for 7 days showed decreased levels of total serum protein (p = 0.00588) and increased serum levels of urea (p = 0.01388). These results suggest that the use of firocoxib as adjuvant therapy for dogs with breast cancer submitted to mastectomy can be beneficial to halt the progression of the disease, although monitoring of the animals is indicated to ensure there is no gastrointestinal bleeding and health is preserved.

Los tumores de mama expresan la enzima ciclooxigenasa (COX-2), que caracteriza un intenso proceso inflamatorio y también puede demostrar la presencia de modificaciones paraneoplásico. Este trabajo tiene por objeto estudiar la expresión de COX-2 en tumores mamarios caninos y evaluar el efecto de anti inflamatorios firocoxib acerca del mismo. Los animales fueron divididos en dos grupos: control (9 animales) y tratado (10 animales). Las perras fueron evaluados por examen clínico, bioquímica sérica, volumen, tamaño, ubicación y el estadio clínico por sistema TNM (evaluación de los tumores, ganglios linfáticos y metástasis de los tumores) y evaluación de la calidad de vida. El grupo tratado recibió el firocoxib con dosis de 5 mg/kg por día durante siete días, y después de este período todos los animales fueron re-evaluados y presentados a la mastectomía. Las muestras obtenidas en dos momentos fueron evaluados por histopatología e inmunohistoquímica para la expresión de la COX-2. Los resultados demostraron que, aunque no se observó ninguna diferencia en el tamaño del nódulo más grande o en la expresión de la COX-2 entre los grupos después del tratamiento, el incremento en la expresión de la COX-2 que se observó en el grupo control no se observó en el grupo de tratamiento y que los animales que recibieron el tratamiento durante 7 días, mostró una disminución en los niveles de proteína sérica total (p=0,00588) y aumento de los niveles séricos de urea (p=0,01388). Estos resultados sugieren que el uso de firocoxibe como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de las perras con cáncer de mama en la mastectomía puede ser beneficiosa para detener la progresión de la enfermedad, a pesar de que se indica que se acompañe los animales para asegurarse de que no hay sangrado gastrointestinal y que la salud es preservada.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrinopathy reported in dogs, caused by a deficiency in the synthesis of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The lack of PTH causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, resulting in a series of neurological and neuromuscular disorders. Unlike most endocrinopathies, hypoparathyroidism is a disease in which the exogenous hormone replacement is not being viable, becoming the treatment a challenge. The present report aims to describe a case of primary hypoparathyroidism in a Schnauzer dog with seizures and neuromuscular disorders, and successful treatment employed, this being the first case, according to the literature, of hypoparathyroidism diagnosed in Brazil. The hypoparathyroidism should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of seizure. A complete neurological evaluation and determination of serum ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone are essential for the diagnosis of this disease. Early diagnosis may improve the quality of life of affected animals, since after the initiation of therapy, there is complete remission of clinical signs.

O hipoparatireoidismo é uma endocrinopatia raramente descrita em cães, provocada pela deficiência na síntese de paratormônio (PTH). A falta do PTH leva a hipocalcemia e hiperfosfatemia, resultando em uma série de alterações neurológicas e neuromusculares. Ao contrário da maioria das endocrinopatias, o hipoparatireoidismo é uma enfermidade em que a reposição hormonal exógena ainda não é viável, o que torna o tratamento um desafio. O presente relato tem como objetivo descrever um caso de hipoparatireoidismo primário em cão da raça Schnauzer com convulsões e alterações neuromusculares e o sucesso na terapia empregada, sendo este o primeiro caso, de acordo com a literatura consultada, de hipoparatiroidismo diagnosticado no Brasil. O hipoparatireoidismo deve ser considerado um diagnóstico diferencial para casos de convulsão. A avaliação neurológica completa e a dosagem dos níveis séricos do cálcio ionizado e do paratormônio são fundamentais para o diagnóstico desta doença. O diagnóstico precoce pode melhorar a qualidade de vida dos animais acometidos, pois após o início da terapia, há remissão completa dos sinais clínicos.

RESUMO

O pênfigo foliáceo é uma das formas mais importantes de dermatoses imunomediadas vesico-pustulosas em cães e gatos. A patogênese da doença está bem documentada em humanos e cães e sugere-se que em felinos o comportamento seja similar, caracterizado pela produção de anticorpos direcionados contra estruturas responsáveis pela manutenção da adesão intercelular. Embora haja relatos de diversas opções de tratamento descritos na literatura para esta dermatopatia, a maioria não foi utilizada em estudos envolvendo um grande número de animais. Descreve-se um caso de pênfigo foliáceo em um gato que respondeu satisfatoriamente apenas à corticoterapia e sem apresentar efeitos adversos.

Pemphigus foliaceus is one of the most important immune-mediated dermatoses in dogs and cats. The pathogenesis of the disease is well documented in humans and dogs and it is suggested its behavior in felines is similar, characterized by the production of antibodies directed against structures responsible for the maintenance of intercellular adhesion. Although there are reports of several treatment options described in literature for this dermatopathy, most have not been used in studies involving an increased number of animals. Here, we report a case of pemphigus foliaceus in a cat which responded favorably only to corticosteroids and without presenting adverse effects.

Pénfigo foliáceo es una de las formas más importantes de dermatosis mediada por la inmunidad en perros y gatos. La patogénesis de la enfermedad está bien documentada en seres humanos y perros, y se sugiere que el comportamiento en los gatos es similar, caracterizada por la producción de anticuerpos dirigidos contra las estructuras responsables del mantenimiento de la adesión intercelular. Aunque hay informes de diversas opciones de tratamiento descritos en la literatura para este dermatopatía más, no se han utilizado en estudios que implican un gran número de animales. Se describe un caso de pénfigo foliáceo en un gato que respondió satisfactoriamente sólo a los corticosteroides y sin presentar efectos adversos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) no domínio do tempo, foi realizada por meio da monitorização eletrocardiográfica dinâmica em vinte e quatro horas (Holter), em cães sadios, sem raça definida, sendo dez machos e dez fêmeas, antes e após suplementação oral, por quatro semanas com ácido graxos poliinsaturados de cadeia longa (PUFAS) derivados do ômega n-3 [497 mg ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) e 780 mg ácido eicosapentanóico (EPA)], resultando em uma dose média de 34,9 mg/kg de EPA e 22,2 mg/kg de DHA em machos e média de 43 mg/kg de EPA e 27 mg/kg em fêmeas. Os índices da VFC calculados no domínio do tempo foram: NN, SDNN, SDANN, SDNN índex, pnn50 e rMSSD e frequência cardíaca, verificando-se o efeito do sexo e da suplementação. Os resultados obtidos não demonstraram efeitos significativos da suplementação ou influência do sexo sobre os índices; a suplementação dietética com PUFAS derivados do ômega n-3 por quatro semanas não diminuiu a frequência cardíaca e não promoveu elevação da VFC em cães saudáveis.(AU)

The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) in the time domain was performed by dynamic electrocardiographic monitoring for twenty-four hours (Holter method) in ten male and ten female healthy mixed-breed dogs before and after four weeks of oral supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) derived from omega n-3 [497 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 780 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)]. Males received an average dose of 34.9 mg DHA/kg and 22.2 mg EPA/kg, whereas females received an average of 27 mg DHA/kg and 43 mg EPA/kg. HRV indices calculated in the time domain were the following: NN, SDNN, SDANN, SDNN index, pNN50, rMSSD and heart rate, taking into account the effects of gender and supplementation. The results showed no significant effects of supplementation or gender on the indices; thus, dietary supplementation with omega PUFAs derived from n-3 over four weeks did not decrease heart rate and did not increase heart rate variability in healthy dogs.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrinopathy reported in dogs, caused by a deficiency in the synthesis of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The lack of PTH causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, resulting in a series of neurological and neuromuscular disorders. Unlike most endocrinopathies, hypoparathyroidism is a disease in which the exogenous hormone replacement is not being viable, becoming the treatment a challenge. The present report aims to describe a case of primary hypoparathyroidism in a Schnauzer dog with seizures and neuromuscular disorders, and successful treatment employed, this being the first case, according to the literature, of hypoparathyroidism diagnosed in Brazil. The hypoparathyroidism should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of seizure. A complete neurological evaluation and determination of serum ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone are essential for the diagnosis of this disease. Early diagnosis may improve the quality of life of affected animals, since after the initiation of therapy, there is complete remission of clinical signs.

O hipoparatireoidismo é uma endocrinopatia raramente descrita em cães, provocada pela deficiência na síntese de paratormônio (PTH). A falta do PTH leva a hipocalcemia e hiperfosfatemia, resultando em uma série de alterações neurológicas e neuromusculares. Ao contrário da maioria das endocrinopatias, o hipoparatireoidismo é uma enfermidade em que a reposição hormonal exógena ainda não é viável, o que torna o tratamento um desafio. O presente relato tem como objetivo descrever um caso de hipoparatireoidismo primário em cão da raça Schnauzer com convulsões e alterações neuromusculares e o sucesso na terapia empregada, sendo este o primeiro caso, de acordo com a literatura consultada, de hipoparatiroidismo diagnosticado no Brasil. O hipoparatireoidismo deve ser considerado um diagnóstico diferencial para casos de convulsão. A avaliação neurológica completa e a dosagem dos níveis séricos do cálcio ionizado e do paratormônio são fundamentais para o diagnóstico desta doença. O diagnóstico precoce pode melhorar a qualidade de vida dos animais acometidos, pois após o início da terapia, há remissão completa dos sinais clínicos.