RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different agitation methods on apical extrusion of 1.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in an ex vivo model of immature teeth. METHODS: Sixty extracted human inferior incisors were prepared to simulate immature teeth and embedded in an artificial root socket made of silicone impression material. The teeth were then divided into four groups: Conventional needle irrigation (CNI) alone, CNI supplemented with Ultrasonic Irrigant Activation (UIA), EasyClean (EC), or XP-endo Finisher (XPF). Extruded NaOCl was collected, reacted with m-cresol purple, and its absorbance values were measured. The data were statistically analyzed using One-way analysis of variance with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: All groups showed apically extruded irrigating solution, and the mean volumes of extruded NaOCl did not differ significantly between any of the test groups (p⟩0.05). CONCLUSION: The activation of 1.5% NaOCL by UIA, EC, or XPF as supplementary to CNI does not promote greater apical extrusion when compared to CNI alone in simulated immature teeth.
Assuntos
Irrigantes do Canal Radicular , Hipoclorito de Sódio , Espectrofotometria , Irrigação Terapêutica , Hipoclorito de Sódio/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Irrigantes do Canal Radicular/administração & dosagem , Irrigação Terapêutica/métodos , Preparo de Canal Radicular/métodos , Ápice Dentário , Técnicas In Vitro , IncisivoRESUMO
Herbivory is one of the major biotic stress factors that affect the establishment of plants. However, the main factors that drive herbivory in seedlings of Amazonian tree species are still not well understood. Here we investigated whether contrasting levels of irradiance influence herbivory according to different herbivory indicators and which leaf traits are most related to interspecific variation in herbivory under contrasting irradiance conditions. We measured the leaf area lost as a result of insect herbivory in five tree species planted in a silvicultural system of secondary forest enrichment according to two indicators, herbivore damage (accumulated since plant germination) and herbivory rate (measured over time), and two irradiance conditions, understorey PPFD 2.6 mol·m-2 ·day-1 ) and gap PPFD 33.1 mol·m-2 ·day-1 . Furthermore, we related the interspecific variation in herbivory to a set of leaf traits: SLA, RWC, sclerophylly, phenolic compound content, tannins, condensed tannins and non-structural carbohydrates. Herbivore damage was significantly affected by light availability and species, with the highest percentage variation observed in the Meliaceae (Carapa guianensis and Swietenia macrophylla). For the herbivory rate, only the interspecific variation was significant, with Bertholletia excelsa having the lowest rates. Chemical characteristics (phenolic compounds and tannins) were most related to herbivory rates, as well as highly influenced by light conditions. Non-structural carbohydrates (starch and sucrose) were also related to the interspecific variation in herbivory. The phenolic compounds and starch, as affected by light quantity, are species dependent. Thus, the selective pressure on herbivores may be driven by species-dependent responses to light conditions.
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Herbivoria , Folhas de Planta , Árvores , Animais , Herbivoria/efeitos da radiação , Insetos/fisiologia , Fenótipo , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/efeitos da radiação , Luz Solar , Árvores/anatomia & histologia , Árvores/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
This research aims to evaluate the microclimate of commercial loads of broiler chickens at different distances in the summer (rainy) and winter (dry) seasons and their effects on meat quality. Twelve broiler loads were monitored with a total of 24 crates per load. Data loggers were used to record temperature and relative humidity. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with 48 treatments in a factorial scheme (2 seasons: rainy and dry) x 2 (distances: short and long) x 12 (positions), with 3 replicates per experimental group. In the rainy season, meat quality was influenced by transport distance. For longer distances, it recorded the highest enthalpy comfort index (ECI), suggesting a tendency of dark, firm, and dry meat (DFD-like) and lower cooking losses (CL). The lowest ECI was recorded during the transport in dry season. Broiler chickens transported and slaughtered in the winter presented meat pH and L* (lightness) classified as "normal," but with higher cooking losses. For the shear force (SF), the seasons and distances had no significant influence on tenderness of the meat. Regarding the crate positioning in the load, no effect was observed during transport on this variable, given the meat quality characteristics of pH, L*, CL, and SF. These results suggest that the distance and the seasons present more influence on broiler meat quality than crate position in the truck.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Galinhas/fisiologia , Carne/análise , Microclima , Meios de Transporte , Animais , Brasil , Feminino , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória , Estações do AnoRESUMO
In the present study, we demonstrated the in vitro activity of endophytic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB). Fifty-five endophytic PSB that were isolated from sap, leaves, and roots of maize were tested for their ability to solubilize tricalcium phosphate and produce organic acid. Partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA-encoding gene showed that the isolates were from the genus Bacillus and different species of Enterobacteriaceae. The phosphate solubilization index on solid medium and phosphate solubilization in liquid medium varied significantly among the isolates. There was a statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) for both, the values of phosphate-solubilizing activity and pH of the growth medium, among the isolates. Pearson correlation was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) between P-solubilization and pH (R = -0.38), and between the gluconic acid production and the lowering of the pH of the liquid medium at 6 (R = 0.28) and 9 days (R = 0.39). Gluconic acid production was prevalent in all the PSB studied, and Bacillus species were most efficient in solubilizing phosphate. This is the first report on the characterization of bacterial endophytes from maize and their use as potential biofertilizers. In addition, this may provide an alternative strategy for improving the phosphorus acquisition efficiency of crop plants in tropical soils.
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Bactérias/classificação , Endófitos/classificação , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Zea mays/microbiologia , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/metabolismo , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Endófitos/genética , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Endófitos/metabolismo , Gluconatos/metabolismo , Filogenia , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Microbiologia do SoloRESUMO
We studied the effects of tracheal tube cuffs filled with air, saline or alkalinised lidocaine on haemodynamic changes during tracheal extubation and postoperative laryngotracheal morbidity in children. We randomly allocated 164 children aged 3-13 years undergoing general anaesthesia to one of four groups; tracheal tube cuffs filled with air (n = 41); saline (n = 41); alkalinised lidocaine 0.5% (n = 41); or alkalinised lidocaine 1% (n = 41). Intracuff pressure was monitored and maintained below 20 cmH2 O. The mean (SD) increases in systolic blood pressure after tracheal extubation compared with before extubation were 10.9 (10.8) mmHg, 7.3 (17.7) mmHg, 4.1 (10.5) mmHg and 1.9 (9.5) mmHg in the air, saline, 0.5% and 1% alkalinised lidocaine groups, respectively (p = 0.021). The mean (SD) increases in diastolic blood pressure after tracheal extubation compared with before extubation were 3.9 (9.7) mmHg, 7.9 (14.6) mmHg, 0.7 (10.4) mmHg and 3.6 (6.9) mmHg in the air, saline, 0.5% and 1% alkalinised lidocaine groups, respectively (p = 0.019). The mean (SD) increases in heart rate after tracheal extubation compared with before extubation were 14.2 (7.6) beats.min-1 , 15.5 (13.1) beats.min-1 , 5.2 (9.6) beats.min-1 and 4.1 (6.6) beats.min-1 in the air, saline, 0.5% and 1% alkalinised lidocaine groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The incidence of sore throat 8 h after tracheal extubation was 22.0% in the air-filled group, 9.8% in the saline group, 4.9% in the 0.5% alkalinised lidocaine group and 2.4% in the 1% alkalinised lidocaine group, p = 0.015. We conclude that filling the tracheal tube cuff with alkalinised lidocaine-filled reduces the haemodynamic response to tracheal extubation and postoperative laryngotracheal morbidity in children.
Assuntos
Intubação Intratraqueal/efeitos adversos , Intubação Intratraqueal/métodos , Laringe/lesões , Traqueia/lesões , Adolescente , Ar , Extubação , Álcalis , Pressão Sanguínea , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Lidocaína , Masculino , Faringite/epidemiologia , Faringite/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Pressão , Estudos Prospectivos , Solução SalinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Eosinophils are multifunctional, polymorphonuclear leucocytes that secrete proteins within cytoplasmic granules, such as cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteinases (MMPs) and metalloproteinases tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). Although eosinophilia is a hallmark of atopic dermatitis (AD), several functional aspects of eosinophils remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the phenotype and functional response of eosinophils under staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2/6 (FSL-1) stimulation in the secretion of CCL5, MMPs and TIMPs in adults with AD. METHODS: Forty-one adult patients with AD and 45 healthy controls enrolled for the study. Phenotype of eosinophils from granulocytes of peripheral blood was analysed by flow cytometry. We performed evaluation of CCL5 (cytometric bead array), MMP and TIMP (ELISA) secretion, in culture supernatants of purified eosinophils stimulated with SEB or TLR2/6 agonist (FSL-1). RESULTS: We found a higher frequency of LIN1- CCR3+ eosinophils, and decreased expression of CD23 and CD62L receptors in eosinophils of AD patients. There was no difference in MMP and TIMP serum levels between the evaluated groups. However, we detected decreased basal levels of TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and CCL5 in culture supernatants from purified, unstimulated eosinophils from AD patients. CONCLUSION: In adults with AD, phenotypical features of eosinophils reveal decreased expression of early activation and L-selectin receptors. Regarding the functional profile of purified eosinophils related to tissue remodelling in atopic dermatitis, innate immune stimulation (TLR2/6 agonist and SEB) did not affect the ratio of MMP/TIMPs secretion in AD. Our findings reinforce the potential breakdown in tissue remodelling process mediated by eosinophils in AD.
Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica/imunologia , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Selectina L/imunologia , Receptores de IgE/imunologia , Inibidores Teciduais de Metaloproteinases/metabolismo , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Leptospirose/transmissão , Meningites Bacterianas/transmissão , Adolescente , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Leptospira , Leptospirose/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Meningites Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Países Baixos , Fatores de Risco , Viagem , Microbiologia da Água , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We report the case of a 71-year-old man with diagnosis of aortic valve stenosis for ten years, who came to hospital because of breathlessness during the previous two months and recent low intestinal hemorrhage. On admission, laboratory tests and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy revealed anemia and bleeding cecal angiodysplasia. The echocardiography study showed a severe aortic stenosis. Classical Heyde syndrome is described as the association of aortic stenosis, bleeding gastrointestinal angiodysplasia and secondary anemia. The antecedent of mediastinal radiotherapy for treatment of Hodgkin's disease during his youth, and eventual late cardiac adverse effects that may include aortic or mitral valve disturbances are highlighted. Electrocoagulation with argonium was performed on the sites of active bleeding during the colonoscopy. In sequence, surgical replacement by bioprothesis was done on the aortic valve. The patient remains asymptomatic, under long-term outpatient surveillance, with normal control evaluations. The aim of this case study is to emphasize difficulties related to diagnosis, and to highlight the role of endoscopy and imaging studies to confirm a hypothesis of this underestimated condition.
Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva/diagnóstico , Angiodisplasia/diagnóstico , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Anemia Ferropriva/etiologia , Angiodisplasia/etiologia , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/etiologia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Doença de Hodgkin/radioterapia , Humanos , Masculino , Mediastino , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , SíndromeRESUMO
Two cases of cerebral venous thrombosis are reported. Patients were apparently healthy 39 and 28-year old females with non-specific presenting features. Image findings were characteristic of cerebral sinus thrombosis. The younger patient received progesterone to treat placental abruption eight years previously; she had cerebral venous thrombosis while using oral contraception. Both patients had used contraceptive pills for a long time. Oral hormonal contraceptives may increase the risk of vascular events, even in people without personal or family history of venous thrombosis. Modern imaging methods have contributed to early diagnosis, but the possibility of under diagnosis still persists. This report aims to increase the awareness of health-workers about cerebral venous thrombosis in women, an entity often misdiagnosed, under diagnosed and under-reported.
Assuntos
Anticoncepcionais Orais Hormonais/uso terapêutico , Trombose dos Seios Intracranianos/diagnóstico , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética , Fatores de Risco , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Nodular glomerulosclerosis may be idiopathic or develop associated with diabetes mellitus, membranoprolipherative glomerulonephritis, light or heavy chain deposits, amyloidosis, fibrillary or immunotactoide disease, and Takayasu's arteritis. Histological features of idiopathic nodular glomerulosclerosis are similar to the Kimmelstiel-Wilson changes. Recent evidence points to the role of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and smoking in the mechanisms of this uncommon condition. The case study of a 65-year-old male presenting recent arterial hypertension and nodular non-diabetic glomerulosclerosis is described, and the possible role of heavy smoking in the pathogenesis of this condition is emphasized.
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Nefropatias Diabéticas/etiologia , Dislipidemias/complicações , Hipertensão/complicações , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Although pyogenic abscess of the iliopsoas muscle is considered an uncommon condition, its incidence is on the increase. This abscess may be primary if it occurs without a causal factor; more frequently, it is secondary to gastrointestinal or genitourinary affections, or trauma. The main aetiological agents differ among primary (Staphylococcus aureus) and secondary (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Streptococcus spp, Bacteroides spp) abscess. We report the case of a 64-year-old man with iliopsoas abscess by S. aureus associated with spondylodiscitis in lumbar vertebrae (L4-L5). Our aim is to emphasize the successful treatment with exclusive intravenous antimicrobials, and highlight the role of control through imaging studies and laboratory tests.
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Discite/tratamento farmacológico , Discite/microbiologia , Abscesso do Psoas/tratamento farmacológico , Abscesso do Psoas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/complicações , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Indução de RemissãoRESUMO
Electrical stimulation has been used for more than 100 years in neuroscientific and biomedical research as a powerful tool for controlled perturbations of neural activity. Despite quickly driving neuronal activity, this technique presents some important limitations, such as the impossibility to activate or deactivate specific neuronal populations within a single stimulation site. This problem can be avoided by pharmacological methods based on the administration of receptor ligands able to cause specific changes in neuronal activity. However, intracerebral injections of neuroactive molecules inherently confound the dynamics of drug diffusion with receptor activation. Caged compounds have been proposed to circumvent this problem, for spatially and temporally controlled release of molecules. Caged compounds consist of a protecting group and a ligand made inactive by the bond between the two parts. By breaking this bond with light of an appropriate wavelength, the ligand recovers its activity within milliseconds. To test these compounds in vivo, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the cerebral cortex of anesthetized female mice (CF1, 60-70 days, 20-30 g) before and after infusion with caged γ-amino-butyric-acid (GABA). After 30 min, we irradiated the cortical surface with pulses of blue light in order to photorelease the caged GABA and measure its effect on global brain activity. Laser pulses significantly and consistently decreased LFP power in four different frequency bands with a precision of few milliseconds (P < 0.000001); however, the inhibitory effects lasted several minutes (P < 0.0043). The technical difficulties and limitations of neurotransmitter photorelease are presented, and perspectives for future in vivo applications of the method are discussed.
Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Inibição Neural/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Fotólise , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/químicaRESUMO
Electrical stimulation has been used for more than 100 years in neuroscientific and biomedical research as a powerful tool for controlled perturbations of neural activity. Despite quickly driving neuronal activity, this technique presents some important limitations, such as the impossibility to activate or deactivate specific neuronal populations within a single stimulation site. This problem can be avoided by pharmacological methods based on the administration of receptor ligands able to cause specific changes in neuronal activity. However, intracerebral injections of neuroactive molecules inherently confound the dynamics of drug diffusion with receptor activation. Caged compounds have been proposed to circumvent this problem, for spatially and temporally controlled release of molecules. Caged compounds consist of a protecting group and a ligand made inactive by the bond between the two parts. By breaking this bond with light of an appropriate wavelength, the ligand recovers its activity within milliseconds. To test these compounds in vivo, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the cerebral cortex of anesthetized female mice (CF1, 60-70 days, 20-30 g) before and after infusion with caged γ-amino-butyric-acid (GABA). After 30 min, we irradiated the cortical surface with pulses of blue light in order to photorelease the caged GABA and measure its effect on global brain activity. Laser pulses significantly and consistently decreased LFP power in four different frequency bands with a precision of few milliseconds (P < 0.000001); however, the inhibitory effects lasted several minutes (P < 0.0043). The technical difficulties and limitations of neurotransmitter photorelease are presented, and perspectives for future in vivo applications of the method are discussed.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Inibição Neural/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Fotólise , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/químicaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Advantages of the bicaval versus the biatrial technique have been reported, emphasizing atrial electrical stability and less tricuspid regurgitation. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of the surgical technique on long-term pulmonary pressures, contractility, and graft valvular behavior after heart transplantation. METHODS: Among 400 orthotopic heart transplantation recipients from 1985 to 2010, we selected 30 consecutive patients who had survived beyond 3 years. The biatrial versus bicaval surgical technique groups included 15 patients each. Their preoperative clinical characteristics were similar. None of the patients displayed a pulmonary vascular resistance or pulmonary artery pressure over 6U Wood or 60 mm Hg, respectively. We evaluated invasive hemodynamic parameters during routine endomyocardial biopsies. Two-dimensional echocardiographic parameters were obtained from routine examinations. RESULTS: There were no significant differences regarding right atrial pressure, systolic pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, cardiac index, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, and mitral regurgitation (P > .05). Tricuspid regurgitation increased significantly over the 3 years of observation only among the biatrial group (P = .0212). In both groups, the right atrial pressure, pulmonary wedge capillary pressure, transpulmonary gradient, and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly (P < .05) from the pre- to the postoperative examination. In both groups cardiac index and systemic blood pressure increased significantly after transplantation (P < .05). Comparative analysis of the groups only showed significant differences regarding right atrial pressure and degree of tricuspid regurgitation; the bicaval group showing the best performance. CONCLUSIONS: Both surgical techniques ensure adequate left ventricular function in the long term; however, the bicaval technique provided better trends in hemodynamic performance, as well as a lower incidence and severity of tricuspid valve dysfunction.
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Vasos Sanguíneos/fisiopatologia , Transplante de Coração/métodos , Pulmão/irrigação sanguínea , Adulto , Feminino , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
We describe the case of a 72-year old male with pleural effusion associated with prostate cancer. There was a previous history of tobacco smoking (pack/year: 47) and of total prostatectomy followed by external beam radiation therapy seven years previously for prostate cancer. Furthermore, he was submitted to orchiectomy plus non-steroidal anti-androgen blockage, in addition to docetaxel-based chemotherapy and prednisone. After the beginning of chemotherapy, a progressive elevation in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels was observed. On admission, he presented with fever, weight loss, and respiratory symptoms due to a massive right pleural effusion. Fluid samples obtained by needle aspiration showed haemorrhagic exudates without malignant cells. Pleural metastasis were detected by thorax imaging studies, and biopsy samples revealed prostate adenocarcinoma as the origin of his pleural effusion. Pleural fluid was drained and talc pleurodesis was performed. This report aims to describe the occurrence of massive pleural effusion due to metastasis of prostate cancer and emphasizes the role of pleural biopsy with immunohistochemical studies to characterize this diagnosis.
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Derrame Pleural/patologia , Neoplasias Pleurais/secundário , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Idoso , Biópsia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Drenagem , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural/terapia , Neoplasias Pleurais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pleurais/terapia , Pleurodese , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/terapia , Radiografia TorácicaRESUMO
This study evaluated the adsorption capacity of chemically modified sugarcane bagasse with citric acid (B-CA), sodium hydroxide (B-S) and citric acid and sodium hydroxide (B-CAS) for Pb2+ ion adsorption in aqueous medium. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to characterise the materials, where the chemical modification was confirmed by the presence of carboxylate groups created at 1,730 cm(-1) peak. All assays related to Pb2+ ion adsorption onto adsorbent, i.e. equilibrium time between Pb2+ ions and adsorbate (24 h), as well as Pb2+ ion concentration, were performed in batch system. The initial and final Pb2+ ion concentration after shaking time was determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Isotherm adsorptions were applied to Langmuir and Freundlich linear models and maximum adsorption capacity (MAC) of materials towards Pb2+ ions was calculated in function of modifications. A significant improvement regarding Pb2+ ion adsorption after the bagasse treatment with citric acid, in which MAC was 52.63 mg g(-1), was observed. The adsorptions followed the behaviour described by the Langmuir linear model and its kinetics follow the behaviour described by the pseudo-second-order equation.
Assuntos
Chumbo/química , Saccharum , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Adsorção , Cinética , Água/químicaRESUMO
AIM: To compare ex vivo the accuracy and coefficient of repeatability of three electronic apex locators in locating the apical constriction. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-one single-rooted teeth were used. The teeth were sectioned at the cement--enamel junction. A mounting model was used for the measurement of electronic length (EL). The Root ZX-II, the Mini Apex Locator and the Novapex were used for electronic measurements. Each electronic measurement was obtained and repeated. After the last measurement, the file was cemented in place, and the apical 4 mm of each root canal was exposed. The distance from the tip of the file to the apical constriction was determined by three investigators and compared with the corresponding ELs. RESULTS: The coefficient of repeatability of all devices was acceptable: Root ZX-II, 0.04 mm; Mini Apex Locator, 0.10 mm; and Novapex, 0.08 mm. There was little variation in inter-examiner agreement; the rho(C) (Lin) correlation coefficient was 0.83 for examiners 1 and 2, 0.88 for examiners 1 and 3 and 0.99 for examiners 2 and 3. Using the Root ZX-II, 13 of 31 electronic measurements were located at the apical constriction (42%). Otherwise, the tip of the file was not located at the apical constriction in any of the electronic measurements with the other two devices. The Wilcoxon signed rank test did not reveal any statistical difference between the Root ZX-II measurements and the actual length (P = 0.628), but there was a statistical difference between the Mini Apex Locator and Novapex measurements and the actual length position (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The devices tested in this study had a high coefficient of repeatability. The Root ZX-II was accurate, but the Mini Apex Locator and Novapex were not accurate in locating the apical constriction.
Assuntos
Equipamentos Odontológicos , Cavidade Pulpar/anatomia & histologia , Ápice Dentário/anatomia & histologia , Impedância Elétrica , Humanos , Modelos Estruturais , Odontometria , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
1. The purpose of this study was to assess the incorporation of retinol into quail egg yolk and cholesterol concentration in response to supplementation with different quantities of retinyl palmitate (600, 1200, 2400 and 4800 microg). 2. Supplementations were performed weekly for 4 weeks and the yolk retinol was measured using high performance liquid chromatography. 3. The results showed a progressive increase in the incorporation of retinol into the egg yolk in response to supplementation, reaching values 384% higher than control values. 4. At the end of supplementation we observed a significant decrease in egg yolk retinol concentrations with supplementations of 2400 and 4800 microg, the most enduring showing high retinol contents even after 3 weeks. 5. Supplementation increased egg weight but neither egg production nor cholesterol levels were significantly altered.