RESUMO
Hypercholesterolemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of low-density lipoprotein and blood cholesterol, causing inflammatory lesion. Purinergic signaling modulates the inflammatory and immune responses through adenine nucleotides and nucleoside. Guaraná has hypocholesterolemic and antiinflammatory properties. Considering that there are few studies demonstrating the effects of guaraná powder on the metabolism of adenine nucleotides, we investigated its effects on the activity of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) and ecto-adenosine deaminase activity in lymphocytes of rats with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. The rats were divided into hypercholesterolemic and normal diet groups. Each group was subdivided by treatment: saline, guaraná powder 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg/day and caffeine concentration equivalent to highest dose of guaraná, fed orally for 30 days. An increase in adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis was observed in the lymphocytes of rats with hypercholesterolemia and treated with 25 or 50 mg/kg/day when compared with the other groups. The hypercholesterolemic group treated with the highest concentration of guaraná powder showed decreased ecto-adenosine deaminase activity compared with the normal diet groups. Guaraná was able to reduce the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to basal levels in hypercholesterolemic rats. High concentrations of guaraná associated with a hypercholesterolemic diet are likely to have contributed to the reduction of the inflammatory process.
Assuntos
Cafeína/farmacologia , Hipercolesterolemia/tratamento farmacológico , Paullinia/química , Teobromina/farmacologia , Teofilina/farmacologia , Adenosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Animais , Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Linfócitos/enzimologia , Masculino , Preparações de Plantas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Maternal kangaroo care (MKC) is a naturalistic intervention that alleviates neonatal pain, and mothers are assumed to play a stress regulatory role in MKC. Yet, no MKC infant pain study has examined relationship between maternal and infant stress reactivity concurrently, or whether post-partum depression and/or anxiety (PPDA) alters maternal and neonatal stress response and the regulatory effects of MKC. OBJECTIVES: To examine the concordance of salivary cortisol reactivity between 42 mothers and their stable preterm infants during routine infant heel lance (HL) while in MKC and to compare salivary cortisol between groups of mothers with and without PPDA and their infants. METHODS: Maternal and infant salivary cortisol samples were collected pre-HL and 20 min post-HL with two additional maternal samples at night and in the morning. Mothers and infants were allocated to with PPDA versus without PPDA study groups on the basis of maternal post-natal mental health assessment scores. RESULTS: Higher mothers' cortisol pre-HL was weakly associated with higher infants' salivary cortisol in response to the HL procedure. Maternal depression and/or anxiety were not associated with infants' cortisol. During HL, both groups of mothers and infants showed no change in salivary cortisol. CONCLUSIONS: Concordance between mother and infant salivary cortisol supports the maternal stress regulatory role in MKC. MKC may have stress regulatory benefits for mothers and their preterm infants during HL independent of PPDA. Future MKC studies that target mothers with altered mood will help to build on these findings.
Assuntos
Depressão Pós-Parto , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Método Canguru/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Dor , Adulto , Ansiedade/metabolismo , Ansiedade/psicologia , Depressão Pós-Parto/metabolismo , Depressão Pós-Parto/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/metabolismo , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/fisiologia , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/psicologia , Masculino , Dor/metabolismo , Dor/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The phenomenon of epidemic spread is studied, considering equally the temporal and the geographic features. The populational dynamics is described through the Monte Carlo simulation, and the idea of connectivity is used to build an analogy between percolation and the epidemic phenomenum including spatial coordinates. The model considers an idealized population distributed in a bidimentional net, and the illness spread mechanism, essentially stochastic, is processed through effective contacts between the adjacent populational neighbours. Many degrees of neighbourhood were used, as well as several degrees of spatial heterogeneity, including different immune and susceptible concentrations. A generalized concept of percolation is used as a measurement instrument, making possible the identification of an epidemic state, or phase, in a geographic feature. The results allow many concepts of Epidemiology to be taken into consideration (as mass immunity, epidemic process and state) through a wider point of view, involving explicitly the spatial dimensions. Some numeric results include: (i)- the determination of the duration of the epidemic process as a function of the initial spatial distribution of infected individuals (ii)- the effect of the "topological shield" in the reduction of the epidemic spread.
O fenômeno da difusão epidêmica é considerado tanto no aspecto temporal quanto geográfico. A dinâmica populacional é descrita através da simulação Monte Carlo e a idéia de conectividade é utilizada na construção da analogia entre o fenômeno epidêmico e o da percolação, envolvendo coordenadas espaciais. O modelo estudado considera uma população idealizada, disposta em uma rede bidimensional e o mecanismo de espalhamento da doença, essencialmente estocástico, processa-se através de contatos efetivos entre vizinhos adjacentes. Vários graus de vizinhança e de heterogeneidade espacial, envolvendo diferentes concentrações de imunes e susceptíveis, foram considerados. Uma generalização do conceito de percolação é utilizada como instrumento de medida, possibilitando a identificação do estado, ou fase epidêmica, no aspecto geográfico. Os resultados obtidos permitem associações à vários conceitos da Epidemiologia (imunidade de massa, processo e estado epidêmico) através de uma visão ampla, envolvendo explicitamente as dimensões espaciais. Alguns resultados numéricos encontrados incluem: (i)- determinação da duração do processo epidêmico em função da distribuição espacial inicial de indivíduos infectados, (ii)- efeito do "escudo topológico", na redução da difusão epidêmica.
RESUMO
The phenomenon of epidemic spread is studied, considering equally the temporal and the geographic features. The populational dynamics is described through the Monte Carlo simulation, and the idea of connectivity is used to build an analogy between percolation and the epidemic phenomenum including spatial coordinates. The model considers an idealized population distributed in a bidimentional net, and the illness spread mechanism, essentially stochastic, is processed through effective contacts between the adjacent populational neighbours. Many degrees of neighbourhood were used, as well as several degrees of spatial heterogeneity, including different immune and susceptible concentrations. A generalized concept of percolation is used as a measurement instrument, making possible the identification of an epidemic state, or phase, in a geographic feature. The results allow many concepts of Epidemiology to be taken into consideration (as mass immunity, epidemic process and state) through a wider point of view, involving explicitly the spatial dimensions. Some numeric results include: (i)- the determination of the duration of the epidemic process as a function of the initial spatial distribution of infected individuals (ii)- the effect of the "topological shield" in the reduction of the epidemic spread.
O fenômeno da difusão epidêmica é considerado tanto no aspecto temporal quanto geográfico. A dinâmica populacional é descrita através da simulação Monte Carlo e a idéia de conectividade é utilizada na construção da analogia entre o fenômeno epidêmico e o da percolação, envolvendo coordenadas espaciais. O modelo estudado considera uma população idealizada, disposta em uma rede bidimensional e o mecanismo de espalhamento da doença, essencialmente estocástico, processa-se através de contatos efetivos entre vizinhos adjacentes. Vários graus de vizinhança e de heterogeneidade espacial, envolvendo diferentes concentrações de imunes e susceptíveis, foram considerados. Uma generalização do conceito de percolação é utilizada como instrumento de medida, possibilitando a identificação do estado, ou fase epidêmica, no aspecto geográfico. Os resultados obtidos permitem associações à vários conceitos da Epidemiologia (imunidade de massa, processo e estado epidêmico) através de uma visão ampla, envolvendo explicitamente as dimensões espaciais. Alguns resultados numéricos encontrados incluem: (i)- determinação da duração do processo epidêmico em função da distribuição espacial inicial de indivíduos infectados, (ii)- efeito do "escudo topológico", na redução da difusão epidêmica.