RESUMO
BACKGROUND: A previous survey on allergens used by Mexican allergists in their skin prick test (SPT) panel showed wide variation. Humidity varies in different zones of Mexico. This might lead to differences in natural exposure and allergic sensitisation throughout the country. We aim to describe the SPT sensitivity patterns in the different climatic zones in Mexico and to show the usefulness of a structured SPT chart-review including multiple clinics in obtaining these allergen sensitisation patterns. METHODS: A retrospective, structured chart-review of SPT results was undertaken in allergy clinics throughout Mexico. Ratios of SPT positivity were calculated for individual allergens, per climatic zone and nation-wide. Per allergen group the most important allergens were identified. Statistically significant differences between zones and the nation-wide data were tested with Pearson's Chi-squares test. RESULTS: 4169 skin test charts were recollected. The most important allergens causing sensitisation were very similar in different zones, despite climate variation. The allergen with highest ratio of SPT positivity was Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (51%), with trees (Ash-27%, Alder-22%, Oak19%), and Bermuda grass (26%) as second and third. In the hot zones (humid and dry) Aspergillus was statistically significant more frequently than in more temperate zones. Cockroaches thrive in big cities and humid zones and Mesquite and Poplar in dry zones. Weeds are less important. CONCLUSION: Mexico has its own SPT sensitisation pattern, which is different from America and Europe. A structured chart-review of SPT results is able to show this and might be a tool for allergists in other countries.
Assuntos
Clima , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Hipersensibilidade/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade/epidemiologia , Testes Cutâneos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Antígenos de Dermatophagoides/efeitos adversos , Antígenos de Dermatophagoides/imunologia , Antígenos de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Antígenos de Plantas/imunologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cynodon , Feminino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pyroglyphidae , Estudos Retrospectivos , ÁrvoresRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To test whether breastfeeding's protection against anorectic responses to infection is mediated by n-3 fatty acids' attenuation of interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha. DESIGN: Experimental and observational studies. SETTING: A hospital-based study was conducted. SUBJECTS: Five groups of infants were followed; three in the experimental and two in the observational study. METHODS: Breast-fed- (BF-1), DHA-supplemented formula- (SFF-1), and non-DHA-supplemented formula-fed (FF-1) infants were studied before and after immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and haemophilus influenzae type b. Pre- and post-immunization energy intakes (EI) and serum IL-1beta and TNFalpha were measured. The two other groups, breast-fed (BF-2) and formula-fed (FF-2) infants with pneumonia were followed throughout hospitalization. EI, IL-1beta and TNFalpha were measured at admission and discharge. Baseline erythrocyte fatty acid contents were determined. RESULTS: Both cytokines increased following immunization in all feeding groups. Post-immunization reductions in EI of SFF-1 infants (-11.8+/-5%, CI(95)=-23.3, 1.4%, P=0.07) were intermediate to those observed in BF-1 (-5.2+/-4.2%, CI(95)=-15.2, 5.9%, P=0.27) and FF-1 infants (-18+/-4.4%, CI(95)=-29%, -5.4%, P=0.02). In the observational study, TNFalpha (17.2+/-8.3 vs 3.4+/-3.0 ng/l, P=0.001) and decreases in EI (-31+/-43 vs -15+/-31%, CI(95)=-34%, 0.001%, P=0.056) were greater in FF-2 than in BF-2 infants at admission. Breastfeeding duration was associated positively with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) erythrocyte contents, and negatively with admission TNFalpha. Decreases in EIs were associated with IL-1beta and TNFalpha concentrations. CONCLUSION: Reductions in EI following immunologic or infectious stimuli were associated with increases in IL-1beta and TNFalpha. Those reductions were attenuated by breastfeeding, and mediated in part by tissue DHA.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/farmacologia , Ingestão de Energia/imunologia , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Leite Humano/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Anorexia , Alimentação com Mamadeira , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/imunologia , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Eritrócitos/química , Feminino , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus , Humanos , Lactente , Interleucina-1beta/sangue , Interleucina-1beta/fisiologia , Masculino , Leite Humano/fisiologia , Pneumonia/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The fat concentration of human milk is associated with maternal adiposity, but there is no clear understanding of the mechanisms controlling milk fat concentration. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of postpartum body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) on the metabolic distribution of an oral dose of [13C]linoleic acid in lactating women. DESIGN: Ten lactating women stratified by BMI (either <22.5 or >23.5) at 5 mo postpartum received orally 2.5 mg [13C]linoleic acid/kg body wt. Exhaled air, milk, and plasma samples were collected in relation to tracer administration. Linoleic acid was determined by gas chromatography. Dietary intake, serum, milk composition, [13C]linoleic acid enrichment in milk and plasma, and exhaled 13CO2 (by isotope ratio mass spectrometry) were assessed. RESULTS: Women with a higher BMI exhaled more 13CO2 than did women with a lower BMI (22.8 +/- 9.4% compared with 8.6 +/- 3.5% of dose, P < 0.03). Cumulated 72-h transfer of [13C]linoleic acid to milk was not significantly different between groups (14.8 +/- 6.5% compared with 17.7 +/- 6.7% of dose). Within the first 9 h after dose administration, 51.6 +/- 4.9% of the total isotope transfer into milk had passed in women with a higher BMI, but only 24.0 +/- 15.3% had passed in those with a lower BMI (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Women with a lower BMI, who were reputed as having less body fat, oxidized and secreted into milk less dietary linoleic acid within 12 h after tracer administration than did women with a higher BMI. In both groups, a large proportion of [13C]linoleic was retained in the maternal compartment, most likely fat tissue, in a slow turnover pool, and released slowly in later hours.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Lactação/metabolismo , Ácido Linoleico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Linoleico/metabolismo , Leite Humano/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Estatura , Índice de Massa Corporal , Testes Respiratórios , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Isótopos de Carbono , Cromatografia Gasosa , Feminino , Humanos , Ácido Linoleico/farmacocinética , OxirreduçãoAssuntos
Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Lactação/metabolismo , Ácido Linoleico/metabolismo , Leite Humano/química , Testes Respiratórios , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Marcação por Isótopo , Ácido Linoleico/análise , México , Oxirredução , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The relationship between maternal dietary intakes of energy or fat maternal body composition and the milk fat concentration is an important element in understanding the role of breast-milk in infant nutrition. In most studies in both developing and developed countries, no relation between maternal energy intake and milk fat content was observed. In only one published study, in which maternal fat intake comprised a very low 5% of calories, was a short term reduction in milk lipid observed in some subjects. On the other hand, a positive relation between maternal fatness and milk fat is evident in both well-nourished and under-nourished women when appropriate methodologies have been used. Low milk fat concentrations are associated with higher milk volumes probably because infant demand determines milk intake, compensating, at least partially, for low milk fat. No impairment of infant growth was associated with low milk fat, in studies where it has been measured. The mechanism for the relationship between body fat and milk fat is a fertile field for additional investigation.