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Introdução:A atenção à Saúde Bucal no Brasil foi qualificada a partir da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal (PNSB), através do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), fomentando ações de promoção, prevenção e recuperação da saúde bucal da população. A avaliação da prevalência de cárie dentária em determinada comunidade, para Estudos Epidemiológicos em Saúde Bucal, pode ser realizada por meio do índice CPOD, que fornece a quantidade média de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados. Objetivo:O presente trabalho objetivouaferir o índice CPOD dos moradores de uma área coberta pela Equipe de Saúde Bucal (ESB) de um município de pequeno porte, caracterizar seu perfil socioeconômico, verificar seu comportamento quanto ao uso de serviços odontológicos e identificar fatores associados ao índice. Metodologia:Foi realizado um estudo de prevalência do tipo exploratório e descritivo com abordagem quantitativaem residentes de um município de pequeno porte com cobertura pela Equipe de Saúde Bucal. Foi utilizado um questionário de caracterização individual abordando identificação socioeconômica e comportamento relacionado à saúde bucal.Resultados:Na análise do CPOD, a média de dentes perdidos (5,44) foi maior que a dos dentes obturados (4,31) e cariados (1,34). Odesfecho CPOD foi associado positivamente com a idade e a necessidade do uso de prótese dentária.Conclusões:Observou-se uma média mais alta de dentes perdidos, seguida por dentes obturados, e uma média menor de dentes cariados. Verificamos que o índice CPOD individual foi mais elevado em pessoas com mais de 34 anos e naqueles que necessitavam de próteses dentárias (AU).

Introduction:Oral Health care in Brazil was qualified basedon the National Oral Health Policy (PNSB), through the Unified Health System (SUS), promoting actions to promote, prevent and recover the oral healthof the population. Assessing the prevalence of tooth decay in a community, for Epidemiological Studies inOral Health, can be conductedusing the DMFT index, which provides the average number of Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth. Objective:Thisstudy aimed to measure the DMFT index of residents of an area covered by anOral Health Team (ESB) of a small municipality, characterize their socioeconomic profile, verify their behavior regarding the use of dental services,and identify factors associated with this index. Methodology:An exploratory and descriptive prevalence study was conductedwith a quantitative approach in residents of a small municipality covered by the Oral Health Team. An individual characterization questionnaire addressing socioeconomic identification and behavior related to oral health was used. Results:The total samplewas of 283 individuals with an average of 34 years of age. In the DMFT analysis, the average number of missing teeth (5.44) was higher than that of filled (4.31) and decayed ones(1.34). The occurrence of a DMFTindexgreater than 11 was significantly higher in individuals over 34 years of age (p value 0.000) and in subjects who needed dental prosthesis (p value 0.001). Conclusions:A higher average of missing teeth was observed, followed by filled ones, and a lower average of decayed teeth. The DMFT outcome was positively associated with age and the need to use dental prostheses (AU).

Introducción:La atención a la salud bucal en Brasil ha sido calificada por la Política Nacionalde Saúde Bucal (PNSB), a través del Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), promoviendo acciones de promoción, prevención y recuperación de la salud bucal de la población. Para estudios epidemiológicos de salud bucal, la prevalencia de caries dental en una determinada comunidad puede ser evaluada utilizando el índice DMFT, que proporciona el número medio de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados. Objetivo:El objetivo de este estudio fue medir el índice DMFT de los residentes de un área cubierta por el Equipo de Salud Bucal (ESB) de un pequeño municipio, caracterizar su perfil socioeconómico, verificar su comportamiento en cuanto al uso de servicios odontológicos e identificar factores asociados al índice. Metodología:Se realizó un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo de prevalencia con abordaje cuantitativo en residentes de un pequeño municipio cubierto por un Equipo de Salud Bucal. Se utilizó un cuestionario de caracterización individual que abordaba la identificación socioeconómica y el comportamiento relacionado conla salud bucodental. Resultados:La muestra total fue de 283 individuos con una edad media de 34 años. En el análisis de la DMFT, la media de dientes ausentes (5,44) fue superior a la de dientes obturados (4,31) y cariados (1,34). La incidencia de un DMFTsuperior a 11 fue significativamente mayor en los individuos de más de 34 años (valor p 0,000) y en los que necesitaban un tratamiento dental. Conclusiones:Hubo un mayor número medio de dientes ausentes, seguido de dientes obturados, y un menor número medio de dientes cariados. El resultado del DMFT se asoció positivamente con la edad y la necesidad de prótesis dentales (AU).

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​​​​​​​The so-called arc of deforestation is a major agricultural and industrial frontier in southern Amazonia and northern Cerrado of Brazil. As arboreal mammals, the primates in this region are therefore threatened by forest loss and fragmentation. At the same time, knowledge about the taxonomic diversity and distribution ranges of these taxa is incomplete, which might hamper efficient conservation measurements. New species have been recently discovered in this region, and their ranges remain imprecise because only a few occurrence records are available for each species. Here we present 192 new records of 22 species and subspecies of Alouatta, Aotus, Ateles, Cebus, Chiropotes, Lagothrix, Leontocebus, Pithecia, Plecturocebus, Saimiri, and Sapajus, collected in 56 different localities during 10 field expeditions across the arc of deforestation between 2015 and 2018. Based on these new records, we extend the ranges of Alouatta puruensis, Ateles chamek, and Saimiri collinsi; identify potential hybridization zones between A. puruensis and A. discolor, and between At. chamek and At. marginatus; redefine the range of Plecturocebus moloch; and clarify the ranges of P. baptista and P. hoffmannsi. Moreover, these results and the dataset are valuable for further research on, for example, species distribution and habitat use modeling, for assessing species extinction risks, and for supporting efforts for the conservation of species increasingly threatened on a global deforestation frontier.

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Ctenoluciidae is a Neotropical freshwater fish family composed of two genera, Ctenolucius (C. beani and C. hujeta) and Boulengerella (B. cuvieri, B. lateristriga, B. lucius, B. maculata, and B. xyrekes), which present diploid number conservation of 36 chromosomes and a strong association of telomeric sequences with ribosomal DNAs. In the present study, we performed chromosomal mapping of microsatellites and transposable elements (TEs) in Boulengerella species and Ctenolucius hujeta. We aim to understand how those sequences are distributed in these organisms' genomes and their influence on the chromosomal evolution of the group. Our results indicate that repetitive sequences may had an active role in the karyotypic diversification of this family, especially in the formation of chromosomal hotspots that are traceable in the diversification processes of Ctenoluciidae karyotypes. We demonstrate that (GATA)n sequences also accumulate in the secondary constriction formed by the 18 S rDNA site, which shows consistent size heteromorphism between males and females in all Boulengerella species, suggesting an initial process of sex chromosome differentiation.

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This study recorded the physicochemical properties of the marula fruits, the biometry and breaking the dormancy in the marula seeds. Using 200 ripe fruits, the physicochemical characterization was done. From a random sample of 400 seeds, an assessment of the biometrics was performed, and the weight, length, width and thickness of the fruits and seeds were evaluated. Two experiments were conducted to study dormancy breaking using pre-germination treatments, which included immersing the marula seeds five times (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes) in concentrated sulfuric acid (96%) and water, at 65 ºC temperature. The control was time zero, using plain distilled water, with 25 seeds per treatment and four replications. The marula fruits revealed average values of 21.65 ± 3.44 g, 35.5 ± 2.38 and 34.8 ± 2.73, respectively, for weight, diameter and length. The soluble solids (SS), Hydrogenonic Potential (pH), titratable acidity (AT) and ratio (AT/SS) were 14.74 ± 1.0º Brix, 3.93 ± 0.49 pH, 0.63 ± 0.22 and 27.07 ± 12.10, respectively. For the weight of one thousand seeds, the average value was 3.576 ± 188.4 g. The mean values for the dimensions of the width, length and diameter of the seeds were 22.9 ± 2.11; 23.7 ± 2.04; and 14.9 ± 2.09 mm, respectively. The physiological quality of these seeds was enhanced by immersing the seeds from freshly picked fruits in sulfuric acid for a maximum of 30 minutes and storing them for six months.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar as características físico-químicas de frutos, biometria e superação da dormência de sementes de marula. Para a caracterização físico-química foram utilizados 200 frutos maduros. Realizou-se a biometria utilizando uma amostra aleatória de 400 sementes e foram avaliados: peso, comprimento, largura e espessura de frutos e sementes. Para o estudo da superação de dormência foram realizados dois experimentos com os tratamentos pré-germinativos constituídos pela imersão das sementes em ácido sulfúrico concentrado (96%) e água a temperatura de 65 ºC por cinco tempos (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos), sendo o tempo zero a testemunha, onde utilizou-se apenas água destilada, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes por tratamento. Os frutos de marula apresentaram valores médios de 21,65 ± 3,44 g, 35,5±2,38 e 34,8±2,73 mm de peso, diâmetro e comprimento, respectivamente e sólidos solúveis (SS), Potencial Hidrogeniônico ( pH), acidez titulável (AT) e ratio (AT/SS) foram de 14,74 ± 1,0 ºBrix, 3,93 ± 0,49 pH, 0,63 ± 0,22 e 27,07 ± 12,10 respectivamente. As sementes apresentaram valores médios de 3.576 ± 188,4 g para o peso de mil sementes. Para as dimensões, largura, comprimento e diâmetro de sementes, apresentaram valores médios de 22,9 ± 2,11; 23,7 ± 2,04; e 14,9 ± 2,09 mm respectivamente. A imersão das sementes procedentes de frutos recém colhidos em ácido sulfúrico por até 30 minutos e o armazenamento por seismeses promove incrementos na sua qualidade fisiológica.

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In this study, we examined various brain suspension concentrations and viral loads in Neuro-2a cell cultures using 20 rabies-positive bovine samples. The reproducibility of results varied: 65% showed consistent outcomes across all concentrations, while 35% disagreed in at least one. Viral titers ranged from less than 25 × 101 to 25 × 103.50 TCID50/mL, with 20% below 25 × 101 TCID50/mL. Concentrations between 5% and 20% yielded over 90% agreement in positive results, but at 30%, agreement dropped from 85% to 50%. Cell confluence was successfully maintained at 5%, 10%, and 20%, while concentrations of 30% and above led to confluence loss. Low viral loads also negatively impacted reproducibility. These results suggest that sample concentration has a direct influence on preservation of cell confluence and that low viral loads may influence the reproducibility of the rabies tissue culture infection test (RTCIT).

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The tribe Serrasalmini is a diverse group with paraphyletic genera and taxonomic uncertainties. Several studies have been carried out in this group of fish in order to understand this problem, including the cytogenetic approach. In this study, three species of a clade of Serrasalmini were characterized cytogenetically - Pristobrycon striolatus, Catoprion absconditus and Pygopristis denticulatus. The three species presented diploid number (2n) equal to 62 chromosomes, of one and two arms, with karyotypic formulas and species-specific fundamental numbers. Heterochromatin is centromeric and terminal (bi-telomeric) in most chromosomes, with a conspicuous interstitial block at pair 1 (m) in all three species. The nucleolar organizer regions were multiple and C-band positive, and their location was confirmed via 18S ribosomal DNA mapping; however, with additional sites. The 5S rDNA was located in interstitial region of long arm of pair 1 (m), in the three species (homeologous). Moreover, we observed synteny between 18S and 5S in the species C. absconditus and P. denticulatus, which, according to fiber-FISH, are interspersed. Thus, the maintenance of 2n (62) evidences the diversification of chromosomal formulas within the clade by non-Robertsonian rearrangements and reflects the paraphyly of the related species.

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OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 has been associated with a significant burden to those who survive the acute phase. We aimed to describe the quality of life and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 90 days after hospital discharge of COVID-19 patients. METHODS: Patients with COVID-19 admitted to a private hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, between April of 2020 and April of 2021 were interviewed by telephone at 30 and 90 days after discharge to assess the quality of life and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD. RESULTS: A total of 2,138 patients were included. The mean age was 58.6 ± 15.8 years, and the median length of hospital stay was 9.0 (5.0-15.8) days. Between the two time points, depression increased from 3.1% to 7.2% (p < 0.001), anxiety increased from 3.2% to 6.2% (p < 0.001), and PTSD increased from 2.3% to 5.0% (p < 0.001). At least one physical symptom related to COVID-19 diagnosis persisted in 32% of patients at day 90. CONCLUSIONS: Persistence of physical symptoms was high even at 90 days after discharge. Although the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD was low, these symptoms persisted for three months, with a significant increase between the time points. This finding indicates the need to identify at-risk patients so that they can be given an appropriate referral at discharge.

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Robust capuchin monkeys, Sapajus genus, are among the most phenotypically diverse and widespread groups of primates in South America, with one of the most confusing and often shifting taxonomies. We used a ddRADseq approach to generate genome-wide SNP markers for 171 individuals from all putative extant species of Sapajus to access their evolutionary history. Using maximum likelihood, multispecies coalescent phylogenetic inference, and a Bayes Factor method to test for alternative hypotheses of species delimitation, we inferred the phylogenetic history of the Sapajus radiation, evaluating the number of discrete species supported. Our results support the recognition of three species from the Atlantic Forest south of the São Francisco River, with these species being the first splits in the robust capuchin radiation. Our results were congruent in recovering the Pantanal and Amazonian Sapajus as structured into three monophyletic clades, though new morphological assessments are necessary, as the Amazonian clades do not agree with previous morphology-based taxonomic distributions. Phylogenetic reconstructions for Sapajus occurring in the Cerrado, Caatinga, and northeastern Atlantic Forest were less congruent with morphology-based phylogenetic reconstructions, as the bearded capuchin was recovered as a paraphyletic clade, with samples from the Caatinga biome being either a monophyletic clade or nested with the blond capuchin monkey.

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Utilizando o Rio de Janeiro como cenário de disparidades sociais, e com base em reflexões acerca do direito à cidade e o pressuposto de humanidade, o presente ensaio busca ecoar as vozes de pessoas em situação de rua nas suas vivências como os "outros" da cidade. A partir da análise de cartas elaboradas pela população de rua para os residentes em seu entorno, nas atividades de rodas de conversa do Projeto RUAS em 2019, percebe-se que os processos higienistas e de exclusão camuflam um debate mais pungente, do que (e de quem) é considerado humano em nossa sociedade. E a população em situação de rua está atenta a isso, no momento em que reforça uma série de reivindicações que clamam pela dignidade de um tratamento humano na cidade.

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ABSTRACT Objective: COVID-19 has been associated with a significant burden to those who survive the acute phase. We aimed to describe the quality of life and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 90 days after hospital discharge of COVID-19 patients. Methods: Patients with COVID-19 admitted to a private hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, between April of 2020 and April of 2021 were interviewed by telephone at 30 and 90 days after discharge to assess the quality of life and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Results: A total of 2,138 patients were included. The mean age was 58.6 ± 15.8 years, and the median length of hospital stay was 9.0 (5.0-15.8) days. Between the two time points, depression increased from 3.1% to 7.2% (p < 0.001), anxiety increased from 3.2% to 6.2% (p < 0.001), and PTSD increased from 2.3% to 5.0% (p < 0.001). At least one physical symptom related to COVID-19 diagnosis persisted in 32% of patients at day 90. Conclusions: Persistence of physical symptoms was high even at 90 days after discharge. Although the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD was low, these symptoms persisted for three months, with a significant increase between the time points. This finding indicates the need to identify at-risk patients so that they can be given an appropriate referral at discharge.

RESUMO Objetivo: A COVID-19 tem sido associada a um fardo significativo para aqueles que sobrevivem à fase aguda. Nosso objetivo foi descrever a qualidade de vida e sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) 90 dias após a alta hospitalar em pacientes com COVID-19. Métodos: Pacientes com COVID-19 internados em um hospital privado na cidade de São Paulo (SP) entre abril de 2020 e abril de 2021 foram entrevistados por telefone 30 e 90 dias após a alta para avaliar a qualidade de vida e sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e TEPT. Resultados: Foram incluídos 2.138 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 58,6 ± 15,8 anos, e a mediana do tempo de internação hospitalar foi de 9,0 (5,0-15,8) dias. Entre os dois momentos, a depressão aumentou de 3,1% para 7,2% (p < 0,001), a ansiedade, de 3,2% para 6,2% (p < 0,001), e o TEPT, de 2,3% para 5,0% (p < 0,001). Pelo menos um sintoma físico relacionado ao diagnóstico de COVID-19 persistia em 32% dos pacientes no 90º dia. Conclusões: A persistência dos sintomas físicos foi elevada mesmo 90 dias após a alta. Embora a prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e TEPT tenha sido baixa, esses sintomas persistiram por três meses, com aumento significativo entre os momentos. Esse achado indica a necessidade de identificar os pacientes de risco para que possam receber o encaminhamento adequado no momento da alta.

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Access to detailed information on cells loaded with nanoparticles with nanoscale precision is of a long-standing interest in many areas of nanomedicine. In this context, designing a single experiment able to provide statistical mean data from a large number of living unsectioned cells concerning information on the nanoparticle size and aggregation inside cell endosomes and accurate nanoparticle cell up-take is of paramount importance. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is presented here as a tool to achieve such relevant data. Experiments were carried out in cultures of B16F0 murine melanoma and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines loaded with various iron oxide nanostructures displaying distinctive structural characteristics. Five systems of water-dispersible magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) of different size, polydispersity and morphology were analyzed, namely, nearly monodisperse MNP with 11 and 13 nm mean size coated with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, more polydisperse 6 nm colloids coated with citric acid and two nanoflowers (NF) systems of 24 and 27 nm in size resulting from the aggregation of 8 nm MNP. Up-take was determined for each system using B16F0 cells. Here we show that SAXS pattern provides high resolution information on nanoparticles disposition inside endosomes of the cytoplasm through the structure factor analysis, on nanoparticles size and dispersity after their incorporation by the cell and on up-take quantification from the extrapolation of the intensity in absolute scale to null scattering vector. We also report on the cell culture preparation to reach sensitivity for the observation of MNP inside cell endosomes using high brightness SAXS synchrotron source. Our results show that SAXS can become a valuable tool for analyzing MNP in cells and tissues.

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The taxonomy of the South American river dolphins of the genus Inia has been a focus of intense debate. While traditionally it is thought to be composed of a single species with three geographically structured subspecies (Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis, I. g. humboldtiana, and I. g. boliviensis), recent molecular studies have highlighted substantial differentiation, suggesting the existence of two species (I. geoffrensis and I. araguaiaensis). Despite this evidence, the recognition of the specific status of these taxa has been hindered by inconsistent morphological diagnoses. Here, we aim to provide evidence for the morphological differentiation (or lack thereof) between subspecies and putative species. We employ geometrics and traditional morphometrics to measure skull variation to support efforts of integrative taxonomy. Our results show that morphometric diversity within the group is inconsistent with a single taxon. Morphometric evidence supports the traditional differentiation of three distinct morphotypes within the analyzed sample. These morphotypes largely correspond to described subspecies I. g. geoffrensis, I. g. humboldtiana—the latter differing from the former by size—and I. g. boliviensis, which differs from the remaining groups by shape. Furthermore, morphometric data show no differences between I. g. geoffrensis and a newly proposed species, I. araguaiaensis. Given the conservation importance of this genus and the different threats they are subject to, we strongly suggest an urgent integrative taxonomic treatment of the group to better protect these singular cetaceans.

A taxonomia dos golfinhos de água doce da América do Sul pertencentes ao gênero Inia têm sido foco de intenso debate. Enquanto tradicionalmente considera-se a existência de uma única espécie e três subespécies (Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis, I. g. humboldtiana, and I. g. boliviensis), estudos moleculares recentes evidenciam diferenciação substancial, sugerindo a existência de mais de uma espécie (I. geoffrensis and I. araguaiaensis). Apesar desta evidência, o reconhecimento do status específico desses táxons tem sido limitado pela presença de diagnoses morfológicas inconsistentes. Nosso objetivo no presente trabalho é proporcionar evidências para a diferenciação morfológica (ou a sua ausência) entre as subespécies e as possíveis espécies. Utilizamos morfometria geométrica e tradicional para medir a variação do cranio de forma a sustentar esforços de taxonomia integrativa. Nossos resultados mostram que a diversidade morfométrica dentro do grupo é inconsistente com um único táxon. A evidência morfométrica aponta a diferenciação tradicional de três morfotipos distintos dentro da amostra analisada. Esses morfotipos correspondem em grande parte às subespecies I. g. geoffrensis, I. g. humboldtiana, que diverge da primeira através do seu tamanho, e I. g. boliviensis, que diverge das demais através de sua forma. Ademais, dados morfométricos não mostram diferenças entre Inia g. geoffrensis e a espécie recém proposta, I. araguaiaensis. Dada a importância para conservação desse gênero e as diferentes ameaças às quais estão sujeitos, nós sugerimos enfaticamente um tratamento de taxonomia integrativa para o grupo, de forma a melhor proteger esses cetáceos singulares.

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The acidogenic fermentation of dairy wastewater (DW) was evaluated for carboxylic acids (CA) production, investigating the influence of substrate/microorganism (S/X) ratio and applying different mathematical models to the bioproduct formation data. The experiments were performed in batch reactors for 28 days, and four S/X ratios were tested (0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 1.9 gCOD gVSS-1). The S/X ratio increase did not influence the percentage of DW conversion into carboxylic acids (42-44%), but the productivity was positively affected (100-200% in general). Acetic acid was the CA formed in the highest concentration for all experiments, followed by propionic and butyric acids. Exponential models were better suited to describe this kinetics process. Therefore, according to the estimated kinetic parameters, the S/X ratio 1.6 was more suitable for CA production from acidogenic fermentation of dairy wastewater, in which the concentrations of longer CA, such as propionate and butyrate, were formed in higher quantities. In addition, it was determined a correlation between the S/X ratio and kinetic parameters like degradation/production rate constant (K) and maximum productivity rate (µm).

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The chromosomes of the dogtooth characins, fish species of the family Cynodontidae, have only a relatively small amount of heterochromatin, including the terminal portion. Curiously, in the cynodontid Cynodon gibbus, the terminal portion is rich in repetitive DNAs, including transposable retroelements and microsatellite sequences. Given this, this study investigated the composition of the terminal portion of the chromosomes of two cynodontid species (Rhaphiodon vulpinus and Hydrolycus armatus), to compile a database for the evaluation of all three cynodontid genera, and in particular, verify the possible tendency for the accumulation of repetitive DNAs in the terminal portion of the chromosomes of C. gibbus, H. armatus, and R. vulpinus. The Rex1, Rex3, and Rex6 transposable retroelements and the (CA)15, (GA)15, (GATA)8, (GACA)8, (CAT)10, and (CAC)10 microsatellite motifs are found primarily in the terminal portion of the chromosomes of the species analyzed in this study, except R. vulpinus, which has no evidence of the presence of Rex1 or Rex3 through the fluorescent in situ hybridization technique. The mapping of the repetitive sequences, principally the microsatellite motifs, indicates a marked tendency for the accumulation of these sequences in the terminal portions of the chromosomes, which may have played a fundamental role in the differentiation of the three species.

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AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity and efficacy of synthetic host defence peptides (HDPs), alone or in combination with florfenicol (FFC), oxytetracycline (OTC) or thiamphenicol (TAP), against different pathogenic bacteria isolated from diseased fish. METHODS AND RESULTS: Solid-phase synthesis, purification and characterization of several HDPs were performed manually, using the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl protecting group in different resins and via high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of HDPs, FFC, OTC and TAP against Nile tilapia red blood cells (RBCs) and relevant fish pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Vibrio) was determined using the haemolysis assay and broth microdilution method, respectively. The checkerboard assay was used to evaluate the synergy between the most active HDPs and other antimicrobials against the tested strains. MUC 7 12-mer, FFC, OTC and TAP were not cytotoxic to Nile tilapia RBCs, in all tested concentrations. LL-37, (p-BthTX-I)2 and Hylin-a1 were not cytotoxic at concentrations up to 78·13, 19·53 and 9·77 µg ml-1 , respectively. HDPs demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration ≤31·25 µg ml-1 ) against Aeromonas jandaei (KR-12-a5), Citrobacter freundii (Kr-12-a5; (p-BthTX-I)2 ; LL-37; and Hylin a1), Streptococcus agalactiae (Hylin a1; (p-BthTX-I)2 and LL-37), Lactococcus garviae (Hylin a1), and Vibrio fluvialis (KR-12-a5). The combinations of (p-BthTX-I)2 with TAP and LL-37 with FFC showed synergistic activity against C. freundii (fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0·25 and 0·50, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Synthetic HDPs have the potential as a good treatment option for bacterial diseases in aquaculture. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The in vivo effectiveness of synthetic HDPs such as KR-12-a5; LL-37; (p-BthTX-I)2 and Hylin a1 can be tested alone or in combination with conventional antimicrobials as a treatment option to reduce the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture.

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Methane (CH4) production from anaerobic digestion of solid and liquid agro-industrial wastes is an attractive strategy to meet the growing need for renewable energy sources and promote environmentally appropriate disposal of organic wastes. This work aimed at determining the CH4 production potential of six agro-industrial wastewaters (AWW), evaluating the most promising for methanization purposes. It also aims to provide kinetic parameters and stoichiometric coefficients of CH4 production and define which kinetic models are most suitable for simulating the CH4 production of the evaluated substrates. The AWW studied were swine wastewater (SW), slaughterhouse wastewater (SHW), dairy wastewater (DW), brewery wastewater (BW), fruit processing wastewater (FPW), and residual glycerol (RG) of biodiesel production. RG was the substrate that showed the highest methanization potential. Exponential kinetic models can be efficiently applied for describing CH4 production of more soluble substrates. On the other hand, logistic models were more suitable to predict the CH4 production of more complex substrates.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade in vitro dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum cassia, Eucalyptus citriodora; Eucalyptus globulus, Eugenia caryophyllus, Melaleuca alternifólia, Myristica fragans, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Rosamarinus officinalis, Salvia sclarea, Schinus terebinthifolius, Thymus vulgaris e Zingiber officinale, bem como dos compostos químicos desses óleos essenciais, com as menores concentrações fungicidas mínimas sobre três isolados biológicos de Candida auris de origem humana. Determinar e avaliar in vitro as concentrações fungicidas mínimas dos antifúngicos sintéticos anfotericina B, cetoconazol, flucitocina, fluconazol, itraconazol e voriconazol sobre Candida auris. Para avaliação da atividade antifúngica e obtenção da concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) utilizou-se a técnica de microdiluição em caldo, na base 2, em meio RPMI 1640, acrescido de tensoativo Tween20, e a confirmação da inibição em Agar Sabouraud dextrose, a 37ºC por 24hs. Para a avaliação da sensibilidade a anfotericina B, cetoconazol, flucitocina...(AU)

The objective of this search was to evaluate the in vitro activity of the essential oils Cinnamomum cassia, Eucalyptus citriodora; Eucalyptus globulus, Eugenia caryophyllus, Melaleuca alternifolia, Myristica fragans, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Rosamarinus officinalis, Salvia sclarea, Schinus terebinthifolius, Thymus vulgaris and Zingiber officinale as well as the chemical compounds of these essencial oils with the lowest minimum fungicidal concentrations on three biological isolates of Candida auris of human origin. Determine and evaluate in vitro the minimum fungicidal concentrations of the synthetic antifungals amphotericin B, ketoconazole, flucitocin, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole on Candida auris. To evaluate the antifungal activity and obtain the minimum fungicidal concentration (CFM), the broth microdilution technique was used in RPMI 1640 medium, plus Tween20 surfactant, and confirmation of inhibition in Sabouraud dextrose Agar, at 37ºC for 24 hours. For the evaluation of sensitivity to amphotericin B, ketoconazole, flucitocin, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole, the commercial test E-test® was used. The three isolates were resistant to the oils Myristica fragans, Shinus terebinthifolius and Zenziber officinale. The other essential oils showed inhibitory activity on Candida auris. The three isolates were more sensitive to Cinnamomum cassia essential oil, with CFM of 0.00001 µg/mL for isolate 1 and CFM of 0.10 µg/mL for isolate 2 and CFM of 0.05 µg/mL for isolate 3. Thymus vulgaris also showed lower fungicidal concentration for isolates 1 and 2, with CFM results of 684.76 µg/mL for isolate 1 and CFM of 171.19 µg/mL for isolate 2. The three biological isolates evaluated were more sensitive to cinnamic aldehyde, isoeugenol and timol, with the following results being found for isolates 1, 2 and 3 respectively: Cinnamic aldehyde - CFM 0.026µg/mL, 0.83 µg/mL and 3, 33 µg/ml; Isoeugenol CFM of 1.60 µg/ml, 1.60 µg/ml and 12.82 µg/ml; timol CFM of 2.93 µg/ml, 1.46 µg/ml and 11.74 µg/ml. The three isolates were resistant to chemical compounds: α-Humulene, ßCaryophyllene, γ-Terpinene and P-Cimene. For synthetic antifungal agents, 7 the three isolates were resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole. The MIC of amphotericin B was 0.50 µg / ml for isolates 1 and 3 and 0.75 µg / ml for isolate 2; for ketoconazole, MIC was 3 µg / ml for isolates 1 and 2 and 4 µg / ml for isolate 3; the MIC of flucitocin was 2 µg / ml for isolate 1, 1 µg / ml for isolate 2 and 1.5 µg / ml for isolate 3; for itraconazole the MIC was 4 µg / ml for the three isolates. According to the conditions of this research, the essential oils of Cinnamomum cassia, Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare and the chemical compounds cinnamic aldehyde, isoeugenol and thymol showed antifungal activity with the lowest concentrations of fungicides in biological isolates of Candida auris. (AU)

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Aim: Selenium-based compounds have antitumor potential. We used a ligand-based virtual screening analysis to identify selenoglycolicamides with potential antitumor activity. Results & Conclusion: Compounds 3, 6, 7 and 8 were selected for in vitro cytotoxicity tests against various cell lines, according to spectrophotometry results. Compound 3 presented the best cytotoxicity results against a promyelocytic leukemia line (HL-60) and was able to induce cell death at a frequency similar to that observed for doxorubicin. The docking study showed that compound 3 has good interaction energies with the targets caspase-3, 7 and 8, which are components of the apoptotic pathway. These results suggested that selenium has significant pharmacological potential for the selective targeting of tumor cells, inducing molecular and cellular events that culminate in tumor cell death.

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RESUMO Os ácidos carboxílicos (ACs) são componentes químicos de base produzidos principalmente a partir da plataforma petroquímica. Entretanto, em razão de impactos ambientais, risco de escassez e elevados preços do petróleo, a produção biológica de AC por meio da digestão anaeróbia de recursos renováveis de baixo custo, como resíduos orgânicos das atividades agroindustriais, vem recebendo atenção crescente. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo objetiva discutir o processo de digestão anaeróbia aliada ao alongamento de cadeia carboxílica, a fim de orientar tomadas de decisão, como, por exemplo, escolha do substrato e definição das condições ambientais e dos parâmetros operacionais. Em geral, as condições que apresentam melhor viabilidade para produção de ácidos carboxílicos de cadeia média (ACCM) são: pH próximo a 6,0; temperatura mesofílica, já que oferece maior estabilidade operacional e os rendimentos obtidos em condições termofílicas não se mostram muito superiores; pressão parcial de hidrogênio (PPH) próxima a 10-5 aliada à limitação de CO2; tempo de residência celular (θc) inferior a 5 dias; e tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) baixo para sistemas contínuos. Uma das configurações mais promissoras é o uso de sistemas de dois estágios utilizando baixo pH como inibidor da metanogênese e extração de ACs em linha, para evitar a inibição devido à toxicidade dos produtos.

ABSTRACT Carboxylic acids (CA) are basic chemical components produced mainly through the petrochemical platform. However, due to environmental impacts, risk of scarcity and high petroleum prices, organic production of CA from the anaerobic digestion of low-cost renewable resources, such as organic wastes from agro-industrial activities, has been receiving increasing attention. In this context, the present paper aims to discuss the process of anaerobic digestion allied to the carboxylic chain elongation process, in order to guide decision making such as substrate choice, definition of environmental conditions, and operational parameters. In general, the conditions that present the best viability for MCCA production are: pH close to 6.0; mesophilic temperature since it offers greater operational stability and the yields obtained under thermophilic conditions are not much higher; hydrogen partial pressure (HPP) close to 10-5 combined with CO2 limitation; solids retention time (θc) < 5 days and low hydraulic retention time (HRT) for continuous systems. One of the most promising configurations is the use of two-stage systems using low pH as a methanogenesis inhibitor and inline CA extraction to avoid inhibition due to product toxicity.

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Climatério é a passagem entre o período reprodutivo e não reprodutivo da mulher, caracterizado pelos fogachos e sudorese que geram alterações em sua qualidade de vida, podendo interferir no sono e nas atividades rotineiras. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade do sono e nível de insônia de mulheres no climatério e comparar com mulheres de ciclo menstrual regular. MÉTODO: A coleta de dados foi realizada de janeiro a abril de 2018. Foram coletados pessoais, data da última menstruação, uso de medicações, se pratica atividade física, uso de bebida alcoólica ou cigarro, além de dados antropométricos. Aplicou-se 3 questionários: o Índice Menopausal de Kupperman (IMK), aplicado nas mulheres que estavam no climatério; Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI-BR) e o Índice de gravidade da insônia. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi constituída por 53 mulheres sendo 30 com ciclo menstrual regular e 23 no período do climatério. A média de idade foi de 45±9 anos, peso de 70±7 kg e altura de 158 ±4 cm. Observou-se que em relação à gravidade da sintomatologia climatérica, 61% das mulheres obtinham sintomas moderados e apresentavam qualidade do sono ruim onde apenas as mulheres no climatério foram avaliadas com presença de distúrbio do sono e 67% das mulheres que estavam no climatério obtinham insônia leve a moderada. Houve diferença significativa entre a qualidade do sono (p=0,001) e a gravidade da insônia (p=0,014) entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Mulheres climatéricas possuem pior qualidade do sono e insônia leve a moderada em comparação com mulheres que menstruam regularmente.

Climacteric is the passage between the reproductive and non-reproductive period of women, characterized by hot flushes and sweating that generate changes in their quality of life, which may interfere with sleep and routine activities. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sleep quality and insomnia level of climacteric women and compare with women of regular menstrual cycle. METHODS: Data were collected from January to April 2018. Personal data, date of last menstruation, use of medication, physical activity, alcohol or cigarette use, and anthropometric data were collected. Three questionnaires were applied: the Kupperman Menopausal Index (IMK), applied to women who were in the climacteric; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-BR) and Insomnia Severity Index. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 53 women, 30 with regular menstrual cycle and 23 during climacteric. The average age was 45 ± 9 years, weight 70 ± 7 kg and height 158 ± 4 cm. Regarding the severity of climacteric symptoms, 61% of women had moderate symptoms and had poor sleep quality where only women in the climacteric were evaluated with the presence of sleep disorder and 67% of women in the climacteric had insomnia. mild to moderate. There was a significant difference between sleep quality (p = 0.001) and insomnia severity (p = 0.014) between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Climacteric women have worse sleep quality and mild to moderate insomnia compared to women who regularly menstruate.

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