RESUMO
While most soils in periglacial environments present high fluxes of CO2 (FCO2), CH4 (FCH4), and N2O (FN2O), few of them have a tendency to drain greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. This study aimed to assess greenhouse gas fluxes at different sub-Antarctic sites and time periods (at the beginning of thaw and height of summer). To investigate the time of year effect on greenhouse gas emissions, FCO2, FCH4, and FN2O were measured at two sites tundra-covered (Ti and Th) and Nothofagus forest soil (Nf) on Monte Martial, at the southernmost tip of South America, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. FCO2 ranged from 96.33 to 225.72⯵g CO2 m-2â¯s-1 across all sites and periods, showing a positive correlation with soil temperature (Ts) (4.1 and 8.2⯰C, respectively) (r2â¯>â¯0.7; pâ¯<â¯0.05). The highest values of FCO2 were found at Ti and Th (728.2 and 662.64⯵g CO2 m-2â¯s-1, respectively), which were related to higher temperatures (8.2 and 8.6⯰C, respectively) when compared to those of Nf. For FCH4, the capture (drain) occurred during both periods at Nf (-26 and -79⯵g C-CH4 m-2â¯h-1) as well as Ti and Th (-21 and 12⯵g C-CH4 m-2â¯h-1, respectively). FN2O also presented low values during both periods and showed a tendency to drain N2O from the atmosphere, especially at Nf (-2⯵gâ¯N-N2O m-2â¯h-1). In addition, FN2O was slightly positive for Ti and Th (0.3 and 0.55⯵gâ¯N-N2O m-2â¯h-1, respectively). Soil moisture did not show a correlation (pâ¯>â¯0.05) with the measured greenhouse gas fluxes. A scenario of increased temperatures might result in changes in the balance between the emissions and drains of these gases from soils, leading to higher emission values of CH4 and N2O, especially for tundra covered soils (Ti and Th), where the highest average fluxes and thermohydric variations were observed over the year.
RESUMO
Few studies have shown the importance of different pasture management practices on C storage and the reduction of CO2-C emissions in tropical conditions. The objective of the present study was to determine short-term changes in C pools and C balance from different pasture management practices established in the Atlantic Rainforest. A field study was carried out in Alegre, ES, Brazil from September 2013 to August 2014 to investigate the first-year effect of pasture management practices on a Udult clayey soil. The different pasture management practices studied included the following: control (CON), chiseled (CHI), fertilized (FER), burned (BUR), integrated with crop-livestock (iCL) systems, and plowed and harrowed (PH). Monthly disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken at two different layers (0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.20 m) for chemical, physical, and organic matter characterization. C inputs monitored in aboveground pools included plant aerial parts and litter, and belowground pools included roots and soil C stocks. C outputs monitored were CO2-C emissions, erosion water, and sediment. C balance was considered the difference between inputs and outputs in each treatment during four seasons. The spring and summer seasons had a strong influence on C inputs and outputs where there is significant difference between spring and summer, while the autumn and winter seasons had less influence. All pasture management practices exhibited positive C balance after 1 year. High values of C balance were verified in pastures fertilized (FER) (53.04 Mg ha-1 year-1. Intermediate C balance was found in the burned (BUR) (40.84 Mg ha-1 year-1), traditional control (CON) (40.31 Mg ha-1 year-1), and in the plowing and harrowing (PH) (40.02 Mg ha-1 year-1) management practices. The practices of chiseled (40.00 Mg ha-1 year-1) and integrated crop-livestock systems (iCL) (59.06 Mg ha-1 year-1) resulted in low C balance.
Assuntos
Ciclo do Carbono/fisiologia , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Floresta Úmida , Solo/química , Agricultura/métodos , Brasil , Mudança Climática , Plantas , ÁguaRESUMO
Insight of nutrient release patterns associated with the decomposition of plant residues is important for their effective use as a green manure in food production systems. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of the Century, APSIM and NDICEA simulation models for predicting the decomposition and N mineralization of crop residues in the tropical Atlantic forest biome, Brazil. The simulation models were calibrated based on actual decomposition and N mineralization rates of three types of crop residues with different chemical and biochemical composition. The models were also validated for different pedo-climatic conditions and crop residues conditions. In general, the accuracy of decomposition and N mineralization improved after calibration. Overall RMSE values for the decomposition and N mineralization of the crop materials varied from 7.4 to 64.6% before models calibration compared to 3.7 to 16.3 % after calibration. Therefore, adequate calibration of the models is indispensable for use them under humid tropical conditions. The NDICEA model generally outperformed the other models. However, the decomposition and N mineralization was not very accurate during the first 30 days of incubation, especially for easily decomposable crop residues. An additional model variable may be required to capture initial microbiological growth as affected by the moisture dynamics of the residues, as is the case in surface residues decomposition models.
RESUMO
Insight of nutrient release patterns associated with the decomposition of plant residues is important for their effective use as a green manure in food production systems. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of the Century, APSIM and NDICEA simulation models for predicting the decomposition and N mineralization of crop residues in the tropical Atlantic forest biome, Brazil. The simulation models were calibrated based on actual decomposition and N mineralization rates of three types of crop residues with different chemical and biochemical composition. The models were also validated for different pedo-climatic conditions and crop residues conditions. In general, the accuracy of decomposition and N mineralization improved after calibration. Overall RMSE values for the decomposition and N mineralization of the crop materials varied from 7.4 to 64.6% before models calibration compared to 3.7 to 16.3 % after calibration. Therefore, adequate calibration of the models is indispensable for use them under humid tropical conditions. The NDICEA model generally outperformed the other models. However, the decomposition and N mineralization was not very accurate during the first 30 days of incubation, especially for easily decomposable crop residues. An additional model variable may be required to capture initial microbiological growth as affected by the moisture dynamics of the residues, as is the case in surface residues decomposition models.
RESUMO
This study evaluates the impacts of converting natural Amazonian forests in Brazil to pasture dominated by Brachiaria brizantha concerning to C dynamics and humic fractions in two soil chronosequences in the Acre State, Brazil. The first site, dominated by Plinthic Red Yellow Argissols (Ultisols), is located in the municipality of Rio Branco and comprises an area of bamboo- and palm-dominated open forest with two B. brizantha pastures of 3 and 10 years old. The second site, dominated by a dystrophic Red Yellow Latosol (Oxisol), is located in the municipality of Senador Guiomard and comprises an area of dense forest and a 20-year old B. brizantha pasture. In each site soil samples were collected in triplicate at depths of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm. Samples were evaluated for physical and chemical characteristics, C of humic substances and light organic matter, and the isotopic composition of soil and its organic fractions to 1 m depth, determining the percentage of C derived of both grassland and forest. There were increases in stocks of soil C and 13C soil with the time of grazing in both sites. The percentage of C derived from pasture was much higher in the surface layer of the Senador Guiomard site following 20 years of grazing, with proportions that reached 70% of the total C. 13C values for the humic acids ranged from -12.19 to -17.57 , indicating a higher proportion of C derived from pasture. The MOS structural stability inferred by the relationship of the humin with both fulvic acid and humic acid fractions (HUM / FAF + FAH) tended to decrease in grassland ecosystems when compared with native forests.
O presente estudo avaliou as consequências do desmatamento e a utilização do solo com Brachiaria brizantha em relação ao estoque e dinâmica de C e frações húmicas em duas floresta-pastagem no Acre. A primeira localizada sequências município de Rio Branco em área de Floresta Aberta com bambu e palmeira e duas pastagens de B. brizantha de 3 e 10 anos com predomínio de Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo alítico plíntico. O segundo situado no município de Senador Guiomard em área de Floresta Densa e pastagem de B. brizantha de 20 anos em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. Em cada local foram coletadas, em triplicata, amostras de solos nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm. Nestas amostras foram avaliadas as características físico-químicas, o C das substâncias húmicas e da matéria orgânica leve, e a composição isotópica do solo e das respectivas frações orgânicas até 1 m de profundidade, determinando o percentual de C derivado da pastagem e da floresta. Houve incremento nos estoques de C do solo e nos valores de 13C do solo com o tempo de utilização da pastagem, em ambas as sucessões. A porcentagem de C derivado de pastagem foi expressiva na camada superficial do sistema com 20 anos de uso, com proporções que chegaram a 70% do C total. Os valores de 13C para os ácidos húmicos variaram de -12,19 a -17,57 , indicando maior proporção de C derivado da pastagem. A estabilidade estrutural da MOS, inferida pela relação humina com as frações ácido fúlvico e ácido húmico (HUM/FAF+FAH), tenderam a diminuir nos ecossistemas de pastagem quando comparada com as florestas naturais.
RESUMO
Soil organic matter of a humic Oxisol has been characterized by analyzing litter and soil lipid composition under vegetal covers (coffee, pasture and fragment of native forest). Soil and litter samples were collected from each site at two depths (0-10 and 60-100 cm). Lipid composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). In the solvent extracts of the soil lipids, even-numbered n-alkanoic acids in the range of C16-C32 indicate a soil organic matter input from higher plant waxes. The major compound classes in both the soil and the litter included saturated n-alkanoic acids, with average values in the total spectrum of 58 and 53%, respectively Clear differences in lipid composition were found between the topsoil and subsurface. Long chain alkylic compounds (alkanoic acids and alkanes) accumulated preferably at depths of 60-100 cm. On the surface, the soil from natural vegetation had a total lipid value higher than those cultivated soils, and showed a predominance of unsaturated alkanoic acids at 60-100 cm. Preservation of alkylic moieties with depth was observed under forest and pasture, indicating that these systems of land use are prone to lipid accumulation. Lipids, especially the long-chain (> C20) ones, may be important with regard to C stabilization and humification processes in subsoil of humic Oxisols, highlighting the importance of lipids compounds in the bulk structure of organic matter these soils.
A matéria orgânica de um Latossolo Húmico foi caracterizada por meio da análise da composição lipídica do solo e da serapilheira sob coberturas vegetais (café, pastagem e fragmento de mata nativa). Em cada área foram coletadas amostras de solo em duas profundidades (0-10 e 60-100 cm), assim como amostras da serapilheira. A composição lipídica foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa-espectroscopia de massa. No extrato lipídico do solo a ocorrência de ácidos alcanóicos com número par de carbonos (C16-C32) indicou presença de cera de plantas superiores na composição da matéria orgânica do solo. Tanto no solo quanto na serapilheira a principal classe de compostos incluiu n-alcanóicos saturados, com valores médios de 58 e 53% do total do cromatograma, respectivamente. Clara diferença foi encontrada entre os extratos lipídicos obtidos na superfície e subsuperfície do solo. Compostos alquílicos de cadeia longa (ácidos alcanóicos e alcanos) acumularam-se preferencialmente entre 60-100 cm. Superficialmente, o solo sob vegetação natural apresentou maiores teores de lipídios totais que os solos cultivados, mostrando também predominância de ácidos alcanóicos insaturados entre 60-100 cm. Nas áreas sob mata e pastagem houve, em profundidade, preservação de alcanos de cadeia curta; evidenciando maior conservação dos mesmos nestes sistemas de uso da terra. Os lipídios, especialmente os de cadeia longa (>20), podem ser muito importantes nos processos de estabilização e humificação do C em camadas subsuperficiais de Latossolos Húmicos, ressaltando a importância dos compostos lipídicos na composição da matéria orgânica destes solos.
RESUMO
Soil organic matter of a humic Oxisol has been characterized by analyzing litter and soil lipid composition under vegetal covers (coffee, pasture and fragment of native forest). Soil and litter samples were collected from each site at two depths (0-10 and 60-100 cm). Lipid composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). In the solvent extracts of the soil lipids, even-numbered n-alkanoic acids in the range of C16-C32 indicate a soil organic matter input from higher plant waxes. The major compound classes in both the soil and the litter included saturated n-alkanoic acids, with average values in the total spectrum of 58 and 53%, respectively Clear differences in lipid composition were found between the topsoil and subsurface. Long chain alkylic compounds (alkanoic acids and alkanes) accumulated preferably at depths of 60-100 cm. On the surface, the soil from natural vegetation had a total lipid value higher than those cultivated soils, and showed a predominance of unsaturated alkanoic acids at 60-100 cm. Preservation of alkylic moieties with depth was observed under forest and pasture, indicating that these systems of land use are prone to lipid accumulation. Lipids, especially the long-chain (> C20) ones, may be important with regard to C stabilization and humification processes in subsoil of humic Oxisols, highlighting the importance of lipids compounds in the bulk structure of organic matter these soils.
A matéria orgânica de um Latossolo Húmico foi caracterizada por meio da análise da composição lipídica do solo e da serapilheira sob coberturas vegetais (café, pastagem e fragmento de mata nativa). Em cada área foram coletadas amostras de solo em duas profundidades (0-10 e 60-100 cm), assim como amostras da serapilheira. A composição lipídica foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa-espectroscopia de massa. No extrato lipídico do solo a ocorrência de ácidos alcanóicos com número par de carbonos (C16-C32) indicou presença de cera de plantas superiores na composição da matéria orgânica do solo. Tanto no solo quanto na serapilheira a principal classe de compostos incluiu n-alcanóicos saturados, com valores médios de 58 e 53% do total do cromatograma, respectivamente. Clara diferença foi encontrada entre os extratos lipídicos obtidos na superfície e subsuperfície do solo. Compostos alquílicos de cadeia longa (ácidos alcanóicos e alcanos) acumularam-se preferencialmente entre 60-100 cm. Superficialmente, o solo sob vegetação natural apresentou maiores teores de lipídios totais que os solos cultivados, mostrando também predominância de ácidos alcanóicos insaturados entre 60-100 cm. Nas áreas sob mata e pastagem houve, em profundidade, preservação de alcanos de cadeia curta; evidenciando maior conservação dos mesmos nestes sistemas de uso da terra. Os lipídios, especialmente os de cadeia longa (>20), podem ser muito importantes nos processos de estabilização e humificação do C em camadas subsuperficiais de Latossolos Húmicos, ressaltando a importância dos compostos lipídicos na composição da matéria orgânica destes solos.
RESUMO
The modeling of biological processes has as objectives the planning of land use, setting environmental standards and estimating the actual and potential risks of the agricultural and environmental activities. Several models have been created in the last 25 years. Century is a mechanistic model that analyzes in long-term the dynamics of soil organic matter and of nutrients in soil-plant system in several agroecosystems. The soil organic matter submodel has the active (microbial biomass and products), slow (plant and microbial products that are physically protected or biologically resistant to decomposition) and passive (chemically recalcitrant or physically protected) pools with different decomposition rates. First-order equations are used to model all soil organic matter pools and soil moisture and temperature modifying decomposition rates. Turnover of active pool and formation of passive soil organic matter are mediated by sand and clay content, respectively. Plant residue is partitioned into pools dependent on the lignin and nitrogen content. Through the model, it can link organic matter at the fertility levels and the current and future management, optimizing the understanding of the transformations of the nutrients in soils of the several agroecosystems
A modelagem de processos biológicos tem por objetivos o planejamento do uso da terra, o estabelecimento de padrões ambientais e as estimativas dos riscos reais e potenciais das atividades agrícolas e ambientais. Diversos modelos têm sido criados nos últimos 25 anos. Century é um modelo mecanístico que analisa em longo prazo a dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo e de nutrientes no sistema solo-planta em diversos agroecossistemas. O submodelo de matéria orgânica do solo possui os compartimentos ativo (biomassa microbiana e produtos), lento (produtos microbianos e vegetais, fisicamente protegidos ou biologicamente resistentes à decomposição) e passivo (quimicamente recalcitrante ou também fisicamente protegido) com diferentes taxas de decomposição. Equações de primeira ordem são usadas para modelar todos os compartimentos da matéria orgânica do solo e a temperatura e umidade do solo modificam as taxas de decomposição. A reciclagem do compartimento ativo e a formação do passivo são controladas pelo teor de areia e de argila do solo, respectivamente. Os resíduos vegetais são divididos em compartimentos dependentes dos teores de lignina e nitrogênio. Por meio do modelo, pode-se relacionar matéria orgânica aos níveis de fertilidade e ao manejo atual e futuro, otimizando o entendimento das transformações dos nutrientes em solos de diversos agroecossistemas.
RESUMO
The modeling of biological processes has as objectives the planning of land use, setting environmental standards and estimating the actual and potential risks of the agricultural and environmental activities. Several models have been created in the last 25 years. Century is a mechanistic model that analyzes in long-term the dynamics of soil organic matter and of nutrients in soil-plant system in several agroecosystems. The soil organic matter submodel has the active (microbial biomass and products), slow (plant and microbial products that are physically protected or biologically resistant to decomposition) and passive (chemically recalcitrant or physically protected) pools with different decomposition rates. First-order equations are used to model all soil organic matter pools and soil moisture and temperature modifying decomposition rates. Turnover of active pool and formation of passive soil organic matter are mediated by sand and clay content, respectively. Plant residue is partitioned into pools dependent on the lignin and nitrogen content. Through the model, it can link organic matter at the fertility levels and the current and future management, optimizing the understanding of the transformations of the nutrients in soils of the several agroecosystems
A modelagem de processos biológicos tem por objetivos o planejamento do uso da terra, o estabelecimento de padrões ambientais e as estimativas dos riscos reais e potenciais das atividades agrícolas e ambientais. Diversos modelos têm sido criados nos últimos 25 anos. Century é um modelo mecanístico que analisa em longo prazo a dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo e de nutrientes no sistema solo-planta em diversos agroecossistemas. O submodelo de matéria orgânica do solo possui os compartimentos ativo (biomassa microbiana e produtos), lento (produtos microbianos e vegetais, fisicamente protegidos ou biologicamente resistentes à decomposição) e passivo (quimicamente recalcitrante ou também fisicamente protegido) com diferentes taxas de decomposição. Equações de primeira ordem são usadas para modelar todos os compartimentos da matéria orgânica do solo e a temperatura e umidade do solo modificam as taxas de decomposição. A reciclagem do compartimento ativo e a formação do passivo são controladas pelo teor de areia e de argila do solo, respectivamente. Os resíduos vegetais são divididos em compartimentos dependentes dos teores de lignina e nitrogênio. Por meio do modelo, pode-se relacionar matéria orgânica aos níveis de fertilidade e ao manejo atual e futuro, otimizando o entendimento das transformações dos nutrientes em solos de diversos agroecossistemas.
RESUMO
Fractal theoria application by determination of fractal dimension has been considered an alternative tool to explain the conformation of molecular aggregates. Its utilization in the study of humic substances (HS) aims the attempt to describe the limbed structure or the rugous and distorced surface of these substances. The presence of fractal models indicates that the system may be decomposed in parts, each part being a copy of the whole. In the experimental point of view the fractals models of natural systems may be measured through techniques as turbidimetry, x- ray and neutrons scattering. This paper seeks to facilitate the understanding on the application of the fractals in the conformational study of HS, supply information about fractal models foundation and use of the turbidimetry in the determination of fractal dimension.
A teoria fractal, por meio da determinação da dimensão fractal (D), tem sido considerada como uma alternativa para explicar a conformação de agregados moleculares. Sua utilização no estudo de substâncias húmicas (SH) reside na tentativa de descrever (representar) a estrutura ramificada ou a superfície rugosa e distorcida destas substâncias. A presença de um modelo fractal por sistemas naturais implica que este pode ser decomposto em partes, em que cada uma, subseqüentemente, é cópia do todo. Do ponto de vista experimental, a dimensão fractal de sistemas húmicos pode ser determinada a partir de técnicas como turbidimetria, raios x, espalhamento de neutrons, dentre outras. Este trabalho pretende facilitar o entendimento sobre a aplicação de fractais ao estudo conformacional de SH, introduzindo conceitos e informações sobre o fundamento dos modelos fractais, bem como sobre o uso da técnica turbidimétrica na determinação do valor D.