RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The participation of health professionals in designing interventions is considered vital to effective implementation, yet in areas such as clinical coordination is rarely promoted and evaluated. This study, part of Equity-LA II, aims to analyse the design process of interventions to improve clinical coordination, taking a participatory-action-research (PAR) approach, in healthcare networks of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay. This participatory process was planned in four phases, led by a local steering committee (LSC): (1) dissemination of problem analysis results and creation of professionals' platform, (2) selection of problems and intervention (3) intervention design and planning (4) adjustments after evaluation of first implementation stage. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative study based on documentary analysis, using a topic guide, was conducted in each intervention network. Documents produced regarding the intervention design process were selected. Thematic content analysis was conducted, generating mixed categories taken from the topic guide and identified from data. Main categories were LSC characteristics, type of design process (phases, participants' roles, methods) and associated difficulties, coordination problems and interventions selected. RESULTS: LSCs of similar composition (managers, professionals and researchers) were established, with increasing membership in Chile and high turnover in Argentina, Colombia and Mexico. Following results dissemination and selection of problems and interventions (more participatory in Chile and Colombia: 200-479 participants), the interventions were designed and planned, resulting in three different types of processes: (1) short initial design with adjustments after first implementation stage, in Colombia, Brazil and Mexico; (2) longer, more participatory process, with multiple cycles of action/reflection and pilot tests, in Chile; (3) open-ended design for ongoing adaptation, in Argentina and Uruguay. Professionals' time and the political cycle were the main barriers to participation. The clinical coordination problem selected was limited communication between primary and secondary care doctors. To address it, through discussions guided by context and feasibility criteria, interventions based on mutual feedback were selected. CONCLUSIONS: As expected in a flexible PAR process, its rollout differed across countries in participation and PAR cycles. Results show that PAR can help to design interventions adapted to context and offers lessons that can be applied in other contexts.
Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , América Latina , Pessoal de Saúde , MéxicoRESUMO
Healthcare coordination is considered key to improving care quality. Although participatory action research (PAR) has been used effectively to bridge the gap between evidence and practice in other areas, little is known about the key success factors of its use in healthcare organizations. This article analyses the factors influencing the implementation of PAR interventions to improve clinical coordination from the perspective of actors in public healthcare networks of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay. A qualitative, descriptive-interpretative study was conducted in each country's healthcare network. Focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews were conducted to a criterion sample of: local steering committee (LSC) (29), professional platform (PP) (28), health professionals (49) and managers (28). Thematic content analysis was conducted, segmented by country and themes. The PAR process led by the LSC covered the return of baseline results, selection of problems and interventions and design, implementation and adjustment of the intervention, with PP. Interventions were implemented to improve communication and clinical agreement between primary and secondary care. Results reveal that contextual factors, the PAR process and the intervention's content influenced their implementation, interacting across time. First, institutional support providing necessary resources, and professionals' and managers' willingness to participate, emerge as contextual pivotal factors, influenced by other factors related to: the system (alignment with policy and political cycle), networks (lack of time due to work overload and inadequate working conditions) and individuals (not knowing each other and mutual mistrust). Second, different characteristics of the PAR process have a bearing, in turn, on institutional support and professionals' motivation: participation, flexibility, consensual decision-making, the LSC's leadership and the facilitating role of researchers. Evidence is provided that implementation through an adequate PAR process can become a factor of motivation and cohesion that is crucial to the adoption of care coordination interventions, leading to better results when certain contextual factors converge.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Qualitativa , Brasil , Chile , Colômbia , Humanos , América Latina , MéxicoRESUMO
Objetivo: evaluar la coordinación de atención entre niveles y factores que influyen a partir de experiencia de médicos de primer y segundo nivel en subredes del sistema público Municipalidad de Rosario. Método: Estudio transversal, encuestas presenciales a médicos de Primer (AP) y Segundo (AE) nivel. Análisis univariado y bivariado. Resultados: similares en subredes. Bajo intercambio de información, pero alta valoración. Remisión oportuna entre niveles; prevalece entre AP existencia de acuerdos de indicaciones de médicos de AE. No se repiten estudios. AP es responsable del seguimiento del paciente, AE envía a pacientes al primer nivel post consulta, AE hacen recomendaciones a AP y AP consultan dudas a AE. La minoría percibe atención coordinada. Factores que influyen: edad, nivel de atención, antigüedad de trabajo, red de atención, tiempo/paciente, tiempo para coordinación en consulta, satisfacción salarial y confianza en habilidades clínicas. Conclusiones: rasgos comunes con particularidades producto de la construcción de redes locales.
The objective was to evaluate care coordination between levels and influential factors from the experience of Primary Care (PC) and Secondary Care (SC) level doctors in subnets of the public system in the city of Rosario. Methods: Cross sectional study, based on face-to-face surveys to doctors of first and second care levels. Univariate and bivariate analysis. Results: similar in both subnets. Low information exchange, but highly valued. Adequate remission between levels, agreements among PC with SC's recommendations. Studies are not repeated. PC doctor is responsible for the patient's follow up; SC doctor sends patients for a follow up consultation with PC doctor, SC makes recommendations to PC and PC asks doubts to SC. A minority perceives coordinated care. Age, care level, seniority at work, care network, time/patient, coordination time in consultation, satisfaction with salary, and confidence on clinical abilities are influential factors. Conclusions: common features with particularities due to the construction of local networks.
O objetivo foi avaliar a coordenação do atendimento entre níveis e fatores que influenciam a partir da experiência de médicos de primeiro e segundo nível em sub-redes do sistema público do município de Rosário. O método foi um estudo transversal, enquetes presenciais a médicos do primeiro (AP) e segundo (AE) nível. Análise univariada e bivariada. Resultados: semelhantes em sub-redes. Baixa troca de informações, mas alta valorização. Transmissão oportuna entre os níveis; a existência de acordos de indicações de médicos de EA prevalece entre aqueles de AP. Nenhum estudo é repetido. AP é responsável pelo acompanhamento do paciente. AE envia pacientes para o primeiro nível após consulta, AE faz recomendações para dúvidas de AP, e AP consulta dúvidas para AE. A minoria percebe atenção coordenada. Fatores que influenciam: idade, nível de cuidados, antigüidade no serviço, rede de cuidados, tempo / paciente, tempo de coordenação da consulta, satisfação salarial e confiança nas habilidades clínicas. Conclusões: características comuns com particularidades decorrentes da construção de redes locais.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Colaboração Intersetorial , Argentina , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Atenção Secundária à Saúde , Sistemas de Saúde/organização & administração , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à SaúdeRESUMO
Improving coordination between primary care (PC) and secondary care (SC) has become a policy priority in recent years for many Latin American public health systems looking to reinforce a healthcare model based on PC. However, despite being a longstanding concern, it has scarcely been analyzed in this region. This paper analyses the level of clinical coordination between PC and SC experienced by doctors and explores influencing factors in public healthcare networks of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay. A cross-sectional study was carried out based on a survey of doctors working in the study networks (348 doctors per country). The COORDENA questionnaire was applied to measure their experiences of clinical management and information coordination, and their related factors. Descriptive analyses were conducted and a multivariate logistic regression model was generated to assess the relationship between general perception of care coordination and associated factors. With some differences between countries, doctors generally reported limited care coordination, mainly in the transfer of information and communication for the follow-up of patients and access to SC for referred patients, especially in the case of PC doctors and, to a lesser degree, inappropriate clinical referrals and disagreement over treatments, in the case of SC doctors. Factors associated with a better general perception of coordination were: being a SC doctor, considering that there is enough time for coordination within consultation hours, job and salary satisfaction, identifying the PC doctor as the coordinator of patient care across levels, knowing the doctors of the other care level and trusting in their clinical skills. These results provide evidence of problems in the implementation of a primary care-based model that require changes in aspects of employment, organization and interaction between doctors, all key factors for coordination.
Assuntos
Comportamento Cooperativo , Médicos/organização & administração , Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Adulto , Argentina , Brasil , Chile , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , América Latina , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde Pública/métodos , Saúde Pública/tendências , Atenção Secundária à Saúde/métodos , Atenção Secundária à Saúde/organização & administração , Inquéritos e Questionários , UruguaiRESUMO
Despite the fragmentation of healthcare provision being considered one of the main obstacles to attaining effective health care in Latin America, very little is known about patients' perceptions. This paper analyses the level of continuity of health care perceived by users and explores influencing factors in two municipalities of Colombia and Brazil, by means of a cross-sectional study based on a survey of a multistage probability sample of people who had suffered at least one health problem within the previous three months (2163 in Colombia; 2167 in Brazil). An adapted and validated version of the CCAENA© (Questionnaire of care continuity across levels of health care) was applied. Logistic regression models were generated to assess the relationship between perceptions of the different types of health care continuity and sociodemographic characteristics, health needs, and organizational factors. The results show lower levels of continuity across care levels in information transfer and care coherence and higher levels for the ongoing patient-doctor relationship, albeit with differences between the two countries. They also show greater consistency of doctors in the Brazilian study areas, especially in primary care. Consistency of doctors was not only positively associated with the patient-doctor ongoing relationship in the study areas of both countries, but also with information transfer and care coherence across care levels. The study area and health needs (the latter negatively for patients with poor self-rated health and positively for those with at least one chronic condition) were associated with all types of continuity of care. The influence of the sex or income varied depending on the country. The influence of the insurance scheme in the Colombian sample was not statistically significant. Both countries should implement policies to improve coordination between care levels, especially regarding information transfer and job stability for primary care doctors, both key factors to guarantee quality of care.
Assuntos
Continuidade da Assistência ao Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Relações Médico-Paciente , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Brasil , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Classe SocialRESUMO
Although integrated healthcare networks (IHNs) are promoted in Latin America in response to health system fragmentation, few analyses on the coordination of care across levels in these networks have been conducted in the region. The aim is to analyse the existence of healthcare coordination across levels of care and the factors influencing it from the health personnel' perspective in healthcare networks of two countries with different health systems: Colombia, with a social security system based on managed competition and Brazil, with a decentralized national health system. A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive-interpretative study was conducted, based on a case study of healthcare networks in four municipalities. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with a three stage theoretical sample of (a) health (112) and administrative (66) professionals of different care levels, and (b) managers of providers (42) and insurers (14). A thematic content analysis was conducted, segmented by cases, informant groups and themes. The results reveal poor clinical information transfer between healthcare levels in all networks analysed, with added deficiencies in Brazil in the coordination of access and clinical management. The obstacles to care coordination are related to the organization of both the health system and the healthcare networks. In the health system, there is the existence of economic incentives to compete (exacerbated in Brazil by partisan political interests), the fragmentation and instability of networks in Colombia and weak planning and evaluation in Brazil. In the healthcare networks, there are inadequate working conditions (temporary and/or part-time contracts) which hinder the use of coordination mechanisms, and inadequate professional training for implementing a healthcare model in which primary care should act as coordinator in patient care. Reforms are needed in these health systems and networks in order to modify incentives, strengthen the state planning and supervision functions and improve professional working conditions and skills.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Redes Comunitárias , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/organização & administração , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Política , Brasil , Colômbia , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Saúde Pública , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The fragmentation of healthcare provision has given rise to a wide range of interventions within organizations to improve coordination across levels of care, primarily in high income countries but also in some middle and low-income countries. The aim is to analyze the use of coordination mechanisms in healthcare networks and its implications for the delivery of health care. This is studied from the perspective of health personnel in two countries with different health systems, Colombia and Brazil. METHODS: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive-interpretative study was conducted, based on a case study of healthcare networks in two municipalities in each country. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with a three stage theoretical sample of a) health (112) and administrative (66) professionals of different care levels, and b) managers of providers (42) and insurers (14). A thematic content analysis was conducted, segmented by cases, informant groups and themes. RESULTS: The results show that care coordination mechanisms are poorly implemented in general. However, the results are marginally better in certain segments of the Colombian networks analyzed (ambulatory centres with primary and secondary care co-location owned by or tied to the contributory scheme insurers, and public providers of the subsidized scheme); and in the network of the state capital in Brazil. Professionals point to numerous problems in the use of existing mechanisms, such as the insufficient recording of information in referral forms, low frequency and level of participation in shared clinical sessions, low adherence to the few available clinical guidelines and the lack of or inadequate referral of patients by the patient referral centres, particularly in the Brazilian networks. The absence or limited use of care coordination mechanisms leads, according to informants, to the inadequate follow-up of patients, interruptions in care and duplication of tests. Professionals use informal strategies to try to overcome these limitations. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate not only the limited implementation of mechanisms for coordination across care levels, but also a limited use of existing mechanisms in the healthcare networks analyzed. This has a negative impact on coordination, efficiency and quality of care. Organizational changes are required in the networks and healthcare systems to address these problems.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/organização & administração , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/organização & administração , Eficiência Organizacional , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Relações Interprofissionais , Melhoria de Qualidade/organização & administração , Adulto , Brasil , Colômbia , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/estatística & dados numéricos , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Melhoria de Qualidade/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Regional-based Integrated Healthcare Networks (IHNs) have been promoted in Brazil to overcome the fragmentation due to the health system decentralization to the municipal level; however, evaluations are scarce. The aim of this article is to analyse the content of IHN policies in force in Brazil, and the factors that influence policy implementation from the policymakers' perspective. METHODS: A two-fold, exploratory and descriptive qualitative study was carried out based on (1) content analysis of policy documents selected to meet the following criteria: legislative documents dealing with regional-based IHNs; enacted by federal government; and in force, (2) semi-structured individual interviews were conducted to a theoretical sample of policymakers at federal (eight), state (five) and municipal levels (four). Final sample size was reached by saturation of information. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The results show difficulties in the implementation of IHN policies due to weaknesses that arise from the policy design and the performance of the three levels of government. There is a lack of specificity as to the criteria and tools for configuring and financing IHNs that need to be agreed upon between involved governments. For their part, policymakers emphasize the difficulty of establishing agreements in a health system with disincentives for collaboration between municipalities. The allocation of responsibilities that are too complex for the capacity and size of the municipalities, the abandonment of essential functions such as network planning by states and the strategic role by the Ministry, the 'invasion' of competences among levels of government and high political turnover are also highlighted. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of regional-based IHN policy in Brazil is hampered by the decentralized organization of the health system to the municipal level, suggesting the need to centralize certain functions to regional structures or states and to define better the role of the government levels involved.
Assuntos
Pessoal Administrativo/psicologia , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/organização & administração , Política de Saúde , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Regionalização da Saúde , Brasil , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Governo Local , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of different healthcare levels, and its determinants, in two different health systems, the General System of Social Security in Health (GSSSH) and the Unified Health System (UHS) in municipalities in Colombia and Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out, based on a population survey in two municipalities in Colombia (n=2163) and two in Brazil (n=2155). Outcome variables consisted of the use of primary care services, outpatient secondary care services, and emergency care in the previous 3 months. Explanatory variables were need and predisposing and enabling factors. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed by healthcare level and country. RESULTS: The determinants of use differed by healthcare level and country: having a chronic disease was associated with a greater use of primary and outpatient secondary care in Colombia, and was also associated with the use of emergency care in Brazil. In Colombia, persons enrolled in the contributory scheme more frequently used the services of the GSSSH than persons enrolled with subsidized contributions in primary and outpatient secondary care and more than persons without insurance in any healthcare level. In Brazil, the low-income population and those without private insurance more frequently used the UHS at any level. In both countries, the use of primary care was increased when persons knew the healthcare center to which they were assigned and if they had a regular source of care. Knowledge of the referral hospital increased the use of outpatient secondary care and emergency care. CONCLUSIONS: In both countries, the influence of the determinants of use differed according to the level of care used, emphasizing the need to analyze healthcare use by disaggregating it by level of care.
Assuntos
Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Previdência Social/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Assistência Ambulatorial/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Área Programática de Saúde , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Doença Crônica , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Cobertura do Seguro , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/organização & administração , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Pobreza , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Amostragem , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Maintained dedication to primary care has fostered a public health delivery system with exceptional outcomes in Costa Rica. For more than a decade, management commitments have been part of Costa Rican health reform. We assessed the effect of the Costa Rican management commitments on access and quality of care and on compliance with their intended objectives. We constructed seven hypotheses on opinions of primary care providers. Through a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach, we tested these hypotheses and interpreted the research findings. Management commitments consume an excessive proportion of consultation time, inflate recordkeeping, reduce comprehensiveness in primary care consultations, and induce a disproportionate consumption of hospital emergency services. Their formulation relies on norms in need of optimization, their control on unreliable sources. They also affect professionalism. In Costa Rica, management commitments negatively affect access and quality of care and pose a threat to the public service delivery system. The failures of this pay-for-performance-like initiative in an otherwise well-performing health system cast doubts on the appropriateness of pay-for-performance for health systems strengthening in less advanced environments.
Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Países em Desenvolvimento , Programas de Assistência Gerenciada/organização & administração , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/organização & administração , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Costa Rica , Atenção à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/organização & administração , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/organização & administração , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Encaminhamento e Consulta/organização & administração , Encaminhamento e Consulta/estatística & dados numéricos , Revisão da Utilização de Recursos de SaúdeRESUMO
There are few comprehensive studies available on barriers encountered from the initial seeking of healthcare through to the resolution of the health problem; in other words, on access in its broad domain. For Colombia and Brazil, countries with different healthcare systems but common stated principles, there have been no such analyses to date. This paper compares factors that influence access in its broad domain in two municipalities of each country, by means of a cross-sectional study based on a survey of a multistage probability sample of people who had had at least one health problem within the last three months (2163 in Colombia and 2155 in Brazil). The results reveal important barriers to healthcare access in both samples, with notable differences between and within countries, once differences in sociodemographic characteristics and health needs are accounted for. In the Colombian study areas, the greatest barriers were encountered in initial access to healthcare and in resolving the problem, and similarly when entering the health service in the Brazilian study areas. Differences can also be detected in the use of services: in Colombia greater geographical and economic barriers and the need for authorization from insurers are more relevant, whereas in Brazil, it is the limited availability of health centres, doctors and drugs that leads to longer waiting times. There are also differences according to enrolment status and insurance scheme in Colombia, and between areas in Brazil. The barriers appear to be related to the Colombian system's segmented, non-universal nature, and to the involvement of insurance companies, and to chronic underfunding of the public system in Brazil. Further research is required, but the results obtained reveal critical points to be tackled by health policies in both countries.
Assuntos
Cidades , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Health system reforms are undertaken with the aim of improving equity of access to health care. Their impact is generally analyzed based on health care utilization, without distinguishing between levels of care. This study aims to analyze inequities in access to the continuum of care in municipalities of Brazil and Colombia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted based on a survey of a multistage probability sample of people who had had at least one health problem in the prior three months (2,163 in Colombia and 2,167 in Brazil). The outcome variables were dichotomous variables on the utilization of curative and preventive services. The main independent variables were income, being the holder of a private health plan and, in Colombia, type of insurance scheme of the General System of Social Security in Health (SGSSS). For each country, the prevalence of the outcome variables was calculated overall and stratified by levels of per capita income, SGSSS insurance schemes and private health plan. Prevalence ratios were computed by means of Poisson regression models with robust variance, controlling for health care need. RESULTS: There are inequities in favor of individuals of a higher socioeconomic status: in Colombia, in the three different care levels (primary, outpatient secondary and emergency care) and preventive activities; and in Brazil, in the use of outpatient secondary care services and preventive activities, whilst lower-income individuals make greater use of the primary care services. In both countries, inequity in the use of outpatient secondary care is more pronounced than in the other care levels. Income in both countries, insurance scheme enrollment in Colombia and holding a private health plan in Brazil all contribute to the presence of inequities in utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty years after the introduction of reforms implemented to improve equity in access to health care, inequities, defined in terms of unequal use for equal need, are still present in both countries. The design of the health systems appears to determine access to the health services: two insurance schemes in Colombia with different benefits packages and a segmented system in Brazil, with a significant private component.
Assuntos
Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/normas , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Renda , Lactente , Seguro Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Regressão , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Se presentan resultados en Argentina de la segunda etapa de un estudio multicéntrico sobre Atención Primaria en Salud, realizado por la Universidad Nacional de Lanús y por la Red de Investigación en Sistemas y Servicios de Salud del Cono Sur, financiado por el International Development Research Center (Canadá). Se indagó sobre la traducción en servicios, prácticas y procesos de los abordajes y modelos de la Atención Primaria en Salud. Eso es un estudio de caso que aplicó el cuestionario de Evaluación Rápida de Atención Primaria en Salud (Barbara Starfield; adaptación y validación por Almeida/Macinko) a usuarios y profesionales de centros de salud del Municipio de Lanús. Se entrevistó a gestores y fueron realizados talleres participativos. Los resultados señalan que el índice global de desempeño de la Atención Primaria en Salud en el municipio fue satisfactorio, con puntuaciones altas en las dimensiones 'vínculo con profesionales' y 'formación profesional', y bajas en 'acceso' y 'orientación a la comunidad'.
Results of the second phase of a multicenter study on Primary Health Care are here presented, which were implemented by the National University of Lanús and by the Network of Research on Health Systems and Services of the Southern Cone, financed by the International Development Research Center (Canada). The objective of this phase was to describe the translation of Primary Health Care models into practices, services, and processes. It is a case study that applied the survey of Primary Health Care Fast Evaluation (Barbara Starfield, adaptation by Almeida/Macinko) to users and staff of health centers at Lanús municipality. Primary Health Care managers were interviewed, and participatory workshops were organized. Results indicate that the global index of performance of the Primary Health Care in the municipality was satisfactory with high scores on the dimensions 'professional link' and 'professional training', and low on 'access' and on 'community guidance'.
RESUMO
Health sector reform was implemented in many Latin American countries in the 1980s and 1990s, leading to reduced public expenditure on health, limitations on public provision for disease control, and a minimum package of services, with concomitant growth of the private sector. At first sight, Ecuador appeared to follow a different pattern: no formal reform was implemented, despite many plans to reform the Ministry of Health and social health insurance. The authors conducted an in-depth review and analysis of published and gray literature on the Ecuadorian health sector from 1990 onward. They found that although neoliberal reform of the health sector was not openly implemented, many of its typical elements are present: severe reduction of public budgets, "universal" health insurance with limited coverage for targeted groups, and contracting out to private providers. The health sector remains segmented and fragmented, explaining the population's poor health status. The leftist Correa government has prepared an excellent long-term plan to unite services of the Ministry of Health and social security, but implementation is extremely slow. In conclusion, the health sector in Ecuador suffered a "silent" neoliberal reform. President Correa's progressive government intends to reverse this, increasing public budgets for health, but hesitates to introduce needed radical changes.
Assuntos
Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Equador , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Gastos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Assistência Médica/organização & administração , Indicadores de Qualidade em Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Cobertura Universal do Seguro de Saúde/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
Costa Rica is a middle-income country with a strong governmental emphasis on human development. For more than half a century, its health policies have applied the principles of equity and solidarity to strengthen access to care through public services and universal social health insurance. Costa Rica's population measures of health service coverage, health service use, and health status are excellent, and in the Americas, life expectancy in Costa Rica is second only to that in Canada. Many of these outcomes can be linked to the performance of the public health care system. However, the current emphasis of international aid organizations on privatization of health services threatens the accomplishments and universality of the Costa Rican health care system.
Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Política de Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Costa Rica , Países em Desenvolvimento , Grupos Focais , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Humanos , Entrevistas como AssuntoRESUMO
Integrating disease control with health care delivery increases the prospects for successful disease control. This paper examines whether current international aid policy tends to allocate disease control and curative care to different sectors, preventing such integration. Typically, disease control has been conceptualized in vertical programs. This changed with the Alma Ata vision of comprehensive care, but was soon encouraged again by the Selective Primary Health Care concept. Documents are analyzed from the most influential actors in the field, e.g. World Health Organization, World Bank, and European Union. These agencies do indeed have a doctrine on international aid policy: to allocate disease control to the public sector and curative health care to the private sector, wherever possible. We examine whether there is evidence to support such a doctrine. Arguments justifying integration are discussed, as well as those that critically analyze the consequences of non-integration. Answers are sought to the crucial question of why important stakeholders continue to insist on separating disease control from curative care. We finally make a recommendation for all international actors to address health care and disease control together, from a systems perspective.
Assuntos
Política de Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , Agências Internacionais , Administração dos Cuidados ao Paciente , Humanos , Comunicação Interdisciplinar , Cooperação Internacional , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Setor Privado , Setor Público , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
La reforma del sector salud en Colombia en 1993 se fundamentó en el paradigma defendido internacionalmente de la privatización de los servicios de atención médica. Teniendo en cuenta la falta de evidencia empírica en la aplicación de este concepto en los países en desarrollo y la experiencia documentada de fracasos en otros países, Colombia trató de superar estos problemas a través de un modelo teóricamente sólido pero, a la vez, complicado. Después de 10 años de la implementación de la Ley 100, una revisión de la literatura muestra que los objetivos propuestos de cobertura universal y acceso equitativo a atención de alta calidad no se han logrado. A pesar de un gran aumento en los costos y un incremento considerable en los gastos públicos y privados en salud más del 40% de la población aún no está cubierto por la seguridad en salud y el acceso a la atención médica es cada vez más difícil. Además, indicadores claves de salud y programas de control de enfermedades han desmejorado. Estas conclusiones confirman los resultados en otros países de ingresos medios y bajos. Los autores sugieren que la explicación radica en la ineficiencia de la subcontratación con terceros, la débil capacidad económica, técnica y política del gobierno colombiano para regular y controlar y la ausencia de participación real de los pobres en la toma de decisiones sobre políticas de salud.
The reform of the Colombian health sector in 1993 was founded on the internationally advocated paradigm of privatization of health care delivery. Taking into account the lack of empirical evidence for the applicability of this concept to developing countries and the documented experience of failures in other countries, Colombia tried to overcome these problems by a theoretically sound, although complicated, model. Some ten years after the implementation of "Law 100," a review of the literature shows that the proposed goals of universal coverage and equitable access to high-quality care have not been reached. Despite an explosion in costs and a considerable increase in public and private health expenditure, more than 40 percent of the population is still not covered by health insurance, and access to health care proves uncreasingly difficult. Furthermore, key health indicators and disease control programs have deteriorated. These findings confirm the results in other middle- and low-income countries. The authors suggest the explanation lies in the inefficiency of contracting-out, the weak economic, technical, and political capacity of the Colombian government for regulation and control, and the absence of real participation of the poor in decision-making on (health) policies.
Assuntos
Previdência SocialRESUMO
Integrating disease control with health care delivery increases the prospects for successful disease control. This paper examines whether current international aid policy tends to allocate disease control and curative care to different sectors, preventing such integration. Typically, disease control has been conceptualized in vertical programs. This changed with the Alma Ata vision of comprehensive care, but was soon encouraged again by the Selective Primary Health Care concept. Documents are analyzed from the most influential actors in the field, e.g. World Health Organization, World Bank, and European Union. These agencies do indeed have a doctrine on international aid policy: to allocate disease control to the public sector and curative health care to the private sector, wherever possible. We examine whether there is evidence to support such a doctrine. Arguments justifying integration are discussed, as well as those that critically analyze the consequences of non-integration. Answers are sought to the crucial question of why important stakeholders continue to insist on separating disease control from curative care. We finally make a recommendation for all international actors to address health care and disease control together, from a systems perspective.
El control de enfermedades es más factible cuando se encuentra integrado con los servicios curativos de salud. Este artículo examina si la actual política de cooperación tiende a atribuir el control de enfermedades y servicios curativos a distintos sectores, impidiendo así su integración. Tradicionalmente, el control de enfermedades fue conceptualizado en programas verticales. Eso cambió mediante la visión comprensiva de Alma Ata, para luego ser reinstaurado por el enfoque de la Salud Primaria Selectiva. Analizamos documentos de los actores más influyentes, tales como la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el Banco Mundial y la Unión Europea. Estas agencias sí tienen una doctrina en cooperación: la de colocar control de enfermedades dentro del sector público y servicios curativos dentro del sector privado, donde sea posible. Examinamos si hay un respaldo científico detrás de esta doctrina. Ponderamos los argumentos en pro de integración con las consecuencias descritas de no-integración. Determinamos cuáles son los motivos de los actores claves para seguir separando el control de enfermedades de los servicios curativos. Recomendamos, finalmente, a los actores que apoyen simultáneamente el control de enfermedades, los servicios y los sistemas de salud.
Assuntos
Humanos , Política de Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , Agências Internacionais , Administração dos Cuidados ao Paciente , Comunicação Interdisciplinar , Cooperação Internacional , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Setor Privado , Setor Público , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
The reform of the Colombian health sector in 1993 was founded on the internationally advocated paradigm of privatization of health care delivery. Taking into account the lack of empirical evidence for the applicability of this concept to developing countries and the documented experience of failures in other countries, Colombia tried to overcome these problems by a theoretically sound, although complicated, model. Some ten years after the implementation of "Law 100," a review of the literature shows that the proposed goals of universal coverage and equitable access to high-quality care have not been reached. Despite an explosion in costs and a considerable increase in public and private health expenditure, more than 40 percent of the population is still not covered by health insurance, and access to health care proves uncreasingly difficult. Furthermore, key health indicators and disease control programs have deteriorated. These findings confirm the results in other middle- and low-income countries. The authors suggest the explanation lies in the inefficiency of contracting-out, the weak economic, technical, and political capacity of the Colombian government for regulation and control, and the absence of real participation of the poor in decision-making on (health) policies.