RESUMO

Avermectins and moxidectin are antiparasitics widely used as active pharmaceutical ingredients in veterinary medicine, as well as in pesticide formulations for pest control in agriculture. Although the use of these compounds provides benefits to agribusiness, they can impact the environment, since a large part of these substances may reach the soil and water from the excreta of treated animals and following direct applications to crops. The present work had the objective of evaluating the dissipation behaviors of abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, and moxidectin in four native Brazilian soils of different textural classes (clay, sandy-clay, sandy, and sandy-clay-loam), following OECD Guideline 307. The studies were conducted in a climate chamber at 22 °C, 71% relative humidity, and protected from light. The dissipation studies were carried out with all drugs together, since no difference was verified when studies were done with each drug separately. The concentrations of the drugs in the soils were determined using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a fluorescence detector or a tandem mass spectrometer. The dissipation half-life (DT50) values ranged from 9 to 16 days and the calculated GUS index values were in the range from -1.10 to 0.08, indicating low mobility of the drugs in the soils evaluated and low tendency for leaching. In addition, a field study was carried out to evaluate the dissipation of abamectin after application of a foliar pesticide in an orange crop. A DT50 of 9 days was determined, which was similar to that obtained under controlled conditions in the climate chamber (12 days), indicating that biotransformation was the primary process influencing the overall dissipation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Brazil is one of the world's largest producers of animal protein, requiring the large-scale use of veterinary drugs. The administration of antimicrobials and antiparasitics is a common practice. However, there is a lack of information on how these drugs impact the environment. Antimicrobials are capable of altering the soil microbial population and are responsible for the development of multidrug-resistant microbial strains. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the fate and transport of these compounds in the environment, and one parameter used for this purpose is the soil-water partition coefficient. In this work, an assessment was made of the soil sorption behaviors of 18 drugs from seven different families, including antimicrobials (sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, amphenicols, and macrolides) and antiparasitic drugs (milbemycin, avermectins, and benzimidazoles). Seven subtropical soils of different textural classes were tested. The Freundlich sorption coefficients, expressed as µg1-1/n (cm3)1/n g-1, were in the following ranges: 0.45 to 19 (sulfonamides), 72 to 2410 (fluoroquinolones), 9 to 58 (thiabendazole), 0.03 to 0.48 (florfenicol), 105 to 424 (moxidectin), 14 to 184 (avermectins), and 1.5 to 74 (macrolides). The results showed that the drugs belonging to the same family, with chemical structures in common, presented similar behaviors regarding sorption and desorption, for the different soils tested and are generally in agreement with soils from temperate regions. The data set obtained in this work give an overview of the fate of the veterinary drugs in Brazilian subtropical soils with different textures and composition and can be very helpful for exposure risk assessments.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Avermectins and milbemycin are widely used as veterinary drugs and as agricultural pesticides, and their residues have been detected in soil. This study reports a simple and high-throughput method for determining ivermectin (IVER), abamectin (ABA), doramectin (DORA), eprinomectin (EPRI), and moxidectin (MOXI) residues in soils, employing an on-line solid-phase extraction technique coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS). The method was validated and applied for the determination of ABA in soils from an orange plantation treated with this pesticide. The sample preparation procedure consisted of extraction of the compounds from soil using methanol (with recoveries of 73-85%), and subsequent on-line SPE cleanup and concentration using a C8 sorbent coupled to the UHPLC-MS/MS system. The optimal conditions were: water:methanol (40:60, v/v) sample solvent; water:methanol (96:4, v/v) loading solvent; 2×250µL sample volume; and elution of the analytes retained on the SPE column in back flush with 5mmolL-1 ammonium acetate:acetonitrile (10:90, v/v) chromatographic mobile phase. The method produced linear results in the ranges 0.1-10ngg-1 (IVER, ABA, DORA, and MOXI) and 0.5-10ngg-1 (EPRI), with linearity greater than 0.99. The precision of the method was better than 19% and accuracy was in the range 74-89%. The limits of quantitation were 0.2ngg-1 for EPRI and 0.1ngg-1 for the other compounds. The SPE column could be reused in more than 2000 analyses without loss of efficiency. The ABA concentration in the soil varied between 1.7 and 18ngg-1, and no dissipation was observed during five consecutive days after application of the pesticide to the orange plantation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Las avermectinas han sido ampliamente utilizados en la agricultura para controlar endo yectoparásitos, permitiendo la agroindustria apalancamiento mediante la producción dealimentos y productos relacionados de origen animal con calidad sanitaria. Sin embargo, eluso de este tipo de medicamentos en la medicina veterinaria también ha sido el más discutidoen el país, debido al alto número de embargos de exportación que Brasil tenía en los últimosaños debido a los residuos en la carne y subproductos. En este contexto se encuentra lacuestión de si el uso de avermectina es una solución para los ganaderos o un problema para elgobierno, que ha tomado decisiones para limitar el uso de estos. Este artículo de revisión seanaliza esta cuestión en base a la información recogida en las bases de datos gubernamentalesy no gubernamentales, y señala las principales deficiencias y alternativas en diferentessectores de la cadena productiva.

Avermectins have been widely used in agriculture for the control of endo and ectoparasites,allowing the agribusiness to produce food and products of animal origin with relative healthquality. However, the abusive use of these drugs has also been the most discussed in thecountry, due to the presence of residues in food of animal origin above their maximum limits,causing a food safety problem and economic losses from trade embargoes on exports. In thiscontext, remains the question if the use of avermectin is a solution for ranchers or a problemfor the government, which has taken decisions to limit their use. This review article discussesthis issue based on the information gathered in governmental and non-governmental databasesand points out the major vulnerabilities and alternatives of the different sectors in theproductive chain

As avermectinas têm sido amplamente empregadas na agropecuária para o controle de endo e ectoparasitas, permitindo alavancar o agronegócio através da produção de alimentos e produtos derivados de origem animal com qualidade sanitária. No entanto, o uso desta classe de fármacos na medicina veterinária tem sido também o mais discutido no país, em decorrência do número elevado de embargos à exportação que o Brasil teve nos últimos anos devido à presença de resíduos em carnes e subprodutos. Neste contexto reside a questão se o uso de avermectinas representa uma solução para os pecuaristas ou um problema para o governo, que tem tomado decisões a fim de limitar o uso destas. Esse artigo de revisão discute essa temática com base nas informações levantadas em bancos de dados governamentais e não governamentais e aponta as principais deficiências e alternativas nos diferentes setores da cadeia produtiva. As avermectinas têm sido amplamente empregadas na agropecuária para o controle de endo e ectoparasitas, permitindo alavancar o agronegócio através da produção de alimentos e produtos derivados de origem animal com qualidade sanitária. No entanto, o uso desta classe de fármacos na medicina veterinária tem sido também o mais discutido no país, em decorrência do número elevado de embargos à exportação que o Brasil teve nos últimos anos devido à presença de resíduos em carnes e subprodutos.

RESUMO

Three-step development, optimization and validation strategy for GC fingerprints of Brazilian commercial gasoline is described. A suitable chromatographic system was selected first. The following step was to improve acceptable chromatographic resolution with reduced analysis time, which is recommended for routine applications. Optimization was carried out using full three-level factorial designs. Optimal conditions were obtained for flow rate, oven ramps, injection volume and split ratio. Finally, several validation parameters were performed. Therefore, a feasible and reliable fingerprint was established to identify Brazilian commercial gasoline quality. This strategy can also be applied to develop fingerprints for quality control of other fuels.

Assuntos