RESUMO
To evaluate the effect of antiseptic soap on single and dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans on denture base and reline resins. Samples of the resins were distributed into groups (n = 9) according to the prevention or disinfection protocols. In the prevention protocol, samples were immersed in the solutions (Lifebuoy, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution and PBS) for 7, 14 and 28 days before the single and dual-species biofilms formation. Overnight denture disinfection was simulated. In the disinfection protocol, samples were immersed in the same solutions during 8 hours after the single and dual-species biofilms formation. Antimicrobial activity was analyzed by counting colony-forming units (CFU/mL) and evaluating cell metabolism. Cell viability and protein components of the biofilm matrix were evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data were submitted to ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-test (α = 0.05) or Dunnett's T3 multiple comparisons test. In the prevention protocol, Lifebuoy solution effectively reduced the number of CFU/mL of both species. In addition, the solution decreased the cell metabolism of the microorganisms. Regarding disinfection protocol, the Lifebuoy solution was able of reduce approximately of 2-3 logs for all the biofilms on the denture base and reline resin. Cellular metabolism was also reduced. The images obtained with CLSM corroborate these results. Lifebuoy solution was effective in reducing single and dual-species biofilms on denture base and reline resins.
Assuntos
Resinas Acrílicas , Biofilmes , Candida albicans , Bases de Dentadura , Streptococcus mutans , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Streptococcus mutans/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus mutans/fisiologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/fisiologia , Bases de Dentadura/microbiologia , Resinas Acrílicas/química , Resinas Acrílicas/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/farmacologia , Desinfecção/métodos , HumanosAssuntos
Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Peptídeos Semelhantes ao Glucagon , Humanos , Peptídeos Semelhantes ao Glucagon/uso terapêutico , Peptídeos Semelhantes ao Glucagon/efeitos adversos , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/induzido quimicamente , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Risco , FemininoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study proposed to assess the effect of Cryptocarya moschata extract on single and mixed biofilms formed on denture base and reline acrylic resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single and mixed biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans were formed on the samples and treated with C. moschata extract; Nystatin solution at 100,000 IU/mL or Penicillin antibiotic solution at 100,000 IU/mL; or PBS solution. Antimicrobial activity was analyzed by counting colony-forming units, metabolism assay, assessment of protein components of the biofilm matrix, and of cell viability using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Cryptocarya moschata extract reduced cell viability of C. albicans and S. mutans single and mixed biofilms formed on samples. For all types of biofilms in the C. moschata group, there was a log reduction of the biofilm, proven by the Alamar Blue assay. Analyzing the extracellular matrix protein components, groups treated with the extract exhibited a lower level of fluorescence compared to the PBS groups. Reduction in thickness biofilm and viable cells was perceptible in the C. moschata group when assessing through CLSM. CONCLUSION: Cryptocarya moschata extract reduced the single and mixed biofilms of C. albicans and S. mutans on acrylic resins.
Assuntos
Resinas Acrílicas , Biofilmes , Candida albicans , Bases de Dentadura , Extratos Vegetais , Streptococcus mutans , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Resinas Acrílicas/farmacologia , Streptococcus mutans/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Bases de Dentadura/microbiologia , Microscopia Confocal , Nistatina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Candida albicans causes a variety of clinical manifestations through multiple virulence factors that act simultaneously to overcome the immune system and invade the host tissues. Owing to the limited number of antifungal agents available, new candidiasis therapeutic strategies are required. Previous studies have demonstrated that the metabolites produced by Streptococcus mutans lead to a decrease in the number of Candida cells. Here, for the first time, we evaluated whether the C. albicans cells that survived the pretreatment with S. mutans supernatant can modify their virulence factors and their capability to infect Galleria mellonella larvae. Streptococcus mutans supernatant (SM-S) was obtained by filtering the culture supernatant of this bacterium. Then, C. albicans cells were pretreated with SM-S for 24 h, and the surviving cells were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo assays. The C. albicans pretreated with SM-S showed a significant inhibition of hyphal growth, an altered adhesion pattern, and an impaired capability to form biofilms; however, its proteolytic activity was not affected. In the in vivo assays, C. albicans cells previously exposed to SM-S exhibited a reduced ability to infect G. mellonella and a higher amount of circulating hemocytes. Thus, SM-S could inhibit important virulence factors of C. albicans, which may contribute to the development of new candidiasis therapeutic strategies.
Assuntos
Candida albicans , Candidíase , Animais , Virulência , Streptococcus mutans/fisiologia , Candidíase/microbiologia , Fatores de Virulência , BiofilmesRESUMO
Studies point to positive outcomes in a diet with reduction of carbohydrates and that the associated practice of intermittent fasting (IF) might increase weight loss. Although dieting might be related to disordered eating, little evidence is available about the role of restrictive carbohydrates diets on disordered eating. This study aimed to explore if doing low-carb (LC) diets was related to disordered eating and if IF would increase these symptoms. The sample comprised university students (n = 682), with a mean age of 22 years old and average BMI of 23.6 kg/m2 (SD = 4.3). Twenty-seven percent (n = 188) of respondents reported doing LC diet in the last three months. Of those, 31% (n = 58) reported doing LC diet combined with periods of IF. Mean scores were compared using parametric tests, and effects size and correlations between variables were calculated. Dieters showed higher levels of binge eating, food cravings, cognitive restraint, cognitive restraint toward carbohydrates when compared to non-dieters. The association of LC and IF was related to an increase in disordered eating, especially binge eating and food cravings, specifically 'Lack of control', 'Thoughts or preoccupation with food,' and 'Guilt from cravings and/or for giving in to them'. These results provide evidence that restrictive carbohydrate diets and IF may increase cognitive restraint and, consequently, food cravings.Level III: Evidence obtained from cohort or case-control analytic studies.
Assuntos
Bulimia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Fissura , Jejum Intermitente , Dieta/psicologia , Carboidratos , Ingestão de Alimentos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologiaRESUMO
This review presents information from several studies that have demonstrated the antiviral activity of extracts (Andrographis paniculata, Artemisia annua, Artemisia afra, Cannabis sativa, Curcuma longa, Echinacea purpurea, Olea europaea, Piper nigrum, and Punica granatum) and phytocompounds derived from medicinal plants (artemisinins, glycyrrhizin, and phenolic compounds) against SARS-CoV-2. A brief background of the plant products studied, the methodology used to evaluate the antiviral activity, the main findings from the research, and the possible mechanisms of action are presented. These plant products have been shown to impede the adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 to the host cell, and prevent multiplication of the virus post its entry into the host cell. In addition to antiviral activity, the plant products have also been demonstrated to exert an immunomodulatory effect by controlling the excessive release of cytokines, which is commonly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Assuntos
Artemisininas , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Plantas Medicinais , SARS-CoV-2 , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Aim: Plant products have been evaluated to control opportunistic micro-organisms, as well as fortify immune system cells. Thus, Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) extract was evaluated in interactions of murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, in order to establish cooperation with defense cells. Materials & methods: Effects of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the plant extract were analyzed on phagocytosis, cell viability of RAW 264.7 and production of inflammation-related molecules (IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-10 and NO). Results: The plant extract was cytocompatible and promoted significant reductions of micro-organisms, and synthesis of inflammation-related molecules, during interactions. Conclusion:C. longa L. extract showed significant antimicrobial response and cooperation with macrophages, by fighting bacteria and yeasts during host-microbe interactions.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/fisiologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Curcuma/química , Citocinas/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fagocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/fisiologia , Células RAW 264.7 , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologiaRESUMO
Finding an effective alternative way to aid defense cells to fight Streptococcus mutans was the main goal of this study. The effect of plant extracts from Curcuma longa L. (turmeric), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) was evaluated on murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) infected by S. mutans. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts was determined. Macrophages were infected by S. mutans and treated with each extract. From the supernatants, it was measured nitric oxide (NO) level. Posteriorly, RAW 264.7 were lysed to expose living and phagocytosed bacteria. Cytotoxicity was checked by lysosomal activity analysis, using neutral red assay. Each extract helped RAW 264.7 to eliminate S. mutans during infection, as observed by a significant bacterial reduction. Significant cell viability was also found. Besides, an increased production of NO was verified using R. officinalis L. and T. vulgaris L. extracts. The evaluated extracts demonstrated an effective action to assist RAW 264.7 to fight S. mutans during infection.
Assuntos
Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Infecções Estreptocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Streptococcus mutans , Animais , Curcuma/química , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fagocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Rosmarinus/química , Thymus (Planta)/químicaRESUMO
Biological effects of titanium (Ti) alloys were analyzed on biofilms of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sanguinis, as well as on osteoblast-like cells (MG63) and murine macrophages (RAW 264.7). Standard samples composed of aluminum and vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V), and sample containing niobium (Ti-35Nb) and zirconium (Ti-13Nb-13Zr) were analyzed. Monomicrobial biofilms were formed on the Ti alloys. MG63 cells were grown with the alloys and the biocompatibility (MTT), total protein (TP) level, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization nodules (MN) formation were verified. Levels of interleukins (IL-1ß and IL-17), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and oxide nitric (NO) were checked, from RAW 264.7 cells supernatants. Data were statically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test, or T-test (P ≤ 0.05). Concerning the biofilm formation, Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy showed the best inhibitory effect on E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. And, it also acted similarly to the Ti-6Al-4V alloy on C. albicans and Streptococcus spp. Both alloys were biocompatible and similar to the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Additionally, Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy was more effective for cell differentiation, as observed in the assays of ALP and MN. Regarding the stimulation for release of IL-1ß and TNF-α, Ti-35Nb and Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys inhibited similarly the synthesis of these molecules. However, both alloys stimulated the production of IL-17. Additionally, all Ti alloys showed the same effect for NO generation. Thus, Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy was the most effective for inhibition of biofilm formation, cell differentiation, and stimulation for release of immune mediators.
Assuntos
Ligas/farmacologia , Materiais Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Titânio/farmacologia , Ligas/química , Animais , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Teste de Materiais , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Osteoblastos/citologia , Osteoblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteoblastos/fisiologia , Pseudomonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas/fisiologia , Células RAW 264.7 , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologia , Streptococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus/fisiologia , Propriedades de Superfície , Titânio/químicaRESUMO
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) is a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean region and cultivated around the world. Besides the therapeutic purpose, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. R. officinalis L. is constituted by bioactive molecules, the phytocompounds, responsible for implement several pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antitumor and protective, inhibitory and attenuating activities. Thus, in vivo and in vitro studies were presented in this Review, approaching the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of R. officinalis L. on some physiological disorders caused by biochemical, chemical or biological agents. In this way, methodology, mechanisms, results, and conclusions were described. The main objective of this study was showing that plant products could be equivalent to the available medicines.
Assuntos
Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Profilaxia Pré-Exposição/métodos , Rosmarinus/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Substâncias Protetoras/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Microorganisms are capable to combat defense cells by means of strategies that contribute to their stabilization and proliferation in invaded tissues. Frequently antimicrobial-resistant strains appear; therefore, alternative methods to control them must be investigated, for example, the use of plant products. The capacity of the thyme extract (Thymus vulgaris L.) and phytocompound thymol in the control of in vitro infections by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) was evaluated. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the plant products were used. The effect of these MIC were analyzed in the assays of phagocytosis and immunoregulation by analysis of the production of cytokines (IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-10) and nitric oxide (NO). The plant products effectively assisted the macrophages in the phagocytosis of microorganisms, presenting significant reductions of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The macrophages also regulated the production of inflammatory mediators in the infections by S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. In addition, thyme provided a satisfactory effect in response to the bacterial infections, regarding generation of NO. Thus, the effectiveness of the thyme and thymol to control in vitro infections by S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans was observed. HIGHLIGHTS: Phagocytosis of S. aureus by RAW 264.7 was enhanced with thymol Thyme enhanced the phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa by RAW 264.7 Plant products provided immunoregulation of inflammatory cytokines Production of nitric oxide was improved with the treatments in bacterial infections.
Assuntos
Candida albicans/fisiologia , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Infecções por Pseudomonas/tratamento farmacológico , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/fisiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologia , Timol/farmacologia , Animais , Citocinas/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fagocitose , Células RAW 264.7 , Thymus (Planta)/imunologiaRESUMO
R. officinalis L. is an aromatic plant commonly used as condiment and for medicinal purposes. Biological activities of its extract were evaluated in this study, as antimicrobial effect on mono- and polymicrobial biofilms, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory capacity, and genotoxicity. Monomicrobial biofilms of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and polymicrobial biofilms composed of C. albicans with each bacterium were formed in microplates during 48 h and exposed for 5 min to R. officinalis L. extract (200 mg/mL). Its cytotoxic effect was examined on murine macrophages (RAW 264.7), human gingival fibroblasts (FMM-1), human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7), and cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) after exposure to different concentrations of the extract, analyzed by MTT, neutral red (NR), and crystal violet (CV) assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on RAW 264.7 non-stimulated or stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and treated with different concentrations of the extract for 24 h. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were quantified by ELISA. Genotoxicity was verified by the frequency of micronuclei (MN) at 1000 cells after exposure to concentrations of the extract for 24 h. Data were analyzed by T-Test or ANOVA and Tukey Test ( P ≤ 0.05). Thus, significant reductions in colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) were observed in all biofilms. Regarding the cells, it was observed that concentrations ≤ 50 mg/mL provided cell viability of above 50%. Production of proinflammatory cytokines in the treated groups was similar or lower compared to the control group. The MN frequency in the groups exposed to extract was similar or less than the untreated group. It was shown that R. officinalis L. extract was effective on mono- and polymicrobial biofilms; it also provided cell viability of above 50% (at ≤ 50 mg/mL), showed anti-inflammatory effect, and was not genotoxic. Impact statement Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract effectively contributed to in vitro control of important species of microorganisms such as Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mono- and polymicrobial biofilms that are responsible for several infections in oral cavity as in other regions of the body. Furthermore, this extract promoted also cell viability above 50% at concentrations ≤ 50 mg/mL, excellent anti-inflammatory effect, showing inhibition or reduction of the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, being also non-genotoxic to cell lines studied. Thus, this extract may be a promising therapeutic agent that can be added in some medical and dental formulations such as toothpastes, mouthwashes, irrigating root canals, ointments, soaps, in order to control pathogenic microorganisms and biofilms, with anti-inflammatory effect and absence of cytotoxic and genotoxic.
Assuntos
Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Rosmarinus , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Citotoxinas/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Enterococcus faecalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HeLa/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Células MCF-7/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Folhas de Planta/química , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Células RAW 264.7/efeitos dos fármacos , Rosmarinus/química , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus mutans/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: With the emergence of strains resistant to conventional antibiotics, it is important to carry studies using alternative methods to control these microorganisms causing important infections, such as the use of products of plant origin that has demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity besides biocompatibility. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts of Equisetum arvense L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Punica granatum L. and Stryphnodendron barbatimam Mart. against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata, and to analyze the cytotoxicity of these extracts in cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7). METHODS: Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was evaluated by microdilution method based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), M7-A6 and M27-A2 standards. The cytotoxicity of concentrations that eliminated the microorganisms was evaluated by MTT colorimetric method and by quantification of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß and TNF-α) using ELISA. RESULTS: In determining the minimum microbicidal concentration, E. arvense L., P. granatum L., and S. barbatimam Mart. extracts at a concentration of 50 mg/mL and G. glabra L. extract at a concentration of 100 mg/mL, were effective against all microorganisms tested. Regarding cell viability, values were 48% for E. arvense L., 76% for P. granatum L, 86% for S. barbatimam Mart. and 79% for G. glabra L. at the same concentrations. About cytokine production after stimulation with the most effective concentrations of the extracts, there was a significant increase of IL-1ß in macrophage cultures treated with S. barbatimam Mart. (3.98 pg/mL) and P. granatum L. (7.72 pg/mL) compared to control (2.20 pg/mL) and a significant decrease of TNF-α was observed in cultures treated with G. glabra L. (4.92 pg/mL), S. barbatimam Mart. (0.85 pg/mL), E. arvense L. (0.83 pg/mL), and P. granatum L. (0.00 pg/mL) when compared to control (41.96 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS: All plant extracts were effective against the microorganisms tested. The G. glabra L. extract exhibited least cytotoxicity and the E. arvense L. extract was the most cytotoxic.