RESUMO
Klebsiella species, particularly K. pneumoniae, are well-known opportunistic enterobacteria related to complexity of clinical infections in humans and animals, commonly refractory to conventional therapy. The domestic animals may represent a source of the pathogenic and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella species to humans. Nevertheless, most studies involving Klebsiella-induced infections in domestic animals are restricted to case reports or outbreaks. We retrospectively investigated selected epidemiological data, clinical aspects, and in vitro susceptibility pattern of 697 non-repetitive Klebsiella infections in livestock and companion species (1997-2019). The isolates were obtained from different clinical disorders from dogs (n = 393), cattle (n = 149), horses (n = 98), cats (n = 27), pigs (n = 22), sheep (n = 5), goats (n = 2), and buffalo (n = 1), except four isolates from subclinical bovine mastitis. Urinary (223/697 = 32%), enteric (117/697 = 16.8%), mammary (85/697 = 12.2%), reproductive (85/697 = 12.2%), and respiratory disorders (67/697 = 9.6%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Other miscellaneous clinical pictures (116/697 = 16.6%) included abscesses, otitis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, pyodermitis, sepsis, and encephalitis. Norfloxacin (183/245 = 74.7%) and gentamicin (226/330 = 68.5%) were the most effective antimicrobials. High in vitro resistance of the isolates was seen to ampicillin (326/355 = 91.8%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (25/62 = 40.3%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (100/252 = 39.7), and multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antimicrobials was found in 20.4% (142/697) isolates. Wide variety of clinical manifestations of Klebsiella-induced infections was observed, with a predominance of urinary, enteric, mammary, reproductive, and respiratory tract disorders, reinforcing opportunistic behavior of agent. Poor in vitro efficacy was observed to some conventional antimicrobials and ~ 20% of isolates exhibited resistance pattern, reinforcing the need for proper use of drugs on therapy approaches in domestic animals to avoid multidrug-resistant bacteria, an emergent global concern.
Assuntos
Infecções por Klebsiella , Klebsiella , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Gatos , Bovinos , Cães , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Feminino , Cabras , Cavalos , Infecções por Klebsiella/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Klebsiella/veterinária , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos Retrospectivos , Ovinos , SuínosRESUMO
The present study investigated the serum microscopic agglutination test (MAT) among 203 bovine bulls with reproduction by natural means, without apparent signs of orchitis or inflammation of accessory reproductive glands. Simultaneously, the semen of all bulls was subjected to sperm viability analysis and PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene. PCR-positive results of semen samples were confirmed by sequencing. A modified seminal plasma agglutination (MSPA) test, replacing the blood serum of all bulls in the MAT with seminal plasma was performed as well. Eight (8/203 = 3.9%) semen samples from bulls were considered nonviable (necrospermia and azoospermia) without relation to the PCR diagnosis. No agglutinin titers were identified in MSPA test. A high frequency (132/203 = 65%) of leptospiral agglutinin titers was identified in the MAT, particularly for the Sejroe serogroup (Hardjo CTG, 100/203 = 49.3%; Wolffi 74/203 = 36.4%; Guaricura 72/203 = 35.5%; and Hardjoprajitno 56/203 = 27.6%). Three (3/203 = 1.5%) semen samples of bulls were positive in the PCR, but these results were not confirmed by sequencing. The high frequency of serovars from the Sejroe serogroup typically adapted to bovines indicates the need for measures for the prophylaxis/control of the pathogen on the sampled farms. Discrepancies among the MAT, sperm viability, and molecular detection of leptospires in semen highlight the need for a combination of methods to diagnose leptospirosis in bovine bulls. To our knowledge, modified seminal plasma agglutination is described for the first time here to investigate anti-Leptospira antibodies produced locally in the genital tract in the diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis among bulls that reproduce by natural means.
Assuntos
Leptospira , Leptospirose , Sêmen/microbiologia , Soro/microbiologia , Testes de Aglutinação , Animais , Bovinos/microbiologia , Leptospira/genética , Leptospirose/diagnóstico , Leptospirose/veterinária , Masculino , RNA Ribossômico 16S , EspermatozoidesRESUMO
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in sheep is a chronic contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, commonly characterized by abscess formation in peripheral lymph nodes and disseminated infections. Nonetheless, other microorganisms, including with zoonotic relevance, can be isolated from CL-resembling lymph nodes. Currently, mycobacteria have been reported in visceral granulomatous lesions in small ruminants, a fact that poses a public health issue, particularly in slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption. Cytology using fine needle aspiration and microbiological culturing are suitable tests for routine diagnostic, whereas present drawbacks and molecular methods have been confirmatory. Data about the occurrence of mycobacteria in both lymph nodes with aspect of CL and apparently healthy visceral nodes of sheep slaughtered for human consumption are scarce. In this study, 197 visceral lymph nodes of sheep showed lymphadenitis and 202 healthy visceral lymph nodes of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption were submitted to conventional bacteriological diagnosis, mycobacteria culturing, and cytological evaluation. Compatible Corynebacterium isolates were subjected to multiplex PCR targeting 16S rRNA, rpoB, and pld genes to detect C. pseudotuberculosis. Based on microbiological identification, C. pseudotuberculosis (86/197; 43.7%), streptococci γ-hemolytic (17/197; 8.6%), and Trueperella pyogenes (12/197; 6.1%) were prevalent in lymph nodes with abscesses, as opposed to staphylococci (53/202; 26.2%) in apparently healthy lymph nodes. No mycobacteria were isolated. Cytology identified 49.2% (97/197) Gram-positive pleomorphic organisms (coryneform aspect). Multiplex PCR confirmed genetic material of C. pseudotuberculosis in 74.4% (64/86) of the samples with C. pseudotuberculosis isolation and 66% (64/97) samples with cytological coryneform aspect (κ = 86.78%; 95% CI = 79.87-93.68%). These findings emphasize the prevalence of C. pseudotuberculosis in abscess formation among peripheral lymph nodes of sheep. Other bacteria were also identified in lymph nodes sampled that resembling C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections that may difficult the diagnosis. Multiplex PCR revealed a valuable assay to detect C. pseudotuberculosis, in addition to routine methods applied to CL-diagnosis. No mycobacteria were identified in lymph nodes sampled, with and without apparent lesions. Nonetheless, due to public health impacts, this pathogen should be considered as a differential diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections during inspection procedures of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption.
Assuntos
Bactérias/genética , Coinfecção/veterinária , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/genética , Linfonodos/citologia , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Linfadenite/microbiologia , Linfadenite/veterinária , Mycobacterium/genética , Matadouros , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Fazendas , Feminino , Masculino , Prevalência , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Distribuição Aleatória , Ovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologiaRESUMO
Rhodococcus equi is responsible for infections in multiple-host animals. In humans, the prevalence of rhodococcus has increased worldwide and represents an emergent risk. R. equi is a soil-borne opportunistic bacterium isolated from feces of a wide variety of domestic species, except cats; thus, there is no known potential risk of its transmission from humans. Here, the mono- and cooccurrence of Rhodococcus equi and other bacteria and selected virulence markers were investigated in feces of nondiarrheic cats from urban (n=100) and rural (n=100) areas. Seven (7/200=3.5%) R. equi isolates were recovered in ceftazidime, novobiocin, and cycloheximide (CAZ-NB) selective media, exclusively of cats from three distinct farms (p=0.01), and these cats had a history of contact with horses and their environment (p=0.0002). None of the R. equi isolates harbored hosted-adapted plasmid types associated with virulence (pVAPA, pVAPB, and pVAPN). One hundred seventy-five E. coli isolates were identified, and 23 atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC), 1 STEC (Shiga-toxin producing E. coli), and 1 EAEC (enteroaggregative E. coli) were detected. Eighty-six C. perfringens type A isolates were identified, and beta-2 and enterotoxin were detected in 21 and 1 isolates, respectively. Five C. difficile isolates were identified, one of which was toxigenic and ribotype 106. The main cooccurring isolates in cats from urban areas were E. coli and C. perfringens A (26/100=26%), E. coli and C. perfringens type A cpb2+ (8/100=8%), and aEPEC (eae+/escN+) and C. perfringens type A (5/100=5%). In cats from farms, the main cooccurring isolates were E. coli and C. perfringens type A (21/100=21%), E. coli and C. perfringens type A cpb 2 + 8/100=8%), and E. coli and R. equi (4/100=4%). We identified, for the first time, R. equi in nondiarrheic cats, a finding that represents a public health issue because rhodococcus has been reported in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent humans, particularly people living with HIV/AIDS.
Assuntos
Gatos/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Rhodococcus equi/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia do Solo , Animais , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Clostridioides difficile/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Cavalos/microbiologia , Humanos , Rhodococcus equi/genética , Rhodococcus equi/patogenicidadeRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o custo do ganho de peso vivo na duração de protocolos de adaptação à dieta de alto teor de concentrado de bovinos nelore terminados em confinamento. Cento e vinte bovinos, machos não castrados da raça nelore provenientes de sistema de recria a pasto, foram mantidos em 24 baias de piso de concreto com cinco animais por baia, onde receberam alimentação de acordo com os tratamentos: T1 adaptação em escadas (Step up) por 14 dias (S14), T2 adaptação em escadas (Step up) por 21 dias (S21), T3 protocolo de restrição por 14 dias (R14), e T4 protocolo de restrição por 21 dias (R21). A adaptação em escada (step-up) consistiu no fornecimento de dietas com níveis crescentes de concentrado de acordo com o tempo (dias) de adaptação até atingir o nível de concentrado desejado para a dieta de terminação. No protocolo de restrição utilizou-se a dieta de terminação limitada por quantidade e aumentou-se o oferecimento diário gradativamente até atingir o consumo total de terminação. Após os períodos de adaptação os animais receberam uma única dieta de terminação com 85% de concentrado até o abate. Não houve diferença estatística no ganho de peso entre o período de duração dos protocolos de adaptação (14 e 21 dias), ocorrendo diferença estatística apenas nos protocolos de adaptação (escada e restrição). O protocolo de restrição obteve melhores resultados
RESUMO
RESUMO O sorodiagnóstico é um dos principais procedimentos para o controle e profilaxia da brucelose, bem como na vigilância epidemiológica da doença, visto que pode ser utilizado em grandes rebanhos, possui custo acessível, boa sensibilidade e especificidade, além de ter padrão internacional. O Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose - PNCEBT, deflagrado em 2001, preconiza que o sorodiagnóstico da brucelose em fêmeas bubalinas seja realizado a partir dos 24 meses de idade, nas bezerras vacinadas com a amostra B19 entre 3 a 8 meses de idade, utilizando as provas do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT), 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME) e/ou fixação de complemento (FC). Tal recomendação faz-se necessária no intuito de evitar dificuldades na interpretação das provas sorológicas, decorrentes da presença de imunoglobulinas residuais de origem vacinal, que poderiam dificultar a diferenciação entre animais vacinados e infectados. As investigações sorológicas voltadas à brucelose bubalina no Brasil têm foco na comparação de animais reagentes frente às diferentes técnicas diagnósticas. No entanto, são escassos os estudos no país voltados ao acompanhamento sorológico de bezerras bubalinas vacinadas, conforme as recomendações do PNCEBT. O presente artigo revisou os principais aspectos da brucelose bubalina, com ênfase ao sorodiagnóstico oficial. Palavras-chave:
RESUMO
RESUMO O sorodiagnóstico é um dos principais procedimentos para o controle e profilaxia da brucelose, bem como na vigilância epidemiológica da doença, visto que pode ser utilizado em grandes rebanhos, possui custo acessível, boa sensibilidade e especificidade, além de ter padrão internacional. O Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose - PNCEBT, deflagrado em 2001, preconiza que o sorodiagnóstico da brucelose em fêmeas bubalinas seja realizado a partir dos 24 meses de idade, nas bezerras vacinadas com a amostra B19 entre 3 a 8 meses de idade, utilizando as provas do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT), 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME) e/ou fixação de complemento (FC). Tal recomendação faz-se necessária no intuito de evitar dificuldades na interpretação das provas sorológicas, decorrentes da presença de imunoglobulinas residuais de origem vacinal, que poderiam dificultar a diferenciação entre animais vacinados e infectados. As investigações sorológicas voltadas à brucelose bubalina no Brasil têm foco na comparação de animais reagentes frente às diferentes técnicas diagnósticas. No entanto, são escassos os estudos no país voltados ao acompanhamento sorológico de bezerras bubalinas vacinadas, conforme as recomendações do PNCEBT. O presente artigo revisou os principais aspectos da brucelose bubalina, com ênfase ao sorodiagnóstico oficial. Palavras-chave:
RESUMO
The vaccinal antibodies interference represents one of the Microscopic Agglutination test - MAT limitation in the animal leptospirosis serum diagnosis. Prospective studies showing the dimensions of this effect are rare in buffaloes. This study aimed to determine the anti-Leptospira serum agglutinin profile in vaccinated female buffaloes using two types of commercial vaccines against leptospirosis: bacterin (whole bacterial cell) and purified outer membrane and to evaluate the vaccinal interference on serum diagnosis. Three groups of 11 adult buffalo females were established: G1-control, non-vaccinated, G2- vaccinated with bacterin vaccine with six serovars, G3- outer membrane purified vaccine with five serovars. A booster dose was administrated 30 days after the first vaccination (dpv) and two re-vaccinations six months a part (210 and 390 dpv). Serum samples were collected on days 0, 15, 40, 45, 60 and every 30 days until 540 dpv. G1, G2 and G3 serum samples were submitted to MAT with the serovars present in the vaccines. G1 remained always negative. Both vaccines induced serologic responses in MAT at 150 dpv against all serovars and they revealed maximum titers around 45 and 60dpv as follows: Pomona: G2 (1600) and G3 (3200); Hardjo: G2 and G3 (1600); Wolffi: G2 (800) and G3 (1600); Icterohaemorrhagiae: G2 and G3 (800); Grippotyphosa: G2 and G3 (200) and Canicola: G2 (NR) and G3 (400). Even though, the Wolffi serovar is not present in the purified outer membrane vaccine, G3 showed a response to that serovar, probably due to cross reaction to the serovar Hardjo. The G3 titers were higher and appeared earlier than in G2, but with similar serologic profiles. At the re-vaccination there was an increase on agglutinin levels, but of less intensity than those previously observed. After six months from the second revaccination (540 dfv), G2 and G3 were almost negative, which demonstrated the short diagnostic interference.
A persistência de anticorpos vacinais representa um dos entraves para o sorodiagnóstico da leptospirose. Raros estudos dimensionam prospectivamente esse efeito na espécie bubalina. O presente trabalho objetivou traçar o perfil de aglutininas séricas anti-Leptospira spp.em búfalas vacinadas contra leptospirose com dois tipos de vacina comercial : bacterina e de membrana externa purificada e avaliar a interferência temporal dos títulos vacinais no sorodiagnóstico. Três grupos de 11 fêmeas bubalinas adultas: G1- controle não vacinado, G2 -vacinado com bacterina contendo seis sorovares e G3- recebeu vacina com membrana externa purificada de cinco sorovares, receberam reforço 30 dias pós primo vacinação (dpv) e duas revacinações semestrais nos dias 210 e 390. Foram colhidas amostras sorológicas nos dias 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 e a cada 30 dias até 540 dpv e analisadas pela reação de Soroaglutinação Microscópica-SAM frente aos sorovares presentes nas vacinas. G1 manteve-se sempre negativo. Ambas vacinas induziram resposta sorológica na SAM aos 15º dpv para todos os sorovares e revelaram títulos máximos ao redor do 45º e 60º dpv.: Pomona: G2 (1600) e G3 (3200); Hardjo: G2 e G3 (1600); Wolffi: G2 (800) e G3 (1600), Icterohaemorrhagiae: G2 e G3 (800), Grippotyphosa: G2 e G3 (200) e Canicola: G2 (NR) e G3 (400). Apesar da vacina de membrana externa não possuir o sorovar Wolffi, G3 revelou resposta para este sorovar, provavelmente pelo sorovar Hardjo vacinal. Os perfis sorológicos representados graficamente pela média geométrica dos títulos de aglutininas foram semelhantes, porém em G3 mais precoces e mais elevados que G2. Na revacinação houve aumento do nível de aglutininas, porém de menor intensidade que o anterior; e ao final de seis meses da segunda revacinação (540 dpv) eram quase nulos, demonstrando curta duração da interferência ao diagnóstico.
RESUMO
Biopsy by fine needle aspiration together with microbiological examination and scanning electron microscopy were evaluated in diagnosis of clinical bovine mastitis in a Prototheca zopfii outbreak. Fine needle aspiration was performed in 21 mammary quarters from ten Holstein cows presenting clinical mastitis caused by P. zopfii. The algae were previously identified in the microbiological examination of milk collected from these cows. Material aspirated from these 21 mammary glands was submitted to cytological staining (Gram, Giemsa and/or Shor staining). Fine needle aspiration enabled cytological identification of the algae in these 21 mammary glands, from which P. zopfii was isolated in the milk. Simultaneously, five mammary fragments collected by fine needle aspiration from these 21 mammary glands presenting clinical mastitis were also submitted to microbiological examination. P. zopfii was also isolated from these five fragments. Scanning electron microscopy technique also identified three of these five P zopfii strains isolated from mammary fragments collected by cytological aspiration. These results suggest that fine needle aspiration may be an alternative method for the diagnosis of clinical mastitis.
Assuntos
Biópsia por Agulha Fina/veterinária , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/patologia , Prototheca/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Feminino , Infecções/diagnóstico , Infecções/microbiologia , Infecções/veterinária , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/citologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/epidemiologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/veterinária , Leite/citologia , Leite/microbiologia , Prototheca/citologia , Prototheca/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Se relata una polisinovitis autoinmune por Rhodococcus equi en potro, secundaria a una enterocolitis severa. Al examen clínico, se constató debilidad del estado general, diarrea y aumento de las articulaciones en los cuatro miembros. Exámenes microbiológicos y citológicos del aspirado articular revelaron sinovitis aséptica. En virtud de la debilidad progresiva del estado general, se recomendó la eutanasia. En la necropsia se constató enterocolitis, linfoadenitis mesentérica, congestión pulmonar, un foco de absceso en el lóbulo pulmonar y engrosamiento de las cápsulas articulares. Se destaca la ocurrencia inusual de polisinovitis autoinmune por R. equi en potro, derivada de la deposición de inmunocomplejos articulares, secundaria a una enteritis severa y linfoadenitis mesentérica.
A case of immune-mediated polysynovitis secondary to enterocolitis is reported in a foal. Clinical exam showed depression, diarrhea and joint enlargement in all members. Microbiological and cytological examination of the synovial fluid revealed non-septic synovitis. Due to progressive debilitation the foal was euthanized. Multifocal ulcerative colitis, mesenteric Iymphadelútis, pulmonar congestion with focal abscess and enlargement of joint capsules were all observed at necropsy. The present report draws attention to the unusual occurrence of immune-mediated polysynovitis in foal, caused by Rhodococcus equi, secondary to severe enterocolitis and rnesenteric lymphadenitis, probably produced by immunecomplexes deposits present in the joints.
Relata-se polissinovite auto-imune por Rhodococcus equi em potro, secundária à severa enterocolite. Ao exame clínico, constatou-se debilidade do estado geral, diarréia e aumento das articulações nos quatro membros. Exames microbiológicos e citológicos de aspirado articular revelaram sinovite asséptica. Em virtude da debilidade progressiva do estado geral, recomendou-se a eutanásia. À necropsia constatou-se enterocolite, linfadenite mesentérica, congestão pulmonar, foco de abscesso em lobo pulmonar e espessamento das cápsulas articulares. Ressalta-se a ocorrência não-usual de polissinovite auto-imune por R. equi em potro, decorrente da deposição de imunocomplexos articulares, secundária à severa enterite e linfadenite mesentérica.
RESUMO
Se relata una polisinovitis autoinmune por Rhodococcus equi en potro, secundaria a una enterocolitis severa. Al examen clínico, se constató debilidad del estado general, diarrea y aumento de las articulaciones en los cuatro miembros. Exámenes microbiológicos y citológicos del aspirado articular revelaron sinovitis aséptica. En virtud de la debilidad progresiva del estado general, se recomendó la eutanasia. En la necropsia se constató enterocolitis, linfoadenitis mesentérica, congestión pulmonar, un foco de absceso en el lóbulo pulmonar y engrosamiento de las cápsulas articulares. Se destaca la ocurrencia inusual de polisinovitis autoinmune por R. equi en potro, derivada de la deposición de inmunocomplejos articulares, secundaria a una enteritis severa y linfoadenitis mesentérica.
A case of immune-mediated polysynovitis secondary to enterocolitis is reported in a foal. Clinical exam showed depression, diarrhea and joint enlargement in all members. Microbiological and cytological examination of the synovial fluid revealed non-septic synovitis. Due to progressive debilitation the foal was euthanized. Multifocal ulcerative colitis, mesenteric Iymphadelútis, pulmonar congestion with focal abscess and enlargement of joint capsules were all observed at necropsy. The present report draws attention to the unusual occurrence of immune-mediated polysynovitis in foal, caused by Rhodococcus equi, secondary to severe enterocolitis and rnesenteric lymphadenitis, probably produced by immunecomplexes deposits present in the joints.
Relata-se polissinovite auto-imune por Rhodococcus equi em potro, secundária à severa enterocolite. Ao exame clínico, constatou-se debilidade do estado geral, diarréia e aumento das articulações nos quatro membros. Exames microbiológicos e citológicos de aspirado articular revelaram sinovite asséptica. Em virtude da debilidade progressiva do estado geral, recomendou-se a eutanásia. À necropsia constatou-se enterocolite, linfadenite mesentérica, congestão pulmonar, foco de abscesso em lobo pulmonar e espessamento das cápsulas articulares. Ressalta-se a ocorrência não-usual de polissinovite auto-imune por R. equi em potro, decorrente da deposição de imunocomplexos articulares, secundária à severa enterite e linfadenite mesentérica.