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PURPOSE: To identify factors associated with dental caries experience in at least four primary teeth in five-year-old Brazilian children. METHODS: This was a case-control study, part of a prior investigation of the prevalence of dental caries in the primary dentition of five-year-old children conducted in 2006 in public health services in Recife, Brazil. Study patients had a decayed, missing, and filled teeth [dmft] score ≥ 4 and controls had a dmft score ≤ 3. The cutoff point was based on the dmft scores mean value of the study population. Categories of independent variables were sociodemographic, family structure, oral health behavior, and use of oral health services. Crude odds ratios and 95% CI were calculated. Variables associated with dmft greater than or equal to four at a significance level of P≤.20 in univariate analyses were included in multivariate logistic regression models using a backward stepwise variable selection method and permanence criterion in the final model of P≤.10. RESULTS: The study included 479 children (171 study patients and 308 controls). After controlling for confounding variables, factors associated with a dmft score ≥ 4 were children living in households with at least six people, residence in a poor area, caregiver's low educational level, consumption of sweets between meals, and the reason for and location of oral health care seeking. CONCLUSION: Most factors associated with high levels of dental caries in five-year-old children were related to the social conditions in which they lived.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the physical and psychological dating violence among adolescents with respect to the profiles of directionality - only man perpetrates, only woman perpetrates, and bidirectional, ie, both perpetrate violence. METHODS: Sample was performed by two-stage cluster selection in public and private school in the city of Recife (PE), Brazil, presenting data on 355 adolescents of both sexes between 15 and 19 years old. Psychological violence was measured in dimensions threat, verbal/emotional, and relational. Statistical analyzes incorporated the sampling weight and the complex sample design. RESULTS: Violence is bidirectional in most forms studied (83.9%) and girls reported higher levels of perpetration of physical violence, and boys reported more perpetration of relational violence. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that adolescent dating violence shows a pattern where partners attack each other, both physically and psychologically. Future research should study the patterns of these acts of violence, keeping the adolescent couple as the unit of analysis and exploring the context in which such violence occurs.

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A diagnostic analysis of care was conducted for rehabilitation of victims of accidents and violence in municipal districts of Pernambuco, Brazil, with over 100 thousand inhabitants. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out. The principles of the triangulation method were followed because the study required the input of various informers and used a variety of collection techniques. An interview was conducted with the municipal manager of each district to map out and select the services to be analyzed. Questionnaires were applied to the managers of the services for identification of the unit, characterization of the activities and description of the structure. The results revealed that more than half of the services involved group care, prevention of relapses and neuropsychomotor stimulation. The team numbered 273 health professionals, with physiotherapists being the largest group (34.8%), followed by psychologists (13.5%), and speech therapists (12.8%). Only one municipal district supplied ortheses, prostheses and auxiliary equipment for locomotion. Deficits of some types of services and discrepancies in the distribution of such services were observed in the different areas of the state.

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The noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a chronic and irreversible disease resulting of the exposure to noise in high levels at work. Even in the beginning, this hearing loss can damage in many degrees the worker's quality of life. Before this study, there wasn't an instrument, in Portuguese, to evaluate the psychosocial disadvantages of workers with NIHL. The aim of this research was to make a transcultural adaptation of an especific instrument to evaluate the hearing handicap from the original language to Portuguese, and check the reliability and legitimacy. The selected instrument passed by a process of semantic equivalence that was conducted in five stages: translation, back translation, critical appraisal of the versions, pre-test and a final review by a multi-professional group to develop a consensual version of the instrument for current use in Brazil. The instrument called "Inabilities Scale and Hearing Handicap" had, in general, acceptable psychometric measures, considering the little size of the sample and the fact that workers' hearing loss weren't too significant. Therefore, the Portuguese version of this instrument needs to be further tested in a representative sample of Brazilian workers with NIHL to ratify its utility in order to evaluate hearing handicap in this population.

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A situational diagnosis of the health services regarding the care of aged victims of accidents and violence (AVAV) was carried out in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. The National Policy for Reducing Accident and Violence Related Morbidity and Mortality and the National Policy for the Aged People Health were used as references. The methodology was based on the triangulation method, with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Questionnaires and interviews were answered by managers and health staff of hospital, prehospital and rehabilitation services; and local aged health policy managers. In 2006, only the Family Health Program reported prehospital care for AVAV, 31 cases were due to violence and 18 to accidents. The hospital care for aged people was 7.2% of the total care, 27% from accidents and 10% from violence. In the same year, there was no record of rehabilitation care of AVAV. The directives of the policies studied are only partially followed. The health care is deficient in several aspects, such as: clinical protocols; notification devices; support to the aged, caregivers and aggressors; and also continuous training. This analysis can be such a contribution to the reorganization of the local health system, recognizing the aged person as vulnerable to accidents and violence.

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The increase of elderly population and more active life allow a greater exposure to accidents and violence in this population. A diagnostic analysis of hospital services for emergency and urgent care to victims of accidents and violence in the elderly population was carried out in five capitals of Brazil. The research was based on the principles of triangulation of methods, including quantitative approaches, through the application of questionnaires to managers and pre-hospital, hospital and rehabilitation service professionals, as well as qualitative, in which interviews were made with managers and professionals and with those in charge of elderly health. Based on the guidelines of the policies studied, it was realized that none of the capitals has met all requirements, with a poor attendance characterized by lack of structure to keep a companion for the elderly, referrals to reference services, specific clinical protocols, reporting sheets, support to the elderly, job training and definition of the flow for this population. The outcome showed that the selected health services do not have the appropriate and integral profile to look after the elderly population, demonstrating the need for adequacy of these services aiming the accomplishment of the guidelines of the policies reviewed.

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This paper aims to analyze the rehabilitation services in Recife, Brazil, confronting it with what the National Policy for Decreasing Morbimortality from Accidents and Violence (NPDMAV) professes. Six units of rehabilitation services were analyzed; five were from municipal administration and the other was an ONG on an agreement with SUS. A partial structured interview was conducted with the person in charge for the Attention to the Disable Person's Health aiming to map the network. Also a questionnaire was applied to the managers of the six services aiming to identify the unit and its activities, structure and organization. The Rehabilitation Assistance network in Recife do not meet the NPDMAV guidelines as it presents: decreased number of services/programs; lack of a multidisciplinary team; lack of technological support; deficient joint intra and inter sectors; little interaction between the victim and his family to reinsertion into family and social life; and still incipient prevention and promotion actions. In conclusion, there is an effort to adequate the actions to this population group; however there are relevant covering deficits of people, equipments, information and articulation registers among the various levels of this health network.

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BACKGROUND: The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis A among children and adolescents from the Northeast and Midwest regions and the Federal District of Brazil and to identify individual-, household- and area-levels factors associated with hepatitis A infection. METHODS: This population-based survey was conducted in 2004-2005 and covered individuals aged between 5 and 19 years. A stratified multistage cluster sampling technique with probability proportional to size was used to select 1937 individuals aged between 5 and 19 years living in the Federal capital and in the State capitals of 12 states in the study regions. The sample was stratified according to age (5-9 and 10- to 19-years-old) and capital within each region. Individual- and household-level data were collected by interview at the home of the individual. Variables related to the area were retrieved from census tract data. The outcome was total antibodies to hepatitis A virus detected using commercial EIA. The age distribution of the susceptible population was estimated using a simple catalytic model. The associations between HAV infection and independent variables were assessed using the odds ratio and corrected for the random design effect and sampling weight. Multilevel analysis was performed by GLLAMM using Stata 9.2. RESULTS: The prevalence of hepatitis A infection in the 5-9 and 10-19 age-group was 41.5 and 57.4%, respectively for the Northeast, 32.3 and 56.0%, respectively for the Midwest and 33.8 and 65.1% for the Federal District. A trend for the prevalence of HAV infection to increase according to age was detected in all sites. By the age of 5, 31.5% of the children had already been infected with HAV in the Northeast region compared with 20.0% in the other sites. By the age of 19 years, seropositivity was approximately 70% in all areas. The curves of susceptible populations differed from one area to another. Multilevel modeling showed that variables relating to different levels of education were associated with HAV infection in all sites. CONCLUSION: The study sites were classified as areas with intermediate endemicity area for hepatitis A infection. Differences in age trends of infection were detected among settings. This multilevel model allowed for quantification of contextual predictors of hepatitis A infection in urban areas.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze positive results, challenges, limitations, and potential benefits associated with the Brazilian Policy for the Reduction of Morbidity and Mortality due to Accidents and Violence (PNRMAV) with regard to hospital emergency and urgent care services. METHODS: From 2004-2007, a study was carried out in four Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District. The following areas were evaluated: the availability of standard practices for managing victims of accident or violence; availability and quality of adult and pediatric intensive care beds; patient management training for health care professionals; communication among the health care areas to provide better care to victims; and structure and organization of hospital services. The study included an exploratory stage, fieldwork, analysis, and dissemination of data. Both quantitative (absolute and relative frequencies) and qualitative methods (analysis of interactions between explicit and inferred information from statements and field records) were employed in the analysis. RESULTS: The study revealed positive results from the implementation of PNRMAV. The following focal areas were identified: (1) the need to invest in the response capacity of primary care services, (2) the importance of strengthening and promoting the emergency and urgent care network, (3) the importance of investing in appropriate equipment and of planning maintenance so that availability is not impacted, and (4) the need to invest in continuing education for health care professionals. CONCLUSIONS: The partial success obtained with PNRMAV shows that it is possible to include the topic of violence and accidents in the public health agenda and to implement life-promoting strategies at different levels.

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