RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of five dimensions of social relationships on obesity and potential sex differences in these associations. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study used longitudinal data from the Swedish Level of Living Surveys (LNU) in 1991 and 2000. The sample included 3,586 individuals. The dimensions of social relationships examined in this study include emotional support, frequency of visiting friends, marital status, marital status changes, and a Social Relationships Index (SRI). Obesity status was based on BMI (kg/m(2)) and calculated with self-reported measurements. The association between social relationships and the incidence of obesity after 9 years of follow-up was evaluated through Poisson regressions. RESULTS: After controlling for confounders, we found that the lack of emotional support (RR = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.1-4.6) influenced the incidence of obesity among men. In addition, men with the lowest levels of SRI (RR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.1-4.4) had an increased risk of being obese. Among women, SRI was not significantly associated with obesity. Women who changed their marital status from married to unmarried had lower risk of obesity (RR = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for the effect of social relationships on the incidence of obesity, with significant differences by sex.
Assuntos
Estado Civil , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Comportamento Social , Apoio Social , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Seguimentos , Amigos , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Incidência , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/psicologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Suécia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Low cardiorespiratory (CRF) is associated with health problems in elderly people, especially cardiovascular and metabolic disease. However, physical limitations in this population frequently preclude the application of aerobic tests. We developed a model to estimate CRF without aerobic testing in older men with chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Subjects aged from 60 to 91 years were randomly assigned into validation (n = 67) and cross-validation (n = 29) groups. A hierarchical linear regression model included age, self-reported fitness, and handgrip strength normalized to body weight (R(2) = 0.79; SEE = 1.1 METs). The PRESS (predicted residual sum of squares) statistics revealed minimal shrinkage in relation to the original model and that predicted by the model and actual CRF correlated well in the cross-validation group (r = 0.85). The area under curve (AUC) values suggested a good accuracy of the model to detect disability in the validation (0.876, 95% CI: 0.793-0.959) and cross-validation groups (0.826, 95% CI: 0.677-0.975). Our findings suggest that CRF can be reliably estimated without exercise test in unhealthy elderly men.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Whether a high-protein (HP) diet promotes body weight loss (BWL) when compared with a low-protein (LP) diet is still unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of an HP diet on BWL during postpartum. METHODS: A food-frequency questionnaire with 81 items was applied at 6 mo after delivery to evaluate the diet of 430 postpartum women aged 18-45 y. Body weight was measured approximately at 0.5, 2, 6, and 9 mo after delivery. Body weight loss was modeled by comparing an HP diet (> or =1.2g . kg(-1) . d(-1)) with an LP diet (<1.2g . kg(-1) . d(-1)) using mixed-effects linear regression models adjusted for energy intake, percentage of body fat at baseline, stature, age, race, smoking, and schooling. RESULTS: Usual energy intake was higher in the HP than in the LP diet group (2623 versus 1791kcal, P<0.0001). Daily mean protein intakes were 1.54+/-0.32g . kg(-1) . d(-1) for the HP group and 0.83+/-0.20g . kg(-1) . d(-1) for the LP group. A multivariate model showed that women in the HP group lost 316+/-0.062g of body weight more per month (P<0.01) when compared with the LP group. CONCLUSION: A reported higher protein intake may improve moderate postpartum body weight loss. Further studies should evaluate the long-term consequences of an HP diet postpartum.