RESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate (1) whether a sample of highly educated individuals with dyslexia living under optimal personal, educational, cultural, and socioeconomic conditions continues to display core deficits in reading and writing skills during adulthood (extending prior results in Dutch, English, Hebrew, and Spanish to the Portuguese writing system); (2) whether these individuals can compensate for the effects of persistent core deficits when reading complex academic texts; (3) which cognitive resources, such as reading strategies, are used as compensatory mechanisms; and (4) whether quality of life is affected in these individuals. These questions were examined in a sample of 28 adults with dyslexia (DG) and 28 control participants (CG) paired by sex, age, education, and occupation, with a mean of 15 years of formal education. Participants completed measures of phonological awareness; decoding of syllables, words, and pseudowords; writing; reading comprehension (inferential and literal questions, recall, and sensitivity to the rhetorical structure of the target text); and quality of life. Results showed that (1) core deficits associated with dyslexia persisted into adulthood: participants with dyslexia performed worse than control subjects at all levels of phonological awareness, reading (except word reading accuracy), and spelling; (2) the groups did not differ on any measures of reading comprehension, suggesting a compensation of core deficits; (3) three compensatory mechanisms were identified: slower reading, use of text structure, and verbal ability; (4) participants with dyslexia required more family support and professional help throughout their educational careers, and had more depressive symptoms than control subjects.
Assuntos
Sucesso Acadêmico , Adaptação Psicológica/fisiologia , Dislexia/psicologia , Fonética , Leitura , Redação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Dislexia/diagnóstico , Dislexia/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de Vida , Redação/normas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Memory problems are common in stroke patients, although little is known about how accurately chronic stroke patients can monitor and control memory processes. OBJECTIVE: The performance of memory and metamemory in stroke patients and healthy controls were investigated, as well as dissociation between performances. METHODS: 10 adults with right hemisphere lesion (mean [M] age=53.2 [SD=9.7]), 10 with left hemisphere lesion (M age=60.4 [SD=6.6]) and 20 healthy participants (M age=56.5 [SD=9.3] with no neurological disease, matched for sex, age and years of education participated in a multiple-case design study. Participants completed a metamemory experimental paradigm, as well as immediate and delayed word recall and recognition tasks. RESULTS: Data indicated that 10 out of the 20 patients presented significantly lower scores compared to controls, two of which had global deficits (functional association). Functional dissociations between memory monitoring (judgments of learning, JOL), control (allocation of study time) and capacity (cued-recall task) among patients were found for eight cases, suggesting these processes are independent. CONCLUSION: These findings reveal stroke patients may have specific metamemory impairment and can contribute to the understanding of cognitive models of metamemory processing.
Problemas de memória são comuns em pacientes com AVC, embora pouco se saiba sobre a precisão com que pacientes com AVC podem monitorar e controlar processos de memória. OBJETIVO: O desempenho da memória e metamemória em pacientes com AVC e controles saudáveis ââforam investigados, bem como a dissociação entre os desempenhos. MÉTODOS: 10 adultos com lesão do hemisfério direito (média [M] idade=53,2 [DP=9,7]), 10 com lesão no hemisfério esquerdo (M=60,4 [DP=6,6]) e 20 participantes saudáveis ââ(M=56,5 [DP=9,3 sem doença neurológica, pareados por sexo, idade e anos de estudo, participaram de um projeto de múltiplos casos, completaram um paradigma experimental de metamemória, bem como palavras de recordação imediata e demorada. RESULTADOS: Os dados indicam 10 dos 20 pacientes apresentados. Escores significativamente inferiores aos controles, dois deles com déficits globais (associação funcional), sendo encontradas dissociações funcionais entre monitoramento da memória (julgamentos de aprendizado, JOL), controle (alocação do tempo de estudo) e capacidade (tarefa de recordação) entre pacientes para oito casos, sugerindo que esses processos são independentes. CONCLUSÃO: Esses achados revelam que os pacientes com AVC podem ter comprometimento específico da metamemória, o que contribui para a compreensão dos modelos cognitivos do processamento de metamemória.
RESUMO
El presente estudio, se planteó con el objetivo de evaluar un programa de intervención y analizar la lectura comprensiva como una situación de solución de problemas. Se enfatizó la relación entre las estrategias cognitivas y metacognitivas y las estructuras textuales a lo largo del proceso de lectura. El programa de intervención se llevó a cabo en una escuela pública de la que participaron 89 alumnos de 5º año primario. Mediante las instrucciones recibidas durante este programa, los alumnos desarrollaron estrategias cognitivas y metacognitivas específicas de lectura, así como conocimientos sobre superestructura (narrativa, expositiva) y macroestructura (idea principal) de texto. Los resultados revelaron que el grupo experimental se benefició del programa de intervención en lo concerniente a la mayoría de las variables investigadas.(AU)
The aim of this study was to evaluate an intervention program and to analyze reading comprehension as a problem-solving situation. It was emphasized the interaction between cognitive and metacognitive strategies and text structure along the reading process. The intervention program was carried out with 89 fifth grader students of public school. Through this program the students developed specific cognitive and metacognitive strategies for reading. Besides they learned about the superstructure (narrative, expositive) and the macrostructure (main idea) of the texts. The results revealed that the experimental group benefited from the intervention program concerning the majority of the variables used in the study.(AU)