RESUMO
Research about science and publics in the COVID-19 pandemic often focuses on public trust and on identifying and correcting public attitudes. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 209 residents in six countries-Austria, Bolivia, Germany, Italy, Mexico, and Portugal-this article uses the concept of performativity to explore how participants understand, and relate to science, in the COVID-19 context. By performativity, we mean the ways by which participants understand themselves as particular sorts of publics through identification with, and differentiation from, various other actors in matters that are perceived as controversies surrounding science: COVID-19 vaccination, media communication of science, and the interactions between governments and scientists. The criteria used to construct the similarities and differences among publics were heterogeneous and fluid, showing how epistemic beliefs about the nature of, and trust in, scientific knowledge are intermingled with social and cultural memberships embedded in specific contexts and across disparate places.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Opinião Pública , Ciência , COVID-19/psicologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Portugal , Humanos , Bolívia , México , Adulto , Confiança , Itália , Masculino , Feminino , Pandemias , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Áustria , SARS-CoV-2 , Alemanha , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Idoso , ComunicaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes is a global public health policy aiming to protect breastfeeding from the influence of human-milk substitutes marketing. Brazil is one of the few countries substantially implementing it. Most countries adopted selected provisions, including Portugal. RESEARCH AIM: To explore whether Brazilians' perspectives about breastfeeding intention and practice are influenced by human-milk substitutes marketing upon migration to Portugal. METHODS: A qualitative, prospective, cross-sectional survey design was conducted in Brazil and Portugal (2018-2019). Qualitative semi-structured interviews were performed with native (n = 16) and immigrant (n = 15) Brazilians. Women aged 18 or above, mothers of 0-12 month infants, and without contraindications to breastfeed, were eligible for the study. Heterogeneity sampling was employed based on socioeconomic status and infants' age. Content analysis was conducted using NVivo. RESULTS: Brazilian immigrants were more aware of the potential negative influence of human-milk substitutes marketing than natives. Sociocultural factors contributed to Brazilian immigrants being less permeable to the influence of human-milk substitutes marketing in the host country, where a less protective breastfeeding environment was perceived. CONCLUSIONS: Sociocultural factors including breastfeeding promotion strategies and a strong breastfeeding culture in the home country appear to play a protective role on breastfeeding intention and practice among Brazilians migrating to Portugal.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Substitutos do Leite , Lactente , Humanos , Feminino , Aleitamento Materno , Brasil , Intenção , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Prospectivos , MarketingRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the motivations for involvement in mental health-care governance by socially disadvantaged ethnic minority users. DESIGN AND SETTING: A qualitative case study approach was employed to investigate the involvement of minority north-eastern users in mental health-care governance at CAPS Pedro Pellegrino in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews with minority Northeasterners (n = 12) and institutional stakeholders (n = 26) were complemented by participant observation of user assembly and user movement meetings. FINDINGS: Minority Northeasterners express both individual and collective motivations for involvement in mental health-care governance. Individual motivations include the desire to increase social interaction, acquire meaningful social roles and overcome the stigma attached to mental illness. Collective motivations include the intent to improve the responsiveness of mental health care and achieve social justice for people with mental problems. Taken together, these motivations demonstrate a strong aspiration by users to promote their social inclusion and the inclusion of others who also experience marginalization. Results also reveal that the involvement of long-term participants is driven mostly by collective goals while early-stage participants focus predominantly in dealing with individual concerns. This is at odds with the mutual incentives theory, which postulates that collective motivations prevail over individual motivations in explaining user involvement. CONCLUSION: Groups historically excluded from decision-making processes may identify social inclusion as the core goal of their involvement. Initiatives aiming to increase user participation in health-care governance must address the range of motivations driving the involvement of users, instead of focusing solely on issues related to health-care management and provision.
Assuntos
Participação da Comunidade , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/etnologia , Serviços de Saúde Mental/organização & administração , Grupos Minoritários/psicologia , Motivação , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Brasil , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Estudos de Casos Organizacionais , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Isolamento SocialRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance to fracture of intact and restored human maxillary premolars. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Thirty noncarious human maxillary premolars, divided into three groups of 10, were submitted to mechanical tests to evaluate their resistance to fracture. Group 1 consisted of intact teeth. Teeth in group 2 received mesio-occlusodistal cavity preparations and were restored with direct resin composite restorations. Teeth in group 3 received mesio-occlusodistal cavity preparations and were restored with ceromer inlays placed with the indirect technique. After restoration, teeth were stored at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and then thermocycled for 500 cycles at temperatures of 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that group 3 (178.765 kgf) had a significantly greater maximum rupture load than did group 1 (120.040 kgf). There was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 or between groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSION: Class II cavity preparations restored with indirect ceromer inlays offered greater resistance to fracture than did intact teeth. The fracture resistance of teeth restored with resin composite was not significantly different from that of either the ceromer or intact teeth.