RESUMO
As soon as they are taken prisoner, children and adolescents in times of war are inserted into a spiral of cruelty that progresses to rape or other countless forms of physical and psychological torture using sex as a weapon. Were these children and adolescents war sex slaves? Oral sex and other sexual barbarities are part of spaces of abuse and humiliation. The damage to the personality structure of these children and adolescents is severe. The psychological consequences are numerous. Over the years, a vicious circle has been observed around this brutality.
Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis , Estupro , Tortura , Adolescente , Criança , Humanos , GuerraRESUMO
In the current pandemic scenario, vaccines for children have been scientifically approved; however, there is a challenge faced globally: parents' hesitation about vaccinating their children for COVID-19, which can hamper adherence to vaccine campaigns. This issue is due to the lack of information or access to fake news that affects the parents' power of judgment. The experience of the vaccine process with Pfizer's immunizer in several countries successfully reduced the number of hospitalized and prevented hundreds of child deaths from COVID-19. All health professionals must encourage the vaccination of children from the age of 5, sharing reliable scientific data, thus reducing the spread of fake news.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Vacinas , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Criança , Comunicação , Humanos , Pandemias , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Tocoyena formosa, a small ornamental tree growing in the dry regions of central Brazil, is commonly known as 'genipapo do bravo'. This is a medicinal plant traditionally used as an analgesic for rheumatic pain, lower back pain and myalgia, however its use is carried out without scientific evidence, which thus justifies the development of studies to investigate and prove its therapeutic potential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile of Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schlecht.) K. Schum (TFLHE) and the mechanisms involved in its anti-nociceptive effect. The TFLHE revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, quercetin and luteolin. The TFLHE at doses of 200 and 400mg/kg significantly decreased acetic acid-induced abdominal contortions, the reaction time for the formalin test in both phases and increased the paw withdrawal time in the hot plate thermal stimulus test. The 200mg/kg dose also significantly inhibited the plantar mechanical hyperalgesia intensity induced by formalin within 24h. TREATMENT: with the TFLHE did not cause significant changes in motor performance and coordination in the Rota Rod test. The investigation on the possible mechanism of antinociceptive action of TFLHE indicates the involvement of opioid, glutamatergic, nitric oxide/cGMP and vanilloid systems. It is concluded that the TFLHE has an antinociceptive effect promoted by the aforementioned mechanisms.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/farmacologia , Nociceptividade/efeitos dos fármacos , Medição da Dor/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta , Analgésicos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Etanol/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Nociceptividade/fisiologia , Medição da Dor/métodos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Medicinais , Água/farmacologiaRESUMO
The species Croton rhamnifolioides, belonging to the Croton genus, is known in ethnomedicine as "quebra faca" and is used in the treatment of stomach pain, vomiting and fever. This study aims to evaluate the anti-edematogenic and anti-inflammatory effect of Croton rhamnifolioides leaf essential oil (OEFC) and its major constituent: 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol). The essential oil was extracted from fresh leaves through a hydrodistillation system. The chemical analysis was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The acute anti-inflammatory activity was determined from the models of: ear edema by the single application of croton oil, paw edema induced by: carrageenan, dextran, histamine and arachidonic acid, while vascular permeability was determined by Evans blue extravasation and chronic anti-inflammatory activity by granuloma induction using the implantation of cotton pellets. The GC-MS results identified and quantified 11 constituents, with the major component being 1,8-cineole (41.33%). The OEFC (20mg/mL) and 1,8-cineole (8.26mg/mL) significantly reduced the edema induced by croton oil by 42.1 and 34.9%, respectively. The OEFC (25, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg) and 1,8-cineole (10.33, 20.66, 41.33 and 82.66mg/kg) statistically reduced paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran as well as vascular permeability (protein extravasation). The OEFC (25mg/kg) and 1,8-cineole (10.33mg/kg) demonstrated efficacy in reducing edema induced by histamine and arachidonic acid and granuloma. In conclusion, the OEFC and 1,8-cineole have anti-inflammatory activity in the acute and chronic phase, suggesting therapeutic potential as a source for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Óleo de Cróton/uso terapêutico , Croton , Cicloexanóis/uso terapêutico , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Monoterpenos/uso terapêutico , Folhas de Planta , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Óleo de Cróton/isolamento & purificação , Cicloexanóis/isolamento & purificação , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Edema/patologia , Eucaliptol , Masculino , Camundongos , Monoterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae), is a plant from India widely used in folk medicine as antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant. Although oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin are the mainstays of treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), there is a significant demand for new natural products to reduce the development of diabetic complications. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated for 60 days with a hydroalcoholic extract of M. paniculata (MPE), at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. MPE decreased glycemia and also cholesterol and triglyceride levels, starting 1 week after treatments, as compared with the same group before treatments. Glucose values were reduced toward normality after 1 week of treatment. MPE hypoglycemic effects were potentiated by glibenclamide and metformin. MPE also decreased fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin values. MPE reduced diabetes-induced morphological alterations of the kidney, pancreas, and liver. MPE acts similarly to glibenclamide and metformin, and its glucose-lowering action is partly a consequence of ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibition. MPE may be a potential therapeutic alternative for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Murraya/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Aloxano , Animais , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Colesterol/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Glibureto/farmacologia , Índia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional , Metformina/farmacologia , Pâncreas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides can enhance the bioavailability of drugs. Ocimum basilicum is an aromatic plant found in Brazil used in culinary. The essential oil of this plant presents anti-edematogenic and anti-inflammatory activities in acute and chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil obtained from O. basilicum complexed with ß - cyclodextrin (OBEO/ß-CD) in mice. The complexation with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) was performed by different methods and analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using mice models of paw edema induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine and arachidonic acid (AA); vascular permeability and peritonitis induced by carrageenan and granuloma induced by cotton block introduction. The DSC, TG and SEM analysis indicated that the OBEO was successfully complexed with ß-CD. The oral administration of OEOB/ß-CD prevented paw edema formation by decreasing vascular permeability in vivo, inhibited leukocyte recruitment to the peritoneal cavity, and inhibited granuloma formation in mice. Our results indicate that conjugation with ß-CD improves the anti-inflammatory effects of OBEO in mice models of acute and chronic inflammation, indicating that this complex can be used in anti-inflammatory drug development.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Ocimum basilicum/química , Óleos Voláteis/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , beta-Ciclodextrinas/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Brasil , Edema/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
This work aimed to determine the chemical fingerprint of hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Caryocar coriaceum (HELCC) and the gastroprotective activity. The chemical fingerprint of HELCC was analyzed by HPLC-DAD, to quantify total phenols and flavonoids were carried out by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride assay, while in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH method. The methods used to determine pharmacological activity were: gastroprotective screening test in classical models of induced acute and chronic gastric lesions and physical barrier test. Further assays were performed to demonstrate the involvement of NO, prostaglandins, ATP-dependent potassium channels, TRPV, noradrenergic α2 receptors, histamines, and opioids. The DPPH method demonstrated the antioxidant activity of the extract, in vitro, explained by the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids. Oral administration of the extract, previously dissolved in deionized water, at a dose of 100 mg/kg decreased the lesions induced by indomethacin, acidified ethanol, ethanol and acetic acid by 75.0, 72.8, 69.4 and 86.2% respectively. It was demonstrated that opioid receptors, α2-adrenergic receptors and primary afferent neurons sensitive to capsaicin were involved in the mechanism of gastric protection, in addition to the contribution of NO and prostaglandins. The results show that extract is a promising candidate for the treatment of gastric ulcers.
Assuntos
Ericales/química , Etanol/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Folhas de Planta/química , Substâncias Protetoras/uso terapêutico , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Água/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Capsaicina/farmacologia , Capsaicina/uso terapêutico , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Doença Crônica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Flavonoides/análise , Motilidade Gastrointestinal , Glibureto/farmacologia , Glibureto/uso terapêutico , Histamina/farmacologia , Histamina/uso terapêutico , Indometacina , Masculino , Camundongos , Muco/efeitos dos fármacos , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/uso terapêutico , Naloxona/farmacologia , Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Fenóis/análise , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Úlcera Gástrica/patologia , Ioimbina/farmacologia , Ioimbina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The genus Ocimum are used in cooking, however, their essential oils are utilized in traditional medicine as aromatherapy. The present study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition and systemic anti-inflammatory activity of the Ocimum basilicum essential oil (EOOB) and its major component estragole, as well as its possible mechanisms of action. The Ocimum basilicum essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory action was verified using acute and chronic in vivo tests as paw edema, peritonitis, and vascular permeability and granulomatous inflammation model. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of action was analyzed by the participation of histamine and arachidonic acid pathways. The chemical profile analysis identified fourteen components present in the essential oil, within them: estragole (60.96%). The in vivo test results show that treatment with EOOB (100 and 50 mg/kg) and estragole (60 and 30 mg/kg) significantly reduced paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran. The smallest doses of EOOB (50 mg/kg) and estragole (30 mg/kg) showed efficacy in the reduction of paw edema induced by histamine and arachidonic acid, vascular permeability inhibition and leukocyte emigration in the peritoneal fluid. Theses doses were capable of reducing the chronic inflammatory process. The results observed between the EOOB and estragole demonstrate efficacy in anti-inflammatory activity, however, the essential oil is more efficacious in the acute and chronic anti-inflammatory action. This study confirms the therapeutic potential of this plant and reinforces the validity of its use in popular medicine.