RESUMO

Despite the co-occurrence of metals in aquatic environments, their joint effects are generally not considered during risk assessments. Data on the combined effects of zinc (Zn) and aluminum (Al) on aquatic animals are extremely scarce in the literature, although these metals are commonly used in domestic and industrial activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of mixtures of Zn and Al on the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. We evaluated immobility (at 48 h) and ingestion rates (at 24 h). We also performed chronic toxicity tests for single metals. The environmental risks of these substances for tropical freshwaters were estimated from the risk quotient (measured environmental concentration/predicted no-effect concentration). In immobility tests, our results showed a 48-h median effect concentration (EC50) of 0.22 mg Zn L-1 and 0.52 mg Al L-1 , and we observed synergistic effects of Zn and Al, following the independent action model. The ingestion rates of C. silvestrii were inhibited at 0.1, 0.4, and 0.5 mg Al L-1 , and they were increased at 0.08 mg Zn L-1 ; we observed antagonistic effects in all treatments combined with 0.5 mg Al L-1 . In terms of chronic toxicity, a 7-d EC50 occurred at 0.11 mg Zn L-1 and 0.37 mg Al L-1 . The risk assessment suggests a potential risk of these metals at environmentally relevant concentrations, especially when in a mixture. Therefore, we recommend mixture toxicity tests during risk assessments to ensure that zooplankton are protected. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2912-2922. © 2021 SETAC.

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RESUMO

As compared to their temperate counterparts, few toxicity tests have been conducted so far into the evaluation of the sensitivity of indigenous tropical species to pesticides. Especially mixture toxicity assessments appear to be scarce. To contribute to increase our knowledge in this arena, we evaluated the acute toxicity of diuron and carbofuran and their mixtures to the neotropical oligochaetes Allonais inaequalis and Dero furcatus, and the ostracod Strandesia trispinosa. Tests were performed with both the pure active ingredients, as well as their formulated products. The toxicity of the latter to the three test organisms was generally greater than that of the pure active ingredients, although absolute differences were rather small. The sensitivity of the indigenous species was slightly greater than temperate test species from the same taxonomic groups. The concentration addition conceptual model best described the results of the mixture toxicity data. Derived deviations of this model appeared to be dependent on the test organism and as to whether the pesticides were applied as active ingredients or their commercial products. Reported field concentrations of the two pesticides indicate risks to freshwater biota, especially if they are both present. The test species used in the present study are concluded to be suitable candidates as surrogate test organisms in local pesticide risk evaluations.

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RESUMO

Rotíferos possuem um importante papel nos ciclos biogeoquímicos e na produtividade orgânica dos ecossistemas de água doce em decorrência de suas elevadas taxas metabólicas. Informações sobre a filtração, seu principal processo de aquisição de energia, são relevantes e ainda escassos para a região tropical. Os rotíferos da Subclasse Bdelloidea alimentam-se por filtração ou raspagem consumindo pequenos itens alimentares, como bactérias, algas, leveduras ou matéria orgânica particulada. Sabemos pouco sobre o papel que desempenham na dinâmica trófica dos habitats que ocupam e por isso o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar em laboratório as taxas de filtração e ingestão do rotífero Philodina roseola, alimentado com Raphidocelis subcapitata. O delineamento experimental consistiu na exposição de 10 rotíferos adultos por tratamento, em cinco concentrações que variaram entre 10(4) e 10(7) cels mL-1, mantidos sob temperatura de 25 ± 1 °C. Os experimentos tiveram a duração de 1 hora e as concentrações iniciais e finais da suspensão algal foram quantificadas por contagem numérica das células em câmara de Neubauer. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as concentrações iniciais e finais de células nos controles indicando não ter ocorrido crescimento algal. As taxas de filtração de P. roseola variaram entre 0,09 e 0,25 mL ind-1 h-1. Tendo em vista que a filtração é o principal processo de aquisição de energia de Philodina roseola, assim como dos demais rotíferos, e que está relacionada a questões importantes da dinâmica trófica dos ecossistemas aquáticos, informações adicionais são desejáveis mas necessitam, no entanto, ser ampliadas para outros tipos de alimento e para diferentes combinações de condições experimentais.

Rotifers play an important role in biogeochemical cycles and organic productivity of freshwater ecosystems due to their high metabolic rates. Information on filter feeding, their main process of energy acquisition, are relevant and still scarce for tropical regions. The rotifers of the class Bdelloidea feed by filtration or scraping consuming small food items, such as bacteria, algae, yeasts or particulate organic matter. We know little of their role in the trophic dynamics in the habitats they occupy and so the aim of this study was to quantify laboratory filtration and ingestion rates of the rotifer Philodina roseola, fed with Raphidocelis subcapitata. The experiment consisted of 10 adult exposure treatment at five concentrations approximately in the range between 10(4) and 10(7) cells mL-1, at the temperature of 25 ± 1 °C. The experiments lasted one hour and initial and final concentrations of the algal suspensions were determined by counting the number of cells in a Neubauer chamber. There were no significant differences between the initial and final concentrations of cells in the control group indicating that algal growth did not occur. Philodina roseola filtration rates varied between 0.09 and 0.25 mL ind-1 h-1. Given that filtration is the main process of energy acquisition by Philodina roseola, as well as for most other rotifers, and that it comprises important issues related to trophic dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, additional experimental information is especially important and need to be extended to other types of food and combinations of experimental conditions.

Los rotíferos desempeñan un importante papel en los ciclos biogeoquímicos y en la productividad orgánica de los ecosistemas de agua dulce como consecuencia de sus elevadas tasas metabólicas. Es relevante la información sobre la filtración, su principal proceso de adquisición de energía, la cual es todavía escasa para la región tropical. Los rotíferos de la subclase Bdelloidea se alimentan por filtración o raspaje, consumiendo pequeños elementos alimentícios, como bacterias, algas, levaduras o materia orgánica particulada. Sabemos poco del papel que desempeñan en la dinámica trófica de los hábitats que ocupan, y por eso el objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar en laboratorio las tasas de filtración e ingestión del rotífero Philodina roseola, alimentado con Raphidocelis subcapitata. El experimento consistió en la exposición de diez adultos por tratamiento en concentraciones entre 1x10(4) y 1x10(7) células mL-1 y bajo temperatura de 25±1 °C. Los experimentos tuvieron la duración de una hora y las concentraciones iniciales y finales de la suspensión algal fueron cuantificadas por conteo numérico de las células en cámara de Neubauer. No fueron encontradas diferencias significativas entre las concentraciones iniciales y finales de células en los controles, lo cual indica que no se presentó crecimiento algal. Las tasas de filtración de P. roseola variaron entre 0,09 y 0,25 mL ind-1 h-1. Teniendo en cuenta que la filtración es el principal proceso de adquisición de energía de la Philodina roseola, así como de los demás rotíferos, y que comprende cuestiones importantes relacionadas con la dinámica trófica de los ecosistemas acuáticos, es importante ampliar la información con experimentos usando otros tipos de alimento y diferentes combinaciones de las condiciones experimentales.