RESUMO
Longitudinal changes in physical activity among 129 Mexican-American (mean age 30.8; SD = 5.6) and 97 European-American (mean age 31.2; SD = 5.4) women were studied. Two physical activity recall interviews were administered at baseline and 7 years later. At baseline, European-American women reported more vigorous leisure activity (p < .005) than Mexican-Americans, and Mexican-Americans reported more moderate work activity (p < .02) than European-Americans. Virtually all components of physical activity increased significantly over the 7 years. Pearson tracking correlations for total energy expenditure were about r = 0.30. The finding that both groups increased physical activity overtime was unexpected and was unrelated to a reduction in the number of preschool children in the homes over time.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde/etnologia , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Aptidão Física , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Peso Corporal , California , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Saúde da MulherRESUMO
Physical activity and dietary behaviors are often correlated in adults and adolescents. This association was examined in 351 Anglo- and Mexican-American children between the ages of 4 and 7 years. Behaviors were assessed by structured observations and interviews at home and school. Observed physical activity was significantly correlated with energy intake (r = .43), but was unrelated to the percentage of calories from total fat or saturated fat. Thus, interventions with young children to improve dietary behavior or physical activity should not be expected to automatically lead to changes in the other.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Comportamento Alimentar , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Americanos Mexicanos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comparação Transcultural , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of several potential psychosocial determinants on children's eating behavior. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred fifty-one Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white children (mean age = 4.4 years old at baseline) participated in the San Diego Study of Children's Activity and Nutrition for up to 2.5 years. METHODS: Child's eating behavior was described by 3 dependent variables: total energy, percentage energy from fat, and sodium intake per 1,000 kcal. Dietary information was collected 4 days a year using a 24-hour food intake record, which was a combination of direct observation and interviews with food preparers. The 35 predictor variables from child, parental, demographic, and environmental domains were collected by behavioral observation, interviewer-administered questionnaires, and physical measurements. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Bivariate and regression analyses via mixed linear models were performed. RESULTS: Variables from the children's domain (such as skinfold thickness and weight) had the strongest associations with energy intake; parental variables (such as fat avoidance behavior and prompts to increase children's food intake) were associated with child's percentage energy from fat and sodium intake. In regression analyses, parsimonious subsets of variables accounted for 46% of variance in energy intake (3 variables), 40% of the variance in percentage of energy from fat (4 variables), and 44% of variance in sodium intake per 1,000 kcal energy (1 variable) in between-subject variance components. CONCLUSIONS: Fat and sodium intake of children may be improved by improving parents' nutrition habits and by having parents encourage children to eat a healthful diet. Few modifiable correlates of children's energy intake were identified.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Energia , Comportamento Alimentar , Poder Familiar , Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , California , Pré-Escolar , Registros de Dieta , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Meio Ambiente , Comportamento Alimentar/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e Questionários , População BrancaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess vitamin and mineral intakes of Anglo-American and Mexican-American preschoolers. DESIGN: By use of interview and observation methods, acquire food intake data, calculate total nutrient intake, and compare selected nutrients to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for ethnic and gender groups. SUBJECTS: Low- to middle-income parents and their preschool children (N = 351) recruited from preschools in San Diego, Calif, consented to participate in the Study of Children's Activity and Nutrition conducted by researchers at the University of California, San Diego. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data regarding 15 nutrients were summarized based on the average of two food intake records for each preschooler. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Means and standard deviations were used to describe micronutrient intakes for ethnic and gender groups; analyses of variance and t tests were performed to determine ethnic and gender differences. RESULTS: Boys and Anglo-Americans had higher total nutrient intakes than girls and Mexican-Americans, respectively. Mexican-Americans had higher nutrient intakes per energy intake, which indicates a micronutrient-dense diet. When each nutrient was considered by the two thirds of the RDA criterion (66% of the RDA means adequate intake), the nutrients most likely to be inadequate were iron, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin C, and niacin. Mexican-American girls had significantly lower calcium intakes than the other gender and ethnic groups. APPLICATION: Parents and day care providers must ensure that preschoolers, especially girls and Mexican-Americans, eat nutrient-rich foods in adequate quantities that will achieve the recommended intakes.
Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar/etnologia , Americanos Mexicanos , Minerais/administração & dosagem , Vitaminas/administração & dosagem , População Branca , Disponibilidade Biológica , California , Pré-Escolar , Registros de Dieta , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Renda , Ferro/administração & dosagem , Ferro/farmacocinética , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , Vitamina B 12/administração & dosagem , Vitamina D/administração & dosagem , Zinco/administração & dosagemRESUMO
A longer duration of breast-feeding and later introduction to solids may protect against excessive adiposity in infancy. This study investigated infant feeding practices and their relationship to two measures of adiposity--body mass index (BMI) and sum of skinfold thicknesses (SUMSF)--in 331 4-y-old Anglo- (43%) and Mexican-American (57%) children. No associations were detected between any of the infant feeding variables of duration of breast-feeding and introduction to solids and formula and measures of the child's adiposity. Mother's physical measures of BMI and SUMSF explained the largest portion of variance for both measures of childhood adiposity, BMI (9.5%), and SUMSF (8.3%). Genetic and environmental factors other than infant feeding practices appear to have a greater influence on a 4-y-olds' adiposity.