RESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate in vitro the potential of an intraoral scanner (IOS) to monitor erosive tooth wear (ETW) using different alignment software with distinct quantitative measurement metrics. METHODS: 15 unpolished bovine crowns were exposed to citric acid (pH ~2.5) at 24-hour intervals up to 168 hours. At baseline and after each acid exposure episode, the teeth were scanned with IOS (3Shape TRIOS 3). Scanned images from each data point were superimposed on baseline image using WearCompare software to obtain volume loss (mm³) and area loss (mm²) and using IOS built-in software (3Shape TRIOS Patient Monitoring) to obtain depth loss (mm). Pearson's test was used to determine the correlation between acid exposure time (h) and each outcome measure (α= 0.05). RESULTS: As the acid exposure time increased, the lesion parameters (depth, volume, and area) increased. Friedman's test showed that relative to baseline volume loss became significant (P< 0.05) after 72 hours from median 11.48 mm³ (IQI 25% = 8.72 mm³), eroded area became significant (P< 0.05) from median 48.67 mm² (IQI 25% = 44.46 mm², P< 0.05) after 96 hours, and erosion depth became significant (P< 0.05) from median 0.69 mm (IQI 25% = 0.66 mm²) after 144 hours. A strong correlation was observed between depth (mm²) and time (r= 0.9993 P< 0.0001), volume (mm³) and time (r= 0.9968, P< 0.0001), and area (mm²) and time (r= 0.9475, P= 0.0003). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Currently, there is no quantitative method for clinical monitoring of erosive tooth wear. The present study demonstrated that the intraoral scanner is a potential clinical tool for detecting and quantitatively monitoring early and advanced erosive tooth wear.
Assuntos
Desgaste dos Dentes , Dente , Animais , Bovinos , Estudos de Viabilidade , Humanos , Desgaste dos Dentes/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
COVID-19 has had an unprecedented global impact on human health. Understanding the Ab memory responses to infection is one tool needed to effectively control the pandemic. Among 173 outpatients who had virologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, we evaluated serum Ab concentrations, microneutralization activity, and enumerated SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells in convalescent human blood specimens. Serum Ab concentrations were variable, allowing for stratification of the cohort into high and low responders. Neither participant sex, the timing of blood sampling following the onset of illness, nor the number of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific B cells correlated with serum Ab concentration. Serum Ab concentration was positively associated with microneutralization activity and participant age, with participants under the age of 30 showing the lowest Ab level. These data suggest that young adult outpatients did not generate as robust Ab memory, compared with older adults. Body mass index was also positively correlated with serum Ab levels. Multivariate analyses showed that participant age and body mass index were independently associated with Ab levels. These findings have direct implications for public health policy and current vaccine efforts. Knowledge gained regarding Ab memory following infection will inform the need for vaccination in those previously infected and allow for a better approximation of population-wide protective immunity.
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Formação de Anticorpos , Índice de Massa Corporal , COVID-19 , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Linfócitos B/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Humanos , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination is administered throughout the influenza disease season, even as late as March. Given such timing, what is the value of vaccinating the population earlier than currently being practiced? METHODS: We used real data on when individuals were vaccinated in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and the following 2 models to determine the value of vaccinating individuals earlier (by the end of September, October, and November): Framework for Reconstructing Epidemiological Dynamics (FRED), an agent-based model (ABM), and FluEcon, our influenza economic model that translates cases from the ABM to outcomes and costs [health care and lost productivity costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs)]. We varied the reproductive number (R0) from 1.2 to 1.6. RESULTS: Applying the current timing of vaccinations averted 223,761 influenza cases, $16.3 million in direct health care costs, $50.0 million in productivity losses, and 804 in QALYs, compared with no vaccination (February peak, R0 1.2). When the population does not have preexisting immunity and the influenza season peaks in February (R0 1.2-1.6), moving individuals who currently received the vaccine after September to the end of September could avert an additional 9634-17,794 influenza cases, $0.6-$1.4 million in direct costs, $2.1-$4.0 million in productivity losses, and 35-64 QALYs. Moving the vaccination of just children to September (R0 1.2-1.6) averted 11,366-1660 influenza cases, $0.6-$0.03 million in direct costs, $2.3-$0.2 million in productivity losses, and 42-8 QALYs. Moving the season peak to December increased these benefits, whereas increasing preexisting immunity reduced these benefits. CONCLUSION: Even though many people are vaccinated well after September/October, they likely are still vaccinated early enough to provide substantial cost-savings.