RESUMO
Grain germination increases the contents of benzoxazinoids and the antioxidant capacity of wheat and differentially affects the phytochemical composition of hard and soft wheat cultivars. It was investigated whether wheat cultivars (sprouted or not) with distinct grain texture characteristics (BRS Guaraim, soft vs. BRS Marcante, hard texture) would have different behavior in relation to changes in phytochemical compounds, bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity during simulated gastrointestinal digestion of a tabbouleh preparation. Sprouting increased the nominal amount of phytochemicals in tabbouleh resulting in increased release of phenolic acids (up to 7.5-fold) and benzoxazinoids (up to 12.5-fold) during all digestion phases besides higher bioaccessibility (up to 2.8-fold). Sprouting caused greater increase in the bioaccessibility of phenolic acids for the soft wheat cultivar (4.5-fold) than for the hard cultivar (1.9-fold) and it increased the colon available index of phenolic acids only for the soft cultivar (1.8-fold). Flavonoids, mainly represented by apigenin glycosides, were marginally increased after sprouting but underwent relative increase along digestion being the major phytochemicals found in the bioaccessible fraction obtained after intestinal digestion (73-94% of total phytochemicals). The increase in apigenin glycosides was associated to the increase of in vitro and intracellular antioxidant capacity of tabbouleh along digestion. Sprouting increased the peroxyl radical removal capacity of tabbouleh in the gastric phase and in the non-bioaccessible fraction regardless of the cultivar. The highest hydroxyl radical removal capacities were found in non-sprouted cultivars, especially in the soft texture cultivar in the undigested and bioaccessible fractions. The bioaccessible fraction obtained after wheat digestion was more efficient to scavenge intracellular ROS than undigested samples, the highest scavenging potency being observed for the hard texture cultivar with no effect of sprouting. These findings confirm the hypothesis that the phytochemicals of hard and soft wheat cultivars (sprouted or not) have different behavior during digestion in terms of biotransformation, bioaccessibility and ability to remove reactive species and indicate that tabbouleh produced from sprouted wheat results in increased release of bioactive phytochemicals during digestion.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Flavonoides , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Fenóis/metabolismo , Triticum/química , Benzoxazinas , Apigenina , Digestão , Glicosídeos , Compostos FitoquímicosRESUMO
In whole wheat bread production in Brazil blends of whole flour (WF) with refined flour (RF) are used, which differ in their composition. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the pasting properties of WF with RF blends. Samples with 100% of WF, 100% of RF (controls) and blends of WF with RF in the proportions of 20, 40, 60 and 80% were analyzed, in a RVA (Rapid Visco Analyzer) equipment. The samples pasting temperatures were similar. The peak viscosity decreased proportionally with the increase of WF in blends. Higher values of breakdown and holding strength were found in flour with high viscosity peak. Final viscosity and setback values decreased as the content of WF in blends increased. The pasting properties of WF with RF blends must be seen in a combined way, because they affect bread production and storage. The results also showed that RVA can be used to help in formulating WF/RF blends with certain pasting properties.
Na produção de pães integrais de trigo no Brasil, são utilizadas mesclas de farinha integral (FI) com farinha refinada (FR), as quais diferem em sua composição. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as propriedades de pasta de mesclas de FI com FR. Foram analisadas amostras com 100% de FI, 100% de FR (controles) e mesclas de FI com FR nas proporções de 20, 40, 60 e 80%, em equipamento RVA (Rapid Visco Analyzer). A temperatura de pasta das amostras foi semelhante. A viscosidade máxima diminuiu proporcionalmente com o aumento de FI na mescla. Maiores valores de quebra e de viscosidade mínima à temperatura constante foram encontrados em farinhas com pico de viscosidade elevado. Os valores de viscosidade final e de tendência à retrogradação diminuíram à medida que aumentou o teor de FI na mescla. As propriedades de pasta das mesclas de FI com FR devem ser vistas de forma conjunta, pois afetam a produção de pão e o armazenamento. Os resultados mostraram também que o RVA pode ser usado para ajudar a formular mesclas de FI/FR com certas propriedades de pasta.
RESUMO
In whole wheat bread production in Brazil blends of whole flour (WF) with refined flour (RF) are used, which differ in their composition. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the pasting properties of WF with RF blends. Samples with 100% of WF, 100% of RF (controls) and blends of WF with RF in the proportions of 20, 40, 60 and 80% were analyzed, in a RVA (Rapid Visco Analyzer) equipment. The samples pasting temperatures were similar. The peak viscosity decreased proportionally with the increase of WF in blends. Higher values of breakdown and holding strength were found in flour with high viscosity peak. Final viscosity and setback values decreased as the content of WF in blends increased. The pasting properties of WF with RF blends must be seen in a combined way, because they affect bread production and storage. The results also showed that RVA can be used to help in formulating WF/RF blends with certain pasting properties.
Na produção de pães integrais de trigo no Brasil, são utilizadas mesclas de farinha integral (FI) com farinha refinada (FR), as quais diferem em sua composição. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as propriedades de pasta de mesclas de FI com FR. Foram analisadas amostras com 100% de FI, 100% de FR (controles) e mesclas de FI com FR nas proporções de 20, 40, 60 e 80%, em equipamento RVA (Rapid Visco Analyzer). A temperatura de pasta das amostras foi semelhante. A viscosidade máxima diminuiu proporcionalmente com o aumento de FI na mescla. Maiores valores de quebra e de viscosidade mínima à temperatura constante foram encontrados em farinhas com pico de viscosidade elevado. Os valores de viscosidade final e de tendência à retrogradação diminuíram à medida que aumentou o teor de FI na mescla. As propriedades de pasta das mesclas de FI com FR devem ser vistas de forma conjunta, pois afetam a produção de pão e o armazenamento. Os resultados mostraram também que o RVA pode ser usado para ajudar a formular mesclas de FI/FR com certas propriedades de pasta.
RESUMO
In whole wheat bread production in Brazil blends of whole flour (WF) with refined flour (RF) are used, which differ in their composition. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the pasting properties of WF with RF blends. Samples with 100% of WF, 100% of RF (controls) and blends of WF with RF in the proportions of 20, 40, 60 and 80% were analyzed, in a RVA (Rapid Visco Analyzer) equipment. The samples pasting temperatures were similar. The peak viscosity decreased proportionally with the increase of WF in blends. Higher values of breakdown and holding strength were found in flour with high viscosity peak. Final viscosity and setback values decreased as the content of WF in blends increased. The pasting properties of WF with RF blends must be seen in a combined way, because they affect bread production and storage. The results also showed that RVA can be used to help in formulating WF/RF blends with certain pasting properties.
Na produção de pães integrais de trigo no Brasil, são utilizadas mesclas de farinha integral (FI) com farinha refinada (FR), as quais diferem em sua composição. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as propriedades de pasta de mesclas de FI com FR. Foram analisadas amostras com 100% de FI, 100% de FR (controles) e mesclas de FI com FR nas proporções de 20, 40, 60 e 80%, em equipamento RVA (Rapid Visco Analyzer). A temperatura de pasta das amostras foi semelhante. A viscosidade máxima diminuiu proporcionalmente com o aumento de FI na mescla. Maiores valores de quebra e de viscosidade mínima à temperatura constante foram encontrados em farinhas com pico de viscosidade elevado. Os valores de viscosidade final e de tendência à retrogradação diminuíram à medida que aumentou o teor de FI na mescla. As propriedades de pasta das mesclas de FI com FR devem ser vistas de forma conjunta, pois afetam a produção de pão e o armazenamento. Os resultados mostraram também que o RVA pode ser usado para ajudar a formular mesclas de FI/FR com certas propriedades de pasta.
RESUMO
The wheat cultivar BRS 296, developed by Embrapa, was released to production in 2009. It was originated of cross between PF 93232 and COOK*4/VPM1, carried out in green-house, in the summer of 1992/1993. The segregate generations were conducted by genealogic method until homozigose of genotype, named PF 990283. It has excellent leave and spike sanity and production stability. Preliminarily, it was classified as Bread Wheat and is recommended to all wheat regions of Brazil.
A cultivar de trigo 'BRS 296', desenvolvida pela Embrapa, foi registrada para cultivo em 2009. Originou-se do cruzamento entre o genitor feminino PF 93232 e o genitor masculino COOK*4/VPM1, realizado em telado, na Embrapa Trigo, no verão de 1992/1993. As gerações segregantes foram conduzidas pelo método genealógico até a fixação da linhagem, nomeada de PF 990283. Caracteriza-se pela sua excelente sanidade foliar e de espiga e pela estabilidade de produção. Preliminarmente, está enquadrada na classe comercial Pão e seu cultivo é recomendado para todas as regiões tritícolas do Brasil.
RESUMO
The wheat cultivar BRS 296, developed by Embrapa, was released to production in 2009. It was originated of cross between PF 93232 and COOK*4/VPM1, carried out in green-house, in the summer of 1992/1993. The segregate generations were conducted by genealogic method until homozigose of genotype, named PF 990283. It has excellent leave and spike sanity and production stability. Preliminarily, it was classified as Bread Wheat and is recommended to all wheat regions of Brazil.
A cultivar de trigo 'BRS 296', desenvolvida pela Embrapa, foi registrada para cultivo em 2009. Originou-se do cruzamento entre o genitor feminino PF 93232 e o genitor masculino COOK*4/VPM1, realizado em telado, na Embrapa Trigo, no verão de 1992/1993. As gerações segregantes foram conduzidas pelo método genealógico até a fixação da linhagem, nomeada de PF 990283. Caracteriza-se pela sua excelente sanidade foliar e de espiga e pela estabilidade de produção. Preliminarmente, está enquadrada na classe comercial Pão e seu cultivo é recomendado para todas as regiões tritícolas do Brasil.
RESUMO
The wheat cultivar BRS 296, developed by Embrapa, was released to production in 2009. It was originated of cross between PF 93232 and COOK*4/VPM1, carried out in green-house, in the summer of 1992/1993. The segregate generations were conducted by genealogic method until homozigose of genotype, named PF 990283. It has excellent leave and spike sanity and production stability. Preliminarily, it was classified as Bread Wheat and is recommended to all wheat regions of Brazil.
A cultivar de trigo 'BRS 296', desenvolvida pela Embrapa, foi registrada para cultivo em 2009. Originou-se do cruzamento entre o genitor feminino PF 93232 e o genitor masculino COOK*4/VPM1, realizado em telado, na Embrapa Trigo, no verão de 1992/1993. As gerações segregantes foram conduzidas pelo método genealógico até a fixação da linhagem, nomeada de PF 990283. Caracteriza-se pela sua excelente sanidade foliar e de espiga e pela estabilidade de produção. Preliminarmente, está enquadrada na classe comercial Pão e seu cultivo é recomendado para todas as regiões tritícolas do Brasil.
RESUMO
The influence of salt (2 and 3%) and sugar (6 and 8%) on physicochemical characteristics of snacks produced with cassava starch (70%) and brewer"s spent grain (30%) was studied. The blends were conditioned to 20% moisture and processed in a single screw extruder (Cerealtec International), with 3:1 compression ratio, screw speed of 150 rpm and 4 mm die diameter. The feed rate was maintained constant and the temperatures were 80C in the first zone and 170C in the heating zone and in the die. The expansion of snacks containing salt or sugar differed significantly from the control, occuring a proportional increase with concentration. The specific volumes decreased with sugar or salt concentration increase. The water absorption index and water solubility index did not present a significant difference.
Foi estudado o efeito da adição de sal (2 e 3%) e açúcar (6 e 8%) nas características físico-químicas de "snacks" produzidos com amido de mandioca (70%) e resíduo da indústria cervejeira (30%). As misturas foram condicionadas para 21% de umidade e processadas em extrusor Cerealtec International de rosca única, com taxa de compressão de 3:1, rotação de 150 rpm, matriz de 4 mm de diâmetro, fluxo de alimentação constante, temperaturas de 80C na primeira zona e de 170C na zona de aquecimento e no cabeçote. A expansão dos "snacks" com sal e açúcar diferiu significativamente do controle, ocorrendo um aumento proporcional à concentração. O volume específico diminuiu com o aumento da concentração de sal ou açúcar. O índice de absorção de água (IAA) e o índice de solubilidade em água (ISA) não apresentaram diferença significativa.
RESUMO
The influence of salt (2 and 3%) and sugar (6 and 8%) on physicochemical characteristics of snacks produced with cassava starch (70%) and brewer"s spent grain (30%) was studied. The blends were conditioned to 20% moisture and processed in a single screw extruder (Cerealtec International), with 3:1 compression ratio, screw speed of 150 rpm and 4 mm die diameter. The feed rate was maintained constant and the temperatures were 80C in the first zone and 170C in the heating zone and in the die. The expansion of snacks containing salt or sugar differed significantly from the control, occuring a proportional increase with concentration. The specific volumes decreased with sugar or salt concentration increase. The water absorption index and water solubility index did not present a significant difference.
Foi estudado o efeito da adição de sal (2 e 3%) e açúcar (6 e 8%) nas características físico-químicas de "snacks" produzidos com amido de mandioca (70%) e resíduo da indústria cervejeira (30%). As misturas foram condicionadas para 21% de umidade e processadas em extrusor Cerealtec International de rosca única, com taxa de compressão de 3:1, rotação de 150 rpm, matriz de 4 mm de diâmetro, fluxo de alimentação constante, temperaturas de 80C na primeira zona e de 170C na zona de aquecimento e no cabeçote. A expansão dos "snacks" com sal e açúcar diferiu significativamente do controle, ocorrendo um aumento proporcional à concentração. O volume específico diminuiu com o aumento da concentração de sal ou açúcar. O índice de absorção de água (IAA) e o índice de solubilidade em água (ISA) não apresentaram diferença significativa.