RESUMO
Hospital-acquired infections are a global health problem that threatens patients' treatment in intensive care units, causing thousands of deaths and a considerable increase in hospitalization costs. The endotracheal tube (ETT) is a medical device placed in the patient's trachea to assist breathing and delivering oxygen into the lungs. However, bacterial biofilms forming at the surface of the ETT and the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria are considered the primary causes of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), a severe hospital-acquired infection for significant mortality. Under these circumstances, there has been a need to administrate antibiotics together. Although necessary, it has led to a rapid increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, it becomes necessary to develop alternatives to prevent and combat these bacterial infections. One possibility is to turn the ETT itself into a bactericide. Some examples reported in the literature present drawbacks. To overcome those issues, we have designed a photosensitizer-containing ETT to be used in photodynamic inactivation (PDI) to avoid bacteria biofilm formation and prevent VAP occurrence during tracheal intubation. This work describes ETT's functionalization with curcumin photosensitizer, as well as its evaluation in PDI against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli A significant photoinactivation (up to 95%) against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was observed when curcumin-functionalized endotracheal (ETT-curc) was used. These remarkable results demonstrate this strategy's potential to combat hospital-acquired infections and contribute to fighting antimicrobial resistance.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Curcumina/farmacologia , Intubação Intratraqueal/instrumentação , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/prevenção & controle , Antibacterianos/química , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Curcumina/química , Humanos , Intubação Intratraqueal/efeitos adversos , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/microbiologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/fisiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologiaRESUMO
Photobiomodulation was explored to find evidence of stimulation during the development of newborn rats. A light chamber device was used, and rat pups were divided into groups after birth. Investigation of the process' security was performed before the full experiment. Following a protocol of alternating illumination and mother's presence during the first 13 days, we observed that, in the group that received photobiomodulation, the pups opened their eyes faster, indicating earlier achievement of maturity. The rate of weight gain also indicates faster metabolic activity in the group that was photostimulated. This study is the first step toward the use of photobiomodulation for premature newborn human babies.
Assuntos
Aceleração , Crescimento e Desenvolvimento/efeitos da radiação , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade , Nascimento Prematuro/radioterapia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Peso Corporal/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , RatosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hospital infections are a public health problem that can occur with the use of catheters and endotracheal tubes (ETT). Pathogenic microorganisms may adhere to surfaces of these materials forming a biofilm and produce an extracellular polymer matrix that promotes resistance of microorganisms to factors such as pH, temperature and drugs. The conventional treatment is being made by antibiotics, which has serious adverse effects in immunocompromised patients. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative for microbial inactivation noninvasive without the stimulus of microbial resistance. PDT combines light and a photosensitive molecule for produce reactive oxygen species leading to bacterial death. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a PDT protocol in bacterial inactivation of biofilm ETT. METHOD: The photosensitizer (PS) used was curcumin and the light source LED at 450nm. A statistical experimental design was used for optimization of antimicrobial PDT. RESULTS: The highest microbial inactivation was observed with 70% biofilm reduction in conditions 1.25 mg/mL curcumin, 2 h of PS incubation and 50 J/cm2. CONCLUSION: This study described the photodynamic death of bacteria forming a biofilm on ETT. Parameters optimization was important for clinical application of this system.
Assuntos
Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Intubação Intratraqueal , Viabilidade Microbiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Curcumina/farmacologia , Luz , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Staphylococcus aureus/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
It is well known that, under exposure to bright light, eggs tend to hatch earlier than control, without any damage to the birds. This report aims to systematically show the effect and establishes a proposal for a possible application to accelerate chicken egg formation, which could be extrapolated or adapted as a great advance in premature human newborns. Comparing several protocols, the experiments show that lower doses of light slowly delivered for 24 h promote higher efficiency in embryo development, increasing on average 25% of its size and more than 70% in weight when compared to the control. This weight difference shows promising results compared to rates of up to 17% found in the literature. These results can be a first step to reduce the stay of premature human infants in hospitals because light, when applied in very low doses, can accelerate the natural biological processes without risks.