RESUMO
Although lung cancer (LC) is one of the most common and lethal tumors, only 15% of patients are diagnosed at an early stage. Smoking is still responsible for more than 85% of cases. Lung cancer screening (LCS) with low-dose CT (LDCT) reduces LC-related mortality by 20%, and that reduction reaches 38% when LCS by LDCT is combined with smoking cessation. In the last decade, a number of countries have adopted population-based LCS as a public health recommendation. Albeit still incipient, discussion on this topic in Brazil is becoming increasingly broad and necessary. With the aim of increasing knowledge and stimulating debate on LCS, the Brazilian Society of Thoracic Surgery, the Brazilian Thoracic Association, and the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging convened a panel of experts to prepare recommendations for LCS in Brazil. The recommendations presented here were based on a narrative review of the literature, with an emphasis on large population-based studies, systematic reviews, and the recommendations of international guidelines, and were developed after extensive discussion by the panel of experts. The following topics were reviewed: reasons for screening; general considerations about smoking; epidemiology of LC; eligibility criteria; incidental findings; granulomatous lesions; probabilistic models; minimum requirements for LDCT; volumetric acquisition; risks of screening; minimum structure and role of the multidisciplinary team; practice according to the Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System; costs versus benefits of screening; and future perspectives for LCS.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares , Radiologia , Cirurgia Torácica , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Brasil/epidemiologia , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/métodos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Programas de RastreamentoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Although lung cancer (LC) is one of the most common and lethal tumors, only 15% of patients are diagnosed at an early stage. Smoking is still responsible for more than 85% of cases. Lung cancer screening (LCS) with low-dose CT (LDCT) reduces LC-related mortality by 20%, and that reduction reaches 38% when LCS by LDCT is combined with smoking cessation. In the last decade, a number of countries have adopted population-based LCS as a public health recommendation. Albeit still incipient, discussion on this topic in Brazil is becoming increasingly broad and necessary. With the aim of increasing knowledge and stimulating debate on LCS, the Brazilian Society of Thoracic Surgery, the Brazilian Thoracic Association, and the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging convened a panel of experts to prepare recommendations for LCS in Brazil. The recommendations presented here were based on a narrative review of the literature, with an emphasis on large population-based studies, systematic reviews, and the recommendations of international guidelines, and were developed after extensive discussion by the panel of experts. The following topics were reviewed: reasons for screening; general considerations about smoking; epidemiology of LC; eligibility criteria; incidental findings; granulomatous lesions; probabilistic models; minimum requirements for LDCT; volumetric acquisition; risks of screening; minimum structure and role of the multidisciplinary team; practice according to the Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System; costs versus benefits of screening; and future perspectives for LCS.
RESUMO O câncer de pulmão (CP) é uma das neoplasias mais comuns e letais no Brasil, e apenas 15% dos pacientes são diagnosticados nos estágios iniciais. O tabagismo persiste como o responsável por mais de 85% de todos os casos. O rastreamento do CP (RCP) por meio da TC de baixa dosagem de radiação (TCBD) reduz a mortalidade do CP em 20%, e, quando combinado com a cessação do tabagismo, essa redução chega a 38%. Na última década, diversos países adotaram o RCP como recomendação de saúde populacional. No Brasil, embora ainda incipiente, a discussão sobre o tema é cada vez mais ampla e necessária. Com o intuito de aumentar o conhecimento e estimular o debate sobre o RCP, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Torácica, a Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia e o Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem constituíram um painel de especialistas para elaborar as recomendações para o RCP. As recomendações aqui apresentadas foram baseadas em revisão narrativa da literatura, com ênfase em grandes estudos populacionais, em revisões sistemáticas e em recomendações de diretrizes internacionais, sendo construídas após ampla discussão pelo grupo de especialistas. Os temas revisados foram os seguintes: porque rastrear, considerações gerais sobre tabagismo, epidemiologia do CP, critérios de elegibilidade, achados incidentais, lesões granulomatosas, modelos probabilísticos, requisitos mínimos da TCBD, aquisições volumétricas, riscos do rastreamento, estrutura mínima e papel da equipe multidisciplinar, conduta segundo o Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS), custos vs. benefícios e perspectivas do rastreamento.
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Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is a condition that impacts directly on the patient's prognosis. OBJECTIVE: The study purpose was to identify predictors of overall survival in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with MSCC. METHODS: A cohort study involving NSCLC patients enrolled between 2008 and 2017 was performed. Sixty-four patients treated with short-course radiotherapy were included. Clinical and socio-demographic data were extracted from medical records. Data were analysed using survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. RESULTS: The median survival time was 2.5 months (95% CI: 1.6-3.5). Patients >60 years had shorter survival than younger patients (HR 1.85; 95% CI 1.06-3.24; p = 0.02), and patients with performance status (PS) >2 had shorter survival than those with PS≤2 (HR 1.93; 95% CI 1.12-3.33; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study found worse PS and higher age are independent predictors of overall survival in NSCLC patients with MSCC treated with short-course radiotherapy after adjusting the potential confounding factors (PS, age and target therapy).
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Compressão da Medula Espinal , Neoplasias da Coluna Vertebral , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/radioterapia , Estudos de Coortes , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/radioterapia , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Compressão da Medula Espinal/etiologia , Compressão da Medula Espinal/radioterapia , Neoplasias da Coluna Vertebral/radioterapiaRESUMO
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and median time for the development of metastases and prognosis by metastatic site after the diagnosis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients & methods: This cohort study was conducted with 1096 patients diagnosed with NSCLC between 2006 and 2014. Results: The most prevalent site of NSCLC metastases was the respiratory system. The nervous and adrenal systems presented the longest median time for the development of metastases. The 6-month survival varied from 68.2% for liver to 79.9% for the nervous system. Bone metastases were associated with a higher risk of death. Conclusion: The respiratory system was the most prevalent site of metastases. OS and risk of death varied according to the metastatic site.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/epidemiologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/secundário , Brasil/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/secundário , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/secundário , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/secundário , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan (China) and quickly spread worldwide and has since been assigned a pandemic status. This affected the worlds' social interactions, including within medical practices, thus interfering with routine treatments for a variety of diseases including cancer. Different studies have addressed the fact that patients with cancer are often immunocompromised, making them more susceptible to infections. Since COVID-19 frequently causes respiratory distress, patients with lung cancer are considered to be a high-risk group. Genes that have been indicated to mediate viral entry into host cells such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 are expressed in the lung tissue, a fact that could partially explain COVID-19 pathogenesis and lung involvement. Therefore, the current study offers a disease overview including molecular aspects behind the infection and provide a perspective on already published Chinese data plus recommendations for the management of lung cancer patients according to the two main lung cancer types and stages: non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. This review aimed to add to the collective effort of selecting the most appropriate guidelines to follow for the treatment of these patients.
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Introduction: Tobacco smoke is the leading risk factor for the development of lung cancer (LC). However, several countries have recently reported increases in LC in never-smokers. Objective: The study aimed to verify epidemiological and survival characteristics in never-smoker LC patients. Method: The study was based on a historical cohort of never-smokers with LC diagnosed from 2000 to 2009. Overall survival was compared using log-rank test, and Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent prognostic factors. Results: A total of 254 never-smoker LC patients were studied (median age 65.5 years; 66.5% women). The most common histological type was adenocarcinoma (65.7% in women and 60.0% in men), and the majority of the patients had advanced stages (III-IV) (79.6% in women and 92.8% in men). 9.9% of the patients were treated with surgery (13.1% of women and 3.6% of men). The overall survival rates at one, three, and five years were 37.2%, 14.2%, and 9.5%, respectively. Median overall survival was 8.3 months. Women showed better survival than men (9.6 vs. 6.9 months; p=0.023). Non-surgical treatment (p<0.001), performance status 2-4 (p=0.038), and stages III and IV (p<0.001) were associated with worse overall survival. Conclusions: The majority of LC cases in never-smokers were advanced-stage adenocarcinoma, submitted to non-surgical treatment. Women showed better survival than men. Based on the low overall survival, the data emphasize the importance of early diagnosis of LC in never-smoker patients.
Introducción: El tabaquismo es el factor de riesgo predominante para el de cáncer de pulmón (CP). Sin embargo, un aumento reciente de CP en no fumadores es prominente en algunos países. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar las características epidemiológicas y de sobrevida en no fumadores con CP. Método: Cohorte histórica de no fumadores con CP diagnosticados de 2000-2009. La supervivencia global fue comparada usando análisis de log-rank y la regresión de Cox para identificar factores pronósticos independientes. Resultados: Una muestra totalizando 254 pacientes no fumadores con CP fue estudiada (mediana de edad: 65,5 años, 66,5% de mujeres). El tipo histológico más común correspondió a adenocarcinoma (65,7% en las mujeres y el 60,0% en los hombres) y la mayoría en estadio avanzado (III-IV) (79,6% en las mujeres y el 92,8% en los hombres). Un total de 9,9% de pacientes fueron tratados con cirugía (13,1% en mujeres y 3,6% en hombres). Las tasas de supervivencia global de 1, 3 y 5 años fueron, respectivamente, el 37,2%, el 14,2% y el 9,5%. La supervivencia mediana global correspondió a 8,3 meses. Fue observada una mejor sobrevida en mujeres que em hombres (9,6 frente a 6,9 meses, p=0,023). El tratamiento no quirúrgico (p <0,001), el estado de equilibrio del estado 2-4 (p=0,038) y los estadios III-IV (p <0,001) se encontraron asociados con una peor sobrevida global. Conclusiones: Se encontró una mayor ocurrencia de adenocarcinoma, estadificación avanzada y tratamiento no quirúrgico. Las mujeres mostraron una sobrevida mejor que los hombres. En función de la baja sobrevida global, estos datos refuerzan la importancia del diagnóstico precoz del CP en no fumadores.
Introdução: O tabagismo é o fator de risco predominante para o desenvolvimento do câncer de pulmão (CP). Contudo, um aumento recente de CP em não fumantes é proeminente em alguns países. Objetivo:O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as características epidemiológicas e de sobrevida em não fumantes com CP. Método: Coorte histórica de não fumantes com CP diagnosticados de 2000 a 2009. A sobrevivência global foi comparada usando o teste Log-rank e a análise de regressão de Cox foi usada para identificar fatores prognósticos independentes. Resultados: Um total de 254 pacientes com LC não fumantes foram estudados (mediana de idade: 65,5 anos, 66,5% de mulheres). O tipo histológico mais comum foi o adenocarcinoma (65,7% nas mulheres e 60,0% nos homens) e a maioria tinha estadiamento avançado (III-IV) (79,6% nas mulheres e 92,8% nos homens). Um total de 9,9% dos pacientes foi tratado com cirurgia (13,1% em mulheres e 3,6% em homens). As taxas de sobrevida global de 1, 3 e 5 anos foram, respectivamente: 37,2%, 14,2% e 9,5%. A sobrevida global mediana foi de 8,3 meses. As mulheres tiveram melhor sobrevida do que os homens (9,6 vs. 6,9 meses, p=0,023). O tratamento não cirúrgico (p<0,001), o performance status 2-4 (p=0,038) e os estádios III-IV (p<0,001) foram associados com uma sobrevida global pior. Conclusão: Encontrou-se uma maior ocorrência de adenocarcinoma, estadiamento avançado e tratamento não cirúrgico. As mulheres tiveram uma sobrevida maior do que os homens. Em razão da baixa sobrevida global, esses dados reforçam a importância do diagnóstico precoce do CP em não fumantes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Prognóstico , Sobrevivência , não Fumantes , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnósticoRESUMO
The enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is known to be involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis in certain types of cancer. Nevertheless, the prognostic value of COX-2 overexpression and its polymorphisms in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the three most commonly studied COX-2 gene polymorphisms (-1195 G/A, -765 G/C and 8473 T/C) with COX-2 expression and lung cancer risk in a Brazilian cohort. In the present hospital based, case-control retrospective study, 104 patients with NSCLC and 202 cancer free control subjects were genotyped for -1195 G/A, -765 G/C and 8473 T/C polymorphisms using allelic discrimination with a reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. COX-2 mRNA expression was analyzed in surgically resected tumors from 34 patients with NSCLC. The results revealed that COX-2 expression levels were higher in tumor tissue compared with normal lung tissue. However, this overexpression of COX-2 was not associated with the patient outcome, and furthermore, none of the analyzed polymorphisms were associated with the risk of developing lung cancer, COX-2 overexpression, or the overall survival of the patients with NSCLC. Taken together, the findings described in the present study do not support a major role for COX-2 polymorphisms and COX-2 overexpression in lung carcinogenesis within the Brazilian population.
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Introdução: O tratamento paliativo dos pacientes com Derrame Pleural Maligno (DPM) deve ser individualizado uma vez que esses pacientes têm sobrevida reduzida. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um modelo capaz de identificar os fatores prognósticos relacionados à sobrevida dos pacientes com DPM. Métodos: É um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, observacional para identificar fatores prognósticos relacionados ao DPM em pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de câncer oriundos do banco de dados do Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA), vinculado ao Ministério da Saúde. A análise multivariada de Kaplan-Meier e o modelo de regressão de Cox foram utilizadas para determinar os fatores com potencial prognóstico relacionados à sobrevida desses pacientes. A sobrevida foi definida como o tempo do diagnóstico anátomo patológico até o óbito. Resultados: Cento e sessenta e cinco pacientes foram incluídos no estudo; 77 homens (47%), e 88 mulheres (53%). A mediana da idade foi de 60 anos (1,0 95,0), e todos os pacientes tinham DPM confirmados por exames cito e/ou histopatológicos. O carcinoma de pulmão, do tipo não pequenas células (36%), a neoplasia de mama (26%) e os linfomas (13%) foram os tumores mais frequentemente diagnosticados. A mediana da sobrevida global dos pacientes a partir do diagnóstico foi de 5 meses (1,0-96,0). A análise univariada de Kaplan-Meier demonstrou que a sobrevida dos pacientes estava significativamente relacionada com os seguintes fatores prognósticos: a escala de capacidade funcional (PS) da Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) (HR 10,0, IC 95%: 5,96 a 18,50, p < 0,0001), local do tumor primário (HR 1,99, IC 95%: 1,23 a 3,22, p < 0,01), citologia oncótica do líquido pleural positiva (HR 1,25, IC 95%: 0,88 a 1,78, p = 0,04), e exame histológico da pleura positivo (HR 1,33, IC 95%: 0,97 a 1,81, p = 0,04). Outros fatores prognósticos independentes avaliados não tiveram influência na sobrevida. A análise de regressão de Cox demonstrou que somente a escala da capacidade funcional (PS) da ECOG estava altamente relacionada com a sobrevida dos pacientes (HR 73,58, IC 95%: 23,44 a 230,95, p < 0,0001). Conclusões: a escala da capacidade funcional (PS) da ECOG foi um fator previsor independente de sobrevida para os pacientes com DPM no momento do diagnóstico inicial. Este fator prognóstico pode auxiliar os médicos na seleção dos pacientes para o tratamento paliativo apropriado da síndrome do DPM. AU
Background: The approach to palliative treatment of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) should be individualized because these patients generally have poor survival. This study aimed to develop a model to identify prognostic factors for survival time in patients with MPE. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive, observational study to identify prognostic factors related to MPE in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of cancer. Cox regression analysis was used to determine significant potential prognostic factors with respect to survival time. Survival time was defined as the time from pathological diagnosis to death. Results: One hundred and sixty-five patients were included; 77 were men (47%) and 88 were women (53%). The median age was 60 years (1.0 95.0), and all of the patients were pathologically proven to have MPE. Non-small-cell lung cancer (36.0%), breast carcinoma (26%), and lymphoma (13.0%) were the most frequently diagnosed tumors. The median overall survival of patients from the initial diagnosis was 5 months (range: 1.096.0 months). The KaplanMeier univariate analysis showed that survival was significantly related to the following prognostic factors: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group - Performance Status (ECOG - PS) (HR 10.0; 95% CI: 5.96 to 18.50, p < 0.0001); primary cancer site (HR 1.99; 95% CI: 1.23 to 3.22, p < 0.01); positive pleural cytology (HR 1.25; 95% CI: 0.88 to 1.78, p = 0.04); and positive histology (HR 1.33; 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.81, p = 0.04). Other potential independent diagnostic factors that were examined did not affect survival. Cox regression analysis showed that only the ECOG PS was highly predictive of survival (HR 73.58; 95% CI: 23.44 to230.95, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: ECOG PS is an independent predictor of survival in patients with MPE at initial diagnosis. This prognostic factor can help physicians select patients for appropriate palliative treatment of this syndrome. AU
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Prognóstico , Análise de Sobrevida , Derrame Pleural Maligno/terapia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , NeoplasiasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The approach to palliative treatment of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) should be individualized because these patients generally have poor survival. Our study aimed to develop a model to identify prognostic factors or survival time in patients diagnosed with MPE. METHODS: This is a retrospective, descriptive, observational study to identify prognostic factors related to MPE in patients with a confirmed cancer diagnosis. Cox regression analysis was used to determine significant potential prognostic factors with respect to survival time. Survival time was defined as the time from pathological diagnosis to death. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-five patients were included; 77 were men (47%) and 88 were women (53%). The median age was 60 years, and all of the patients were pathologically proven to have MPE. Non-small-cell lung cancer (36.0%), breast carcinoma (26%), and lymphoma (13.0%) were the most frequently diagnosed tumors. The median overall survival of patients from the initial diagnosis was 5 months (range: 1.0-96.0 months). Kaplan-Meier univariate analysis showed that survival was significantly related to the following prognostic factors: ECOG PS (hazard ratio [HR] 10.0, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 5.96 to 18.50, p < 0.0001), primary cancer site (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.23 to 3.22, p < 0.01), positive pleural cytology (HR 1.25, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.78, p = 0.04), and positive histology (HR 1.33, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.81, p = 0.04). Other potential independent diagnostic factors that were examined did not affect survival. Cox regression analysis showed that only the ECOG PS was highly predictive of survival (HR 73.58, 95% CI 23.44 to 230.95, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: ECOG PS is an independent predictor of survival in patients with MPE at initial diagnosis. This prognostic factor can help physicians select patients for appropriate palliative treatment of this syndrome.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Carcinoma/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Linfoma/mortalidade , Neoplasias Ovarianas/mortalidade , Derrame Pleural Maligno/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias da Mama/complicações , Carcinoma/complicações , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/complicações , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Exsudatos e Transudatos/citologia , Exsudatos e Transudatos/metabolismo , Feminino , Glucose/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactente , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Contagem de Leucócitos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/complicações , Contagem de Linfócitos , Linfoma/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutrófilos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/complicações , Derrame Pleural Maligno/etiologia , Derrame Pleural Maligno/metabolismo , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Proteínas/metabolismo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
O tratamento paliativo dos pacientes com Derrame Pleural Maligno (DPM) deve ser individualizado uma vez que esses pacientes têm sobrevida reduzida. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um modelo capaz de identificar os fatores prognósticos relacionados à sobrevida dos pacientes com DPM. Métodos: É um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, observacional para identificar fatores prognósticos relacionados ao DPM em pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de câncer oriundos do banco de dados do Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA), vinculado ao Ministério da Saúde. A análise multivariada de Kaplan-Meier e o modelo de regressão de Cox foram utilizadas para determinar os fatores com potencial prognóstico relacionados a sobrevida desses pacientes. A sobrevida foi definida como o tempo do diagnóstico patológico até o óbito. Resultados: Cento e sessenta e cinco pacientes foram incluídos no estudo; 77 homens (47%), e 88 mulheres (53%). A idade mediana foi 60 anos (1,0 95,0), e todos os pacientes tinham DPM confirmados por exames cito e/ou histológicos. O carcinoma de pulmão, do tipo não pequenas células (36%), a neoplasia de mama (26%) e os linfomas (13%) foram os tumores mais frequentemente diagnosticados. A sobrevida global mediana dos pacientes a partir do diagnóstico foi de 5 meses (1,0-96,0). A análise univariada de Kaplan-Meier demonstrou que a sobrevida dos pacientes estava significativamente relacionada com os seguintes fatores prognósticos: a escala de capacidade funcional (PS) da Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) (HR 10,0, IC 95%: 5,96 a 18,50, p < 0,0001), local do tumor primário (HR 1,99, IC 95%: 1,23 a 3,22, p < 0,01), citologia oncótica do líquido pleural positiva (HR 1,25, IC 95%: 0,88 a 1,78, p = 0,04), e exame histológico da pleura positivo (HR 1,33, IC 95%: 0,97 a 1,81, p = 0,04). Outros fatores prognósticos independentes avaliados não tiveram influência na sobrevida...
The approach to palliative treatment of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) should be individualized because these patients generally have poor survival. This study aimed to develop a model to identify prognostic factors for survival time in patients with MPE. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive, observational study to identify prognostic factors related to MPE in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of cancer. Cox regression analysis was used to determine significant potential prognostic factors with respect to survival time. Survival time was defined as the time from pathological diagnosis to death. Results: One hundred and sixty-five patients were included; 77 were men (47%) and 88 were women (53%). The median age was 60 years (1.0 95.0), and all of the patients were pathologically proven to have MPE. Non-small-cell lung cancer (36.0%), breast carcinoma (26%), and lymphoma (13.0%) were the most frequently diagnosed tumors. The median overall survival of patients from the initial diagnosis was 5 months (range: 1.096.0 months). The KaplanMeier univariate analysis showed that survival was significantly related to the following prognostic factors: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group - Performance Status (ECOG - PS) (HR 10.0; 95% CI: 5.96 to 18.50, p < 0.0001); primary cancer site (HR 1.99; 95% CI: 1.23 to 3.22, p < 0.01); positive pleural cytology (HR 1.25; 95% CI: 0.88 to 1.78, p = 0.04); and positive histology (HR 1.33; 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.81, p = 0.04). Other potential independent diagnostic factors that were examined did not affect survival. Cox regression analysis showed that only the ECOG PS was highly predictive of survival (HR 73.58; 95% CI: 23.44 to 230.95, p < 0.0001)...
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Neoplasias da Mama , Carcinoma , Neoplasias , Derrame Pleural , Análise de Sobrevida , PrognósticoRESUMO
A DPOC e o câncer do pulmão são duas doenças fatais. Há na literatura dados que demonstra muma incidência crescente do câncer do pulmão em pacientes portadores de DPOC. Cada vez mais se aponta para um mecanismo fisiopatológico comum para as duas enfermidades. A inflamação crônica da DPOC parece desempenhar um papel significativo no desenvolvimentodo câncer do pulmão. Este artigo descreve aspectos relacionados com a incidência, mecanismos de associação e opções terapêuticas para o câncer de pulmão em portadores de DPOC
Lung cancer and COPD are common diseases, and both are fatal. Data in the literature demonstrate that the incidence of lung cancer is on the rise among COPD patients. There is increasing evidence that the two diseases share a common patho-physiology. The chronic inflammation associated with COPD appears to play a role in the development of lung cancer. This review describes aspects of the incidence of lung cancer in COPD, as well as the mechanistic links between the two diseases, together with treatment options and outcomes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/complicações , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/epidemiologia , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/terapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/complicações , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy but with a high response rate to chemotherapy. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) has been recognized as one of the main prognostic factors in SCLC. There are few data about risk-benefit ratio of chemotherapy over exclusive best supportive care in ECOG PS 3 and 4 patients. This study was performed to assess the outcome of poor ECOG PS SCLC patients that received chemotherapy in our institution. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records from patients with ECOG PS 3-4 SCLC, who received systemic chemotherapy, was performed between January 2001 and December 2006 at the Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients were included. Extensive disease was observed in 85% of patients and 25% had PS 4. The median overall survival was 53 days (64 days for ECOG PS 3 and 7 days for ECOG PS 4). There were 30% of early deaths. On univariate analysis, lactate dehydrogenase value, need for hospital admission, and exposure to radiotherapy had impact on survival. ECOG PS 3 patients had better survival than PS 4 patients, even when adjusted for stage. On multivariate analysis, ECOG PS, combined with stage, sustained a major influence on survival. CONCLUSIONS: Median survival for ECOG PS 4 patients treated with chemotherapy in our series was extremely short with a high rate of early deaths. ECOG PS 3 patients also showed a poor survival. These data suggest that we need a more comprehensive approach and further studies, regarding the palliative care of this high-risk population.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/radioterapia , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/radioterapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Over the last few years, the use of exercise tests has come to be recognized as a convenient method of evaluating respiratory function, because the reserves of the various systems in the human body should be known in order to provide a more complete portrayal of the functional capacities of the patient. Because walking is one of the main activities of daily living, walk tests have been proposed in order to measure the state or the functional capacity of patients. The six-minute walk test has proven to be reproducible and is well tolerated by patients. It evaluates the distance a person can walk on a flat, rigid surface in six minutes. Its main objective is to determine exercise tolerance and oxygen saturation during submaximal exercise. In this review, we present various clinical areas in which the test can provide useful data.
Assuntos
Teste de Esforço/métodos , Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico , Doença Cardiopulmonar/diagnóstico , Caminhada/fisiologia , Humanos , Pneumopatias/fisiopatologia , Doença Cardiopulmonar/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Nos últimos anos, o uso de testes de exercício é reconhecido como um método conveniente na avaliação da função respiratória em função da necessidade de se conhecer as reservas dos vários sistemas corporais a fim de que uma ideia mais completa sobre as capacidades funcionais do paciente seja obtida. Visto que o ato de andar é uma das principais atividades da vida diária, os testes de caminhada têm sido propostos para medir o estado ou a capacidade funcional do paciente. O teste de caminhada de seis minutos provou ser reprodutível e é bem tolerado pelos pacientes. Ele avalia a distância que uma pessoa pode percorrer sobre uma superfície plana e rígida em seis minutos e tem como principal objetivo a determinação da tolerância ao exercício e da saturação de oxigênio durante um exercício submáximo. Nesta revisão, apresentamos várias áreas clínicas nas quais o teste pode fornecer informações úteis.
Over the last few years, the use of exercise tests has come to be recognized as a convenient method of evaluating respiratory function, because the reserves of the various systems in the human body should be known in order to provide a more complete portrayal of the functional capacities of the patient. Because walking is one of the main activities of daily living, walk tests have been proposed in order to measure the state or the functional capacity of patients. The six-minute walk test has proven to be reproducible and is well tolerated by patients. It evaluates the distance a person can walk on a flat, rigid surface in six minutes. Its main objective is to determine exercise tolerance and oxygen saturation during submaximal exercise. In this review, we present various clinical areas in which the test can provide useful data.
Assuntos
Humanos , Teste de Esforço/métodos , Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico , Doença Cardiopulmonar/diagnóstico , Caminhada/fisiologia , Pneumopatias/fisiopatologia , Doença Cardiopulmonar/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Tumores localmente avançados como forma de apresentação inicial dos tumores localizados na árvore traqueobrônquica não são um fenômeno raro. Os sintomas resultantes dessas lesões são comuns de câncer do pulmão e têm um impacto negativo significativo na qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores de neoplasias pulmonares. As opções terapêuticas são múltiplas, sendo no entanto dependentes de variáveis, como a terapêutica inicial utilizada, o local da recorrência, a sintomatologia e as condições clínicas dos pacientes. Os objetivos principais foram demonstrar as principais vantagens terapêuticas da braquiterapia endobrônquica com alta taxa de dose em tumores da árvore respiratória. No período de 1998 a 2009, 42 pacientes com neoplasia pulmonar foram tratados paliativamente com braquiterapia endobrónquica com alta taxa de dose, com um total de 110 inserções, no Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro. A regressão endoscópica completa do tumor foi observada em 75% dos pacientes. A regressão tumoral teve relação direta com a melhora dos sintomas, especialmente da dispnéia. A sobrevida global foi de 56%, em 15 meses de acompanhamento. Não houve nenhum caso de hemoptise volumosa ou fatal, fistulas ou abscessos. Desse modo, concluimos que a braquiterapia endobrônquica com alta taxa de dose, é um excelente método com tratamento paliativo para os pacientes portadores de neoplasias pulmonares obstrutivas.
Locally advanced tumors as the initial form of presentation of tumors in the tracheobronchial tree are not a rare event. Symptoms resulting from these tumors are common in lung cancer and have a significant negative impact on quality of life of patients with lung cancer. The therapeutic options are manifold, but being dependent on variables such as the initial therapy used, the site of recurrence, the symptoms and the clinical condition of patients. The main objectives were to demonstrate the main advantages of brachytherapy treatment with high dose rate in tumors of the respiratory tree. In the period 1998-2009, 42 patients with lung cancer were treated with brachytherapy palliatively with high dose rate, with a total of 110 insertions, at the National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro. The endoscopic complete tumor regression was observed in 75% of patients. The tumor regression was directly related to improvement of symptoms, especially dyspnea. Overall survival was 56% in 15 months monitoring. There were no cases of massive or fatal hemoptysis, fistulae or abscess. Thus, we conclude thatbrachytherapy with high dose rate, is an excellent method to palliative treatment for patients with obstructive lung cancers.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Cuidados Paliativos , Braquiterapia/métodos , Irídio , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Técnicas de Diagnóstico do Sistema Respiratório , Qualidade de Vida , TerapêuticaRESUMO
Os sintomas resultantes das lesões endobrônquicas são comuns nos pacientes portadores de câncer do pulmão e tem um impacto negativo significativo na qualidade de vida. Inúmeras opções terapêuticas estão disponíveis para o tratamento paliativo destes pacientes: braquiterapia endobrônquica, colocação de próteses endobrônquicas, ressecção com laser ou eletrocautério ou a radioterapia convencional. Esta revisão tem como objetivos descrever o método e o papel da braquiterapia endobrônquica em pacientes portadores de neoplasia pulmonar e mostrar nossa experiência com o método em nossa instituição.
Symptoms resulting from tumors extending to the endobronchial wall are common in patients with lung cnacer and significantly impacts quality of life. A number of treatment options are available for palliation, including endobronchial brachytherapy, stent placement, laser photoresection, eletrocautery resection and external-beam radiation therapy. This reviewwill focus on the methodology and role of endobronchial brachytherapy in patients with lung cancer and will review ourexperience with this procedure.