RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The incidence of fungal keratitis has increased in recent years. While the epidemiology and clinical roles of various Candida and Fusarium species have been relatively well-identified in infections of the eye, data regarding keratitis caused by Aspergillus species are scant. Accurate and rapid diagnosis is important for successful management of this infection. OBJECTIVES: To present the first molecular epidemiological data from Mexico during a 4-year period of cases admitted with Aspergillus keratitis to a tertiary care eye institution in Mexico City. PATIENTS/METHODS: A total of 25 cases of keratitis were included in the study. Aspergillus isolates were identified by sequencing the calmodulin gene. Antifungal susceptibility was tested according to CLSI. RESULTS: The aetiological agents belonged to Aspergillus flavus (n = 13), Aspergillus effusus (n = 1), Aspergillus tamarii (n = 4), Aspergillus sydowii (n = 1), Aspergillus protuberus (n = 3) and Aspergillus terreus (n = 3). All strains had low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of itraconazole and voriconazole (VCZ). Amphotericin B and natamycin showed moderate elevated MICs. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and application of topical VCZ 1% were associated with good outcome. Monitoring of local epidemiological data plays an important role in clinical practice.
Assuntos
Aspergilose/epidemiologia , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Oculares Fúngicas/epidemiologia , Ceratite/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Aspergilose/microbiologia , Aspergillus/classificação , Aspergillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Aspergillus/genética , Calmodulina/genética , Infecções Oculares Fúngicas/microbiologia , Feminino , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Humanos , Incidência , Ceratite/microbiologia , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Chlamydia trachomatis infections, in the context of extreme poverty, may trigger trachoma. Because the levels of C. trachomatis eye infections in Mexico are unknown, this study sought to determine if C. trachomatis was present in the conjunctiva of children living in three poor, rural areas of the country. METHODS: Clinical diagnosis of conjunctival follicles in children was conducted during the 2004 visual acuity assessment campaigns in rural areas of the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Zacatecas. C. trachomatis detection was carried out by sampling the children with follicles and examining the specimens after Giemsa or microimmunofluorescence (MIF) staining. RESULTS: A total of 941 children from 6 to 12 years of age were examined in 2004. Of the 484 in Chiapas, 30 percent were found to have follicles; of the 181 in Zacatecas, 22 percent; and of the 276 in Oaxaca, 42 percent. C. trachomatis was detected at levels ranging between 2 percent and 5 percent; positive by Giemsa in 4.5 percent of the children with follicles, and by MIF in 15.5 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that the chlamydiae sampling procedures and detection methods used in this study were not the most sensitive, the results underestimate the chlamydial eye infections and represent a conservative assessment of a potential risk for preventable visual impairment. Because C. trachomatis was detected here at levels similar to those reported for low-endemic trachoma areas, health authorities should be prepared to implement appropriate measures should it be confirmed that the visual health of MexicoÆs children is at risk.
OBJETIVOS: En un contexto de pobreza extrema, la infección por Chlamydia trachomatis puede desencadenar el tracoma. Debido a que se desconocen los niveles de infección ocular con C. trachomatis en México, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de C. trachomatis en la conjuntiva de niños de tres zonas rurales pobres de México. MÉTODOS:El diagnóstico clínico de folículos conjuntivales en los niños se llevó a cabo durante la campaña de evaluación de la agudeza visual en áreas rurales de los estados de Chiapas, Oaxaca y Zacatecas en 2004. Para la detección de C. trachomatis se tomaron muestras de los niños con folículos y se analizaron mediante la tinción de Giemsa o microinmunofluorescencia (MIF). RESULTADOS: En total se examinaron 941 niños de 6 a 12 años de edad en 2004. Se observaron folículos en 30 por ciento de los 484 niños de Chiapas, en 22 por ciento de los 181 de Zacatecas y en 42 por ciento de los 276 niños de Oaxaca. Se detectó C. trachomatis en niveles entre 2 por ciento y 5 por ciento; de los niños con folículos, 4,5 por ciento resultaron positivos por Giemsa y 15,5 por ciento por MIF. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados subestiman el nivel de infección ocular por clamidia, ya que los procedimientos de muestreo y los métodos de detección de clamidia empleados en este estudio no eran los más sensibles, por lo que representan una valoración conservadora del riesgo de trastornos visuales prevenibles. Como los niveles de C. trachomatis encontrados son similares a los informados para áreas de baja endemia de tracoma, las autoridades de salud deben estar listas para implementar medidas apropiadas si se confirmaran los riesgos para la salud visual de los niños mexicanos.