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OBJECTIVE: This study compared three protocols for developing artificial white spot lesions (WSL) using biofilm models. METHODOLOGY: In total, 45 human enamel specimens were sterilized and allocated into three groups based on the biofilm model: Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei (Ss+Lc), Streptococcus sobrinus (Ss), or Streptococcus mutans (Sm). Specimens were incubated in filter-sterilized human saliva to form the acquired pellicle and then subjected to the biofilm challenge consisting of three days of incubation with bacteria (for demineralization) and one day of remineralization, which was performed once for Ss+Lc (four days total), four times for Ss (16 days total), and three times for Sm (12 days total). After WSL creation, the lesion fluorescence, depth, and chemical composition were assessed using Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF), Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), and Raman Spectroscopy, respectively. Statistical analysis consisted of two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (α=0.05). WSL created using the Ss+Lc protocol presented statistically significant higher fluorescence loss (ΔF) and integrated fluorescence (ΔQ) in comparison to the other two protocols (p<0.001). RESULTS: In addition, Ss+Lc resulted in significantly deeper WSL (137.5 µm), followed by Ss (84.1 µm) and Sm (54.9 µm) (p<0.001). While high mineral content was observed in sound enamel surrounding the WSL, lesions created with the Ss+Lc protocol showed the highest demineralization level and changes in the mineral content among the three protocols. CONCLUSION: The biofilm model using S. sobrinus and L. casei for four days was the most appropriate and simplified protocol for developing artificial active WSL with lower fluorescence, higher demineralization, and greater depth.
Assuntos
Biofilmes , Cárie Dentária , Esmalte Dentário , Lacticaseibacillus casei , Streptococcus mutans , Humanos , Streptococcus mutans/fisiologia , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Cárie Dentária/terapia , Esmalte Dentário/microbiologia , Esmalte Dentário/química , Lacticaseibacillus casei/fisiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Streptococcus sobrinus/fisiologia , Análise Espectral Raman , Análise de Variância , Microscopia de Polarização , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Remineralização Dentária/métodos , Valores de Referência , Saliva/microbiologia , Saliva/química , Desmineralização do Dente/microbiologia , FluorescênciaRESUMO
Abstract Creating artificial caries-like lesions that mimic the complex changes observed in natural caries is essential for properly evaluating new strategies, dental materials, and devices designed to arrest their progression and avoid more costly and invasive treatments. Objective This study compared three protocols for developing artificial white spot lesions (WSL) using biofilm models. Methodology In total, 45 human enamel specimens were sterilized and allocated into three groups based on the biofilm model: Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei (Ss+Lc), Streptococcus sobrinus (Ss), or Streptococcus mutans (Sm). Specimens were incubated in filter-sterilized human saliva to form the acquired pellicle and then subjected to the biofilm challenge consisting of three days of incubation with bacteria (for demineralization) and one day of remineralization, which was performed once for Ss+Lc (four days total), four times for Ss (16 days total), and three times for Sm (12 days total). After WSL creation, the lesion fluorescence, depth, and chemical composition were assessed using Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF), Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), and Raman Spectroscopy, respectively. Statistical analysis consisted of two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (α=0.05). WSL created using the Ss+Lc protocol presented statistically significant higher fluorescence loss (ΔF) and integrated fluorescence (ΔQ) in comparison to the other two protocols (p<0.001). Results In addition, Ss+Lc resulted in significantly deeper WSL (137.5 µm), followed by Ss (84.1 µm) and Sm (54.9 µm) (p<0.001). While high mineral content was observed in sound enamel surrounding the WSL, lesions created with the Ss+Lc protocol showed the highest demineralization level and changes in the mineral content among the three protocols. Conclusion The biofilm model using S. sobrinus and L. casei for four days was the most appropriate and simplified protocol for developing artificial active WSL with lower fluorescence, higher demineralization, and greater depth.
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Studies regarding the prognostic value of circulating adiponectin level in patients with heart failure are conflicting. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between elevated circulating adiponectin level and adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure. We searched PubMed and Embase databases from their inception to June 2018. Original observational studies that investigated the prognostic value of adiponectin in heart failure patients and reported all-cause mortality or combined endpoints of death/readmission as outcome measure were included. Pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by higher versus lower circulating adiponectin level. A total of 7 studies involving 862 heart failure patients were identified. Meta-analysis showed that heart failure patients with higher adiponectin level had significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR 2.05; 95%CI 1.22-3.43) after adjustment for potential confounders. In addition, higher adiponectin level was associated with an increased risk of the combined endpoints of death/readmission (RR 2.22; 95%CI 1.38-3.57). Elevated baseline circulating adiponectin level is possibly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and the combined endpoints of death/readmission in patients with heart failure. Determination of circulating adiponectin level has potential to improve risk stratification in heart failure patients.
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Adiponectina/sangue , Insuficiência Cardíaca/sangue , Insuficiência Cardíaca/mortalidade , Biomarcadores/sangue , Humanos , Prognóstico , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Studies regarding the prognostic value of circulating adiponectin level in patients with heart failure are conflicting. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between elevated circulating adiponectin level and adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure. We searched PubMed and Embase databases from their inception to June 2018. Original observational studies that investigated the prognostic value of adiponectin in heart failure patients and reported all-cause mortality or combined endpoints of death/readmission as outcome measure were included. Pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by higher versus lower circulating adiponectin level. A total of 7 studies involving 862 heart failure patients were identified. Meta-analysis showed that heart failure patients with higher adiponectin level had significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR 2.05; 95%CI 1.22-3.43) after adjustment for potential confounders. In addition, higher adiponectin level was associated with an increased risk of the combined endpoints of death/readmission (RR 2.22; 95%CI 1.38-3.57). Elevated baseline circulating adiponectin level is possibly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and the combined endpoints of death/readmission in patients with heart failure. Determination of circulating adiponectin level has potential to improve risk stratification in heart failure patients.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adiponectina/sangue , Insuficiência Cardíaca/mortalidade , Insuficiência Cardíaca/sangue , Prognóstico , Biomarcadores/sangue , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the role of hepatitis B virus with A1762T/G1764A double mutation in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and create a sensitive, fast, accurate assay for detection of A1762T/G1764A double mutation. METHODS: We developed an accurate and fast real-time amplification refractory mutation system to detect A1762T/G1764A double mutation. Cloned hepatitis B virus genome was used as a control. Assay sensitivity was determined by serial dilution and mixed template experiments. Specificity was determined by cross experiments with wild and mutant hepatitis B virus. Fifty clinical samples were tested by the real-time amplification refractory mutation system and the results were compared with sequencing. RESULTS: The real-time amplification refractory mutation system had a sensitivity of 100 copies of virus with these mutations, and 0.1% weak population virus with double mutation could be found in mixtures. A total of 50 randomly collected clinical samples were detected by real-time amplification refractory mutation system, and the results were consistent with those by DNA sequencing. Hepatitis B virus genotype C was more prevalent in 39 of 50 samples than genotype B (11 samples), and about 75% of genotype C carried a double mutation compared to 45% of genotype B. However, the percentage of A1762T/G1764A double mutation in hepatitis B e antigen-negative (58.3%) samples was almost the same as in hepatitis B e antigen-positive (61%) samples. CONCLUSION: The real-time amplification refractory mutation system is sensitive and specific for detection of hepatitis B virus double mutation. .
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Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virologia , DNA Viral/genética , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Cirrose Hepática/virologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virologia , Mutação/genética , Sequência de Bases , Genótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the role of hepatitis B virus with A1762T/G1764A double mutation in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and create a sensitive, fast, accurate assay for detection of A1762T/G1764A double mutation. METHODS: We developed an accurate and fast real-time amplification refractory mutation system to detect A1762T/G1764A double mutation. Cloned hepatitis B virus genome was used as a control. Assay sensitivity was determined by serial dilution and mixed template experiments. Specificity was determined by cross experiments with wild and mutant hepatitis B virus. Fifty clinical samples were tested by the real-time amplification refractory mutation system and the results were compared with sequencing. RESULTS: The real-time amplification refractory mutation system had a sensitivity of 100 copies of virus with these mutations, and 0.1% weak population virus with double mutation could be found in mixtures. A total of 50 randomly collected clinical samples were detected by real-time amplification refractory mutation system, and the results were consistent with those by DNA sequencing. Hepatitis B virus genotype C was more prevalent in 39 of 50 samples than genotype B (11 samples), and about 75% of genotype C carried a double mutation compared to 45% of genotype B. However, the percentage of A1762T/G1764A double mutation in hepatitis B e antigen-negative (58.3%) samples was almost the same as in hepatitis B e antigen-positive (61%) samples. CONCLUSION: The real-time amplification refractory mutation system is sensitive and specific for detection of hepatitis B virus double mutation.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virologia , DNA Viral/genética , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Cirrose Hepática/virologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virologia , Mutação/genética , Sequência de Bases , Genótipo , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
In order to explore the change rule of myoblast stem cells (satellite cells, SCs) in the denervated and re-innervated muscle and to investigate the cellular mechanism of the morphological and functional changes of the muscle, denervated muscle atrophy and nerve regeneration models were established in one-month-old rats. Postoperative indexes such as muscle wet weight, cell section areas, content of collagen fibers and DNA, electrophysiology, numbers of SCs in the triceps muscle of calf were dynamically tested. After denervation, the muscle wet weight and cell area reduced rapidly, and the collagen fiber content increased slowly. The number of SCs increased at first, and then declined suddenly two months later. From 4 to 5 weeks after re-neuralization, muscle action potentials could be evoked, but the best innervation effect was found in the groups, which received re-neuralization at 2 months and 3 months after denervation. Denervation causes a progressive progress of muscle atrophy. SCs proliferate within 3 months after denervation, and then atrophy becomes irreversible from 4 months. At 4 or 5 weeks after re-neuralization, muscle action potentials can be evoked. Re-neuralization at 2 months and 3 months after denervation can achieve a good effect on the functional recovery of the atrophic muscle.
Con el fin de explorar la regla de cambio de las células precursoras mioblásticas (células satélite, CSs) en el músculo denervado y re-inervado e investigar el mecanismo celular de los cambios morfológicos y funcionales del músculo, se establecieron, en ratas de un mes de edad, modelos de atrofia del músculo denervado y regeneración del nervio. Fueron examinados de manera dinámica índices postoperatorios tales como, el peso húmedo del músculo, áreas celulares de la sección, contenido de fibras de colágeno y ADN, electrofisiología, número de CSs en el músculo tríceps de las crías. Luego de la denervación, el peso del músculo húmedo y el área celular se redujeron rápidamente, mientras que el contenido de fibras colágenas aumentó lentamente. El número de CSs aumentó al inicio, pero más tarde, a los dos meses, disminuyó repentinamente. Entre las 4 a 5 semanas después de la reneuralización, los potenciales de acción muscular pudieron ser evocados, pero el mejor efecto de inervación se encontró en los grupos que recibieron reneuralización a los 2 y 3 meses después de la denervación. La denervación causó un avance progresivo de la atrofia muscular. Las CSs proliferaron dentro de los primeros 3 meses post-denervación, y luego de los 4 meses la atrofia fue irreversible. A las 4 o 5 semanas después de la reneuralizacón, los potenciales de acción muscular pueden ser evocados. La reneuralización a los 2 y 3 meses después de la denervación puede lograr un buen efecto en la recuperación funcional del músculo atrófico.