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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a hematological disease characterized by the dysfunction of the hematopoietic system that leads to arrest at a specific stage of stem cells development, suppressing the average production of cellular hematologic components. BCP-ALL is a neoplasm of the B-cell lineage progenitor. BCP-ALL is caused and perpetuated by several mechanisms that provide the disease with its tumor potential and genetic and cytological characteristics. These pathological features are used for diagnosis and the prognostication of BCP-ALL. However, most of these paraclinical tools can only be obtained by bone marrow aspiration, which, as it is an invasive study, can delay the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease, in addition to the anesthetic risk it entails for pediatric patients. For this reason, it is crucial to find noninvasive and accessible ways to supply information concerning diagnosis, prognosis, and the monitoring of the disease, such as circulating biomarkers. In oncology, a biomarker is any measurable indicator that demonstrates the presence of malignancy, tumoral behavior, prognosis, or responses to treatments. This review summarizes circulating molecules associated with BCP-ALL with potential diagnostic value, classificatory capacity during monitoring specific clinic features of the disease, and/or capacity to identify each BCP-ALL stage regarding its evolution and outcome of the patients with BCP-ALL. In the same way, we provide and classify biomarkers that may be used in further studies focused on clinical approaches or therapeutic target identification for BCP-ALL.

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Introduction: Contact investigation is a proven intervention for tuberculosis (TB) case finding and prevention. Although widely endorsed by national public health authorities and the World Health Organization, many countries struggle to implement it effectively. The objective of the study is to describe and characterize the barriers and facilitators of TB contact investigation in Cali, Colombia from the perspective and experience of the key stakeholders involved. Methods: We collected data from group discussions during two workshop sessions with clinic and public health staff involved in TB contact investigation (June 2019 and March 2020 respectively) and semi-structured interviews with TB cases and their household contacts (July 2019 to April 2020). We undertook an inductive thematic analysis with the RADaR technique to characterize the barriers and facilitators of the TB contact investigation process. Results: The two workshops included 21 clinics and 12 public health staff. We also conducted 26 semi-structured interviews with TB cases and their household contacts. Using thematic analysis, we identified four common themes: Healthcare Operations, Essential Knowledge, Time Limitations and Competing Responsibilities, and Interpersonal Interactions. The main barriers to conducting household visits were low data quality, stigma and mistrust, safety concerns for health workers, and limited resources. The main barriers to TB uptake by contacts were competing responsibilities, low TB risk perceptions among contacts, and difficulty accessing diagnostic tests for contacts. In contrast, good communication and social skills among health workers and accurate TB knowledge facilitated successful household visits and TB test uptake, according to key stakeholders. Conclusion: This study provides a deeper understanding of TB contact investigation barriers and facilitators in a high-prevalence urban setting in a middle-income country from the perspective and experience of key stakeholders. The study shed light on the barriers that hinder household contacts engagement and TB test uptake such as issues of systemic capacity and TB knowledge. Also, highlighted facilitators such as the importance of interpersonal communication skills among health workers in the public and private sector. The insights from this study can serve as a valuable resource for public health organizations seeking to enhance their contact investigation efforts and improve TB control in similar settings.

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Objectives: To describe maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 infection in a hospital in Comayagua, Honduras. Material and methods: Descriptive case series study that included symptomatic pregnant women who came or were referred between March 1, 2020 and March 31, 2021 to a public referral institution, with PCR-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Sociodemographic, obstetric considerations, infection severity, length of hospital stay, and maternal and perinatal complications were the measured variables. The frequency of COVID-19 infection and the maternal and perinatal outcomes of these gestations were estimated. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: A total of 2258 pregnant women were seen during the study period. Of them, 23 who met the selection criteria were included, for a frequency of COVID-19 infection of 1.01 %. The study population characteristically consisted of young women living in common-law marriage. Thirteen patients were managed as outpatients because of a mild clinical condition, and 10 were hospitalized. The pregnant women managed as outpatients were delivered by cesarean section (76.9 %) due to dissatisfactory fetal status at a gestational age of 37 weeks or more, with 3 pre-term delivery cases (36 weeks) documented. Of the hospitalized patients, one had a miscarriage and nine were delivered due to an obstetric indication. There was one case of premature birth, and one maternal (4 %) and one neonatal death were documented. Conclusions: During the study period, 1% of the pregnant women had COVID-19 infection at the Santa Teresa Hospital in Comayagua. Further studies analyzing the maternal and perinatal impact of COVID-19 infection in the Central American region are required.

Objetivos: describir el resultado materno y perinatal de las gestantes con infección confirmada por COVID-19 en una institución hospitalaria en Comayagua, Honduras. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo tipo serie de casos. Se incluyeron gestantes sintomáticas que consultaron o fueron remitidas desde el 1 de marzo de 2020 hasta el 31 de marzo del 2021 a una institución pública de referencia, con diagnóstico confirmado por PCR de infección por COVID-19. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, obstétricas, severidad de la infección, estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones maternas y perinatales. Se estimó la frecuencia de infección por COVID-19 y los resultados maternos y perinatales de estas gestaciones; se realizó análisis descriptivo. Resultados: en el periodo descrito consultaron 2.258 gestantes, de estas se incluyeron 23, quienes cumplieron con los criterios de selección, para una frecuencia de infección por COVID-19 del 1,01 %. La población de estudio se caracterizó por estar constituida por mujeres jóvenes y en unión libre. Trece pacientes recibieron manejo ambulatorio por cuadro clínico leve, diez requirieron hospitalización. Las embarazadas manejadas ambulatoriamente finalizaron la gestación vía cesárea (76,9 %) por estado fetal insatisfactorio, con edad gestacional mayor o igual a 37 semanas, y tres casos fueron pretérmino (36 semanas). De las gestantes hospitalizadas, una desarrolló aborto espontáneo, y nueve finalizaron la gestación por una indicación obstétrica. Se presentó un parto prematuro y se documentó una muerte materna (4 %) y neonatal. Conclusiones: el 1 % de las gestantes adquirieron la infección por COVID-19 en el Hospital Santa Teresa de Comayagua en el periodo de estudio. Se requieren más estudios que analicen el impacto materno perinatal de la infección por COVID-19 en la región centroamericana.

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Objetivos: describir el resultado materno y perinatal de las gestantes con infección confirmada por COVID-19 en una institución hospitalaria en Comayagua, Honduras. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo tipo serie de casos. Se incluyeron gestantes sintomáticas que consultaron o fueron remitidas desde el 1 de marzo de 2020 hasta el 31 de marzo del 2021 a una institución pública de referencia, con diagnóstico confirmado por PCR de infección por COVID-19. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, obstétricas, severidad de la infección, estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones maternas y perinatales. Se estimó la frecuencia de infección por COVID-19 y los resultados maternos y perinatales de estas gestaciones; se realizó análisis descriptivo. Resultados: en el periodo descrito consultaron 2.258 gestantes, de estas se incluyeron 23, quienes cumplieron con los criterios de selección, para una frecuencia de infección por COVID-19 del 1,01 %. La población de estudio se caracterizó por estar constituida por mujeres jóvenes y en unión libre. Trece pacientes recibieron manejo ambulatorio por cuadro clínico leve, diez requirieron hospitalización. Las embarazadas manejadas ambulatoriamente finalizaron la gestación vía cesárea (76,9 %) por estado fetal insatisfactorio, con edad gestacional mayor o igual a 37 semanas, y tres casos fueron pretérmino (36 semanas). De las gestantes hospitalizadas, una desarrolló aborto espontáneo, y nueve finalizaron la gestación por una indicación obstétrica. Se presentó un parto prematuro y se documentó una muerte materna (4 %) y neonatal. Conclusiones: el 1 % de las gestantes adquirieron la infección por COVID-19 en el Hospital Santa Teresa de Comayagua en el periodo de estudio. Se requieren más estudios que analicen el impacto materno perinatal de la infección por COVID-19 en la región centroamericana.

Objectives: To describe maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 infection in a hospital in Comayagua, Honduras. Material and methods: Descriptive case series study that included symptomatic pregnant women who came or were referred between March 1, 2020 and March 31, 2021 to a public referral institution, with PCR-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Sociodemographic, obstetric considerations, infection severity, length of hospital stay, and maternal and perinatal complications were the measured variables. The frequency of COVID-19 infection and the maternal and perinatal outcomes of these gestations were estimated. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: A total of 2258 pregnant women were seen during the study period. Of them, 23 who met the selection criteria were included, for a frequency of COVID-19 infection of 1.01 %. The study population characteristically consisted of young women living in common-law marriage. Thirteen patients were managed as outpatients because of a mild clinical condition, and 10 were hospitalized. The pregnant women managed as outpatients were delivered by cesarean section (76.9 %) due to dissatisfactory fetal status at a gestational age of 37 weeks or more, with 3 pre-term delivery cases (36 weeks) documented. Of the hospitalized patients, one had a miscarriage and nine were delivered due to an obstetric indication. There was one case of premature birth, and one maternal (4 %) and one neonatal death were documented. Conclusions: During the study period, 1% of the pregnant women had COVID-19 infection at the Santa Teresa Hospital in Comayagua. Further studies analyzing the maternal and perinatal impact of COVID-19 infection in the Central American region are required.

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Objective: To evaluate the effect of the laterotrusive occlusal scheme on chewing duration, external intercostal (EIC) electromyographic (EMG) activity, heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (OS) during different tasks in the upright seated position.Methods: Fifty young participants, 25 with canine guidance and 25 with group function, were included. Chewing duration, bilateral EIC EMG activity, HR, and OS were recorded during the following tasks: 1) chewing until swallowing threshold; 2) laterotrusive teeth grinding.Results: Chewing duration, bilateral EIC EMG activity, HR, and OS showed no significant differences between the two laterotrusive occlusal schemes during the tasks studied.Conclusion: These results suggest that chewing duration, EIC muscle activity, HR, and OS were not significantly influenced by the laterotrusive occlusal scheme. Therefore, when a modification of the laterotrusive occlusal scheme is needed during oral rehabilitation or orthodontic treatment, canine guidance or group function should not significantly change EMG activity of EIC muscles.

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Background: In preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, the poor remodeling of spiral arteries leads to placental hypoperfusion and ischemia, provoking generalized maternal endothelial dysfunction and, in severe cases, death. Endothelial and placental remodeling is important for correct pregnancy evolution and is mediated by cytokines and growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor type 2 (FGF2). In this study, we evaluated the effect of human recombinant FGF2 (rhFGF2) administration in a murine model of PE induced by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) to test if rhFGF2 administration can lessen the clinical manifestations of PE. Methods: Pregnant rats were administrated with 0.9% of NaCl (vehicle), L-NAME (60 mg/kg), FGF2 (666.6 ng/kg), L-NAME+FGF2 or L-NAME + hydralazine (10 mg/kg) from the 10th to 19th days of gestation. Blood pressure (BP), urine protein concentrations and anthropometric values both rat and fetuses were assessed. Histological evaluation of organs from rats delivered by cesarean section was carried out using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: A PE-like model was established, and it included phenotypes such as maternal hypertension, proteinuria, and fetal growth delay. Compared to the groups treated with L-NAME, the L-NAME + FGF2 group was similar to vehicle: the BP remained stable and the rats did not develop enhanced proteinuria. Both the fetuses and placentas from rats treated with L-NAME + FGF2 had similar values of weight and size compared with the vehicle. Conclusion: The intravenous administration of rhFGF2 showed beneficial and hypotensive effects, reducing the clinical manifestations of PE in the evaluated model.

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Background and Objectives: Sentinel surveillance in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico represented a significant cost reduction and was useful in estimating the population infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, it also implied that many patients were not screened and therefore had no accurate diagnosis. In this study, we carried out a population-based SARS-CoV-2 screening in Mexico to evaluate the COVID-19-related symptoms and their weighting in predicting SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discuss this data in the context of the operational definition of suspected cases of COVID-19 established by the Mexican Health Authority's consensus. Materials and Methods: One thousand two hundred seventy-nine subjects were included. They were screened for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR. The weighting of COVID-19 symptoms in predicting SARS-CoV-2 infection was evaluated statistically. Results: Three hundred and twenty-five patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 954 were negative. Fever, asthenia, dysgeusia, and oxygen saturation predicted SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratios ranged from 1.74 to 4.98; p < 0.05). The percentage of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients was 36% and only 38.15% met the Mexican operational definition. Cq-values for the gene N of SARS-CoV-2 were significantly higher in asymptomatic subjects than in the groups of COVID-19 patients with neurological, respiratory, and/or musculoskeletal manifestations (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Dysgeusia, fever, and asthenia increased the odds of a positive result for COVID-19 1.74-4.98-fold among the study population. Patients with neurological, respiratory, and/or musculoskeletal manifestations had higher viral loads at COVID-19 diagnosis than those observed in asymptomatic patients. A high percentage of the participants in the study (61.85%) did not meet the operational definition for a suspected case of COVID-19 established by the Mexican Health Authority's consensus, representing a high percentage of the population that could have remained without a COVID-19 diagnosis, so becoming a potential source of virus spread.

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The COVID-19 pandemic and the enforced restrictions have harshly affected educational sectors in 161 countries around the world. With more than 1.6 billion students away from normal school life, the crisis threatens the teaching and learning processes and the students' emotional health. Herein, we present the result of a careful assessment of the feelings of over 13,000 students at high school, undergraduate, and postgraduate levels across 36 campuses over 8 subsequent weeks from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicate a general low energy level and dominance of negative feelings among the students regardless of their academic levels. We have recorded 5 responses (being anxious, stressed, overwhelmed, tired, and depressed) as the most frequently reported feelings in the time of lockdown. Overall, 14% of those who have reported to suffer from these feelings have also identified a need for professional help in managing their feelings throughout the quarantine period. The current study also presents several strategies to combat the undesirable consequences of COVID-19 pandemic.

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Coastal zones are complex systems where sustainability needs local participative governance, whose absence may result in conflicts between social actors. In its absence, the first step should be a diagnosis of the current situation based on integrative conceptual frameworks such as the DPSIR. However, in conflicting situations, the generated model needs validation from social actors. Chiloé Island is a critical Chilean coastal fishery and aquaculture area, coexisting with subsistence and cultural uses of marine resources. This article analyzes the current ecological state of the Chiloé coastal zone and its main social-ecological impact using a DPSIR model. We validated its results through a household survey and interviews with local experts and social actors. Results show that increased coastal fisheries and aquaculture generate a critical decrease of coastal species, eutrophication, and pollution that, along with harmful algal blooms, generate conflicts. Social validation showed that experts and local social actors have different perceptions of conflicting parties and conflict solutions. Following a post-normal approach, we propose three ideas to start social-ecological governance of Chiloé coastal marine ecosystems.

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This study examined the impact of the professors' gender according to a student evaluation of teaching (SET) in a private university. The study took place in a private university (n = 103,833) on six different campuses in the north region of Mexico. The distribution of the professors' gender was analyzed according to semesters, campuses, and schools. Our findings suggested that when undergraduates evaluated their professors on specific criteria concerning teaching performance, they expressed their opinion regardless of the professors' gender. However, when being asked for a single overall evaluation, as whether they would recommend the professor as one of their best professors, the students tended to favor male professors over their female peers by a slight margin. While such perceptions might not be representative of the actual teaching quality, it would be interesting in the future to delve deeper into the causes of possible biases.

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The current study aimed to determine whether workgroup identification and alcohol consumption social norms of workgroup moderates the relationship between job demands and alcohol consumption in workers. Regression analysis using the moderated moderation macro in a sample of workers from a telecommunications company in Chile (N = 1,143) supports the hypothesis of moderated moderation: high workgroup identification with with unfavorable social norms of alcohol consumption by the group buffered the relationship between job demands and alcohol consumption of workers (B = -0.080; t = -2.01; p = 0.04; 95%CI: -0.1600; -0.0024), and the high workgroup identification with favorable social norms of alcohol consumption by the group increases the relationship between job demands and alcohol consumption of workers (B = 0.170; t = 2.36; p = 0.01; 95%CI: 0.030; 0.322). The results suggest that strong identification with workgroup and their social norms for alcohol consumption are job resources that can jointly affect or protect workers exposed to heavy work demands. Attention should thus be focused on the potential positive versus harmful effects of these work resources.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si la identificación con grupos de trabajo, con normas desfavorables y favorables de consumo de alcohol del grupo de trabajo, modera la relación entre las demandas del trabajo y el consumo de alcohol en trabajadores. A través de una análisis de regresión, usando la macro de moderación moderada en una muestra de trabajadores de una empresa de telecomunicaciones de Chile (N = 1.143), se presta apoyo a las hipótesis de moderación moderada: la alta identificación con grupos de trabajo con normas desfavorables de consumo de alcohol de ese grupo amortigua la relación entre las demandas del trabajo y el consumo de alcohol en trabajadores (B = -0,080; t = -2,01; p = 0,04; IC95%: -0,1600; -0,0024) y la alta identificación con grupos de trabajo con normas favorables de consumo de alcohol de ese grupo incrementa la relación entre las demandas del trabajo y el consumo de alcohol en trabajadores (B = 0,170; t = 2,36; p = 0,01; IC95%: 0,030; 0,322). Estos resultados sugieren que la alta identificación con grupos de trabajo y sus normas sociales de consumo de alcohol son recursos laborales que, de manera conjunta, pueden afectar o proteger a trabajadores expuestos a altas demandas laborales. Por lo tanto, se recomienda atender a los potenciales efectos positivos, así como también a los efectos perniciosos, de estos recursos laborales.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar se a identificação com grupos de trabalho, com normas desfavoráveis e favoráveis de consumo de álcool do grupo de trabalho, medeia a relação entre as exigências do trabalho e o consumo de álcool dos trabalhadores. Uma análise de regressão, usando a macro de mediação moderada numa amostra de trabalhadores de uma empresa de telecomunicações do Chile (N = 1.143), sustenta as hipóteses de mediação moderada: a alta identificação com grupos de trabalho com normas desfavoráveis de consumo de álcool desse grupo mitiga a relação entre as exigências do trabalho e o consumo de álcool nos trabalhadores (B = -0,080; t = -2,01; p = 0,04; IC95%: -0,1600; -0,0024) e a alta identificação com grupos de trabalho com normas favoráveis de consumo de álcool desse grupo incrementa a relação entre as exigências do trabalho e o consumo de álcool nos trabalhadores (B = 0,170; t = 2,36; p = 0,01; IC95%: 0,030; 0,322). Estes resultados sugerem que a alta identificação com grupos de trabalho e suas normas sociais de consumo de álcool são recursos laborais que, de maneira conjunta, podem afetar ou proteger trabalhadores expostos a altas exigências laborais. Portanto, recomendam-se considerar os potenciais efeitos positivos, como também os efeitos perniciosos, desses recursos laborais.

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Objective: To compare the effect of canine guidance or group function on diaphragm activity, heart rate, and oxygen saturation during awake teeth grinding at different body positions. Methods: Fifty healthy participants, 25 with canine guidance and 25 with group function, were included. Bilateral electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the diaphragm (DIA) during awake teeth grinding were performed in standing, seated upright, and right lateral decubitus positions. Simultaneously, heart rate and oxygen saturation were measured. Results: EMG activity of the DIA muscle was similar in the working side and non-working side between participants with canine guidance and group function in the different body positions studied. The heart rate and oxygen saturation showed no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: EMG activity of the DIA muscle, the heart rate, and oxygen saturation during teeth grinding are not significantly influenced by the type of laterotrusive occlusal scheme.

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El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si la identificación con grupos de trabajo, con normas desfavorables y favorables de consumo de alcohol del grupo de trabajo, modera la relación entre las demandas del trabajo y el consumo de alcohol en trabajadores. A través de una análisis de regresión, usando la macro de moderación moderada en una muestra de trabajadores de una empresa de telecomunicaciones de Chile (N = 1.143), se presta apoyo a las hipótesis de moderación moderada: la alta identificación con grupos de trabajo con normas desfavorables de consumo de alcohol de ese grupo amortigua la relación entre las demandas del trabajo y el consumo de alcohol en trabajadores (B = -0,080; t = -2,01; p = 0,04; IC95%: -0,1600; -0,0024) y la alta identificación con grupos de trabajo con normas favorables de consumo de alcohol de ese grupo incrementa la relación entre las demandas del trabajo y el consumo de alcohol en trabajadores (B = 0,170; t = 2,36; p = 0,01; IC95%: 0,030; 0,322). Estos resultados sugieren que la alta identificación con grupos de trabajo y sus normas sociales de consumo de alcohol son recursos laborales que, de manera conjunta, pueden afectar o proteger a trabajadores expuestos a altas demandas laborales. Por lo tanto, se recomienda atender a los potenciales efectos positivos, así como también a los efectos perniciosos, de estos recursos laborales.

The current study aimed to determine whether workgroup identification and alcohol consumption social norms of workgroup moderates the relationship between job demands and alcohol consumption in workers. Regression analysis using the moderated moderation macro in a sample of workers from a telecommunications company in Chile (N = 1,143) supports the hypothesis of moderated moderation: high workgroup identification with with unfavorable social norms of alcohol consumption by the group buffered the relationship between job demands and alcohol consumption of workers (B = -0.080; t = -2.01; p = 0.04; 95%CI: -0.1600; -0.0024), and the high workgroup identification with favorable social norms of alcohol consumption by the group increases the relationship between job demands and alcohol consumption of workers (B = 0.170; t = 2.36; p = 0.01; 95%CI: 0.030; 0.322). The results suggest that strong identification with workgroup and their social norms for alcohol consumption are job resources that can jointly affect or protect workers exposed to heavy work demands. Attention should thus be focused on the potential positive versus harmful effects of these work resources.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar se a identificação com grupos de trabalho, com normas desfavoráveis e favoráveis de consumo de álcool do grupo de trabalho, medeia a relação entre as exigências do trabalho e o consumo de álcool dos trabalhadores. Uma análise de regressão, usando a macro de mediação moderada numa amostra de trabalhadores de uma empresa de telecomunicações do Chile (N = 1.143), sustenta as hipóteses de mediação moderada: a alta identificação com grupos de trabalho com normas desfavoráveis de consumo de álcool desse grupo mitiga a relação entre as exigências do trabalho e o consumo de álcool nos trabalhadores (B = -0,080; t = -2,01; p = 0,04; IC95%: -0,1600; -0,0024) e a alta identificação com grupos de trabalho com normas favoráveis de consumo de álcool desse grupo incrementa a relação entre as exigências do trabalho e o consumo de álcool nos trabalhadores (B = 0,170; t = 2,36; p = 0,01; IC95%: 0,030; 0,322). Estes resultados sugerem que a alta identificação com grupos de trabalho e suas normas sociais de consumo de álcool são recursos laborais que, de maneira conjunta, podem afetar ou proteger trabalhadores expostos a altas exigências laborais. Portanto, recomendam-se considerar os potenciais efeitos positivos, como também os efeitos perniciosos, desses recursos laborais.

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Resumen La psicología en tanto práctica profesional y de investigación científica no puede ni debe permanecer aislada de los contextos en los que se desarrolla. Frente a los profundos sentimientos de malestar expresados por el pueblo chileno en movilizaciones sociales desde el 18 de octubre de 2019, que responden directamente a la implementación de un modelo neoliberal desprovisto de justicia social, como psicólogas y psicólogos nos sentimos llamados a levantar los requerimientos mínimos que consideramos que nuestra disciplina debe asumir. Bajo este marco, se presenta un Manifiesto que contempla 22 puntos, construido de manera colaborativa por 13 psicólogas y psicólogos de diversas instituciones que, en una labor colectiva, lo proponen como agenda de trabajo para los próximos meses. Sabiendo que este listado no es definitivo ni exhaustivo, lo ofrecemos a la comunidad como un punto de partida para la deliberación, discusión y debate dentro de Universidades, centros de investigación, sociedades científicas y profesionales y al aparato estatal, de manera de fortalecer el rol de la psicología en la problematización y reducción las inequidades e injusticias, así como en el fomento del bienestar psicosocial.

Abstract Psychology as a professional and scientific practice should and must not remain isolated from the contexts in which it develops. Considering the deep feelings of discomfort expressed by the Chilean people during social mobilizations since October 18th, 2019, in response to the implementation for decades of a neoliberal model devoid of social justice, as psychologists we feel summoned to raise the minimum requirements we think our discipline must assume about that matter. Under these assumptions, a Manifesto is presented. It includes 22 items, which have been elaborated by 13 psychologists from several institutions that, in a collective effort, propose them as an agenda to work on in the next months. Knowing that this list is not definitive or exhaustive, we offer it to the community as a point of departure for deliberation, discussion and debate within universities, research centers, scientific and professional societies, and the state apparatus, in order to strengthen the role of psychology in the problematization and reduction of inequities and injustices, as well as in promoting psychosocial well-being.

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Resumen Analizamos los imaginarios sociales del bienestar subjetivo en personas que se auto identifican como mapuche en el Gran Concepción, Biobío, Chile. El bienestar subjetivo otorga importancia a aquellos factores que los sujetos consideran como un aporte positivo en su vida personal, familiar o comunitaria, que generan percepciones de satisfacción y felicidad. Esto también forma parte de lo que se considera como parte constitutiva del buen vivir de los pueblos originarios. Se trabajó con un enfoque cualitativo, a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Los resultados indican que los imaginarios sociales del bienestar subjetivo son diversos y variados dependiendo de los niveles en los cuales la identidad es vivida: individual, colectivo o estructural. Todavía, los resultados indican que esos imaginarios se construyen en torno a la resignificación de la identidad individual y colectiva, como parte de un proceso de relación entre sujetos, entorno y/o naturaleza, donde confluyen percepciones, representaciones, valoraciones y emociones asociadas no solo a la felicidad, la seguridad y el respeto, sino también a la trascendencia como pueblo portador de una identidad Mapuche diferenciada.

Resumo Analisamos os imaginários sociais do bem-estar subjetivo em pessoas que se identificam como mapuche, no Gran Concepción, Biobío, Chile. O bem-estar subjetivo outorga importância a aqueles fatores que o sujeito considera um aporte positivo em sua vida pessoal, família ou comunitária, e que geram percepções de satisfação e felicidade. Este também é parte constitutiva do bom viver dos povos originários. Se trabalhou com um enfoque qualitativo, através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os resultados indicam que os imaginários sociais do bem estar subjetivo são diversos e variados dependendo dos níveis os quais a identidade é vivida: individual, coletivo ou estrutural. Ainda, que são construídos em torno da ressignificação da identidade individual e coletiva, como parte de um processo de relacionamento entre sujeitos, ambiente e/ou natureza, onde convergem percepções, representações, apreciações e emoções associadas não só à felicidade, à segurança e ao respeito, mas também à transcendência como um povo portador de uma identidade diferenciada mapuche.

Abstract We analyze the social imaginaries of the subjective well-being in people who identify as Mapuche in Greater Concepción, Chile. Subjective well-being gives importance to those factors that the subject considers to be a positive contribution to their personal, family or community life, and that generate perceptions of satisfaction and happiness. This also constitutes part of what is perceived as a good life for native people. The work considered a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews. Results indicate that the social imaginaries of subjective well-being are diverse and varied, depending on the levels at which the identity is lived: individual, collective or structural. Furthermore, the results indicate that the social imaginaries of the subjective welfare are built around the resignification of individual and collective identity, as part of a process of relationship between subjects, environment and/or nature, in which they converge perceptions, representations, values and emotions associated not only to happiness, security and respect, but also to transcendence as a people carrying a differentiated Mapuche identity.

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El presente artículo realiza una revisión del desarrollo y estado actual de la psicología chilena. En 1946 se instaura formalmente la formación de psicólogos en Chile; en 1959 se oficializa la Asociación de Psicólogos de Chile y en 1968 se funda el Colegio de Psicólogos de Chile. Esto sitúa a Chile dentro de los primeros países de la región en el desarrollo formal de la disciplina. Actualmente, existen 139 programas de formación en psicología, impartidos en 49 universidades; sumado a una creciente oferta de programas de magíster y doctorado en psicología. Con respecto al desarrollo científico de la disciplina, se aprecia un alza sostenida en el número de artículos publicados, destacando que desde el año 2011 se sobrepasan los 100 artículos por año, aunque esta producción está ligada a unas pocas instituciones y autores con alto protagonismo. Adicionalmente, se observa una baja colaboración entre investigadores chilenos y latinoamericanos en estudios y productividad científica, a pesar de compartir temáticas y problemas similares. Respecto a los desafíos futuros, es necesario aumentar los sistemas de aseguramiento de la calidad en pre y posgrados, así como la mayor influencia de los psicólogos y psicólogas en la sociedad.

This paper present a review of the development and current state of Chilean psychology. In 1946 formally establishes the formation of psychologists in Chile; in 1959, it made official the Association of Psychologists of Chile and in 1968 the College of Psychologists of Chile was founded. This puts Chile in the first countries in the region in the formal development of the discipline. Currently, there are 139 training programs in psychology, taught in 49 universities. Added to that, a growing supply of master's and doctoral programs in psychology. With regard to the scientific development of the discipline shown a sustained increase in the number of published articles, noting that since 2011 has exceeded 100 items per year, although this production is linked to a few institutions and authors with high prominence. Additionally, a low collaboration between Chilean and Latin American researchers in studies and scientific productivity, despite sharing similar issues and problems observed. Regarding future challenges, it is necessary to increase systems quality assurance in pre and postgraduate courses, as well as the most influential psychologists of society.

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A series of new organic polyimides were synthesized from 4-fluoro-4'4"-diaminotriphenylmethane and four different aromatic dianhydrides through a one-step, high-temperature, direct polycondensation in m-cresol at 180-200 °C, resulting in the formation of high-molecular-weight polyimides (inherent viscosities ~ 1.0-1.3 dL/g). All the resulting polyimides exhibited good thermal stability with initial decomposition temperatures above 434 °C, glass-transition temperatures between 285 and 316 °C, and good solubility in polar aprotic solvents. Wide-angle X-ray scattering data indicated that the polyimides were amorphous. Dense membranes were prepared by solution casting and solvent evaporation to evaluate their gas transport properties (permeability, diffusivity, and solubility coefficients) toward pure hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide gases. In general, the gas permeability was increased as both the fractional free volume and d-spacing were also increased. A good combination of permeability and selectivity was promoted efficiently by the bulky hexafluoroisopropylidene and 4-fluoro-phenyl groups introduced into the polyimides. The results indicate that the gas transport properties of these films depend on both the structure of the anhydride moiety, which controls the intrinsic intramolecular rigidity, and the 4-fluoro-phenyl pendant group, which disrupts the intermolecular packing.

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This study was designed to determine the effect of the occlusal scheme on masseter EMG activity at different jaw posture tasks. The sample included 30 healthy subjects with natural dentition and bilateral molar support, 15 with bilateral canine guidance, and 15 with bilateral group function. An inclusion criterion was that subjects had to be free of signs and symptoms of any dysfunction of the masticatory system. Bipolar surface electrodes were located on the left and right masseter muscles. EMG activity was recorded during the following jaw posture tasks: A. maximal clenching in the intercuspal position; B. grinding from intercuspal position to edge-to-edge lateral contact position; C. maximal clenching in the edge-to-edge lateral contact position; D. grinding from edge-to-edge lateral contact position to intercuspal position. EMG activity in tasks B, C, and D was lower than in task A (mixed model with unstructured covariance matrix). EMG activity was not significantly different with canine guidance or group function. EMG activity recorded on the nonworking side was higher than the working side during task C, and no different between tasks B or D. On the nonworking side, EMG activity in task B was significantly lower than C and D, and similar between task C and D. On the working side, EMG activity was significantly higher in task D than C and B, and in task B significantly higher than task C. The EMG patterns observed could be of clinical importance in the presence of parafunctional habits, i.e., clenching and/or grinding.

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En los últimos años se ha desarrollado el consenso de que la incidencia de úlceras por presión es un importante indicador de calidad de atención de salud. Sin embargo, en muchos hospitales la predicción del riesgo de úlceras por presión y las medidas de prevención por mucho tiempo no han sido considerados. Es conocido que el costo económico y el sufrimiento humano asociados al tratamiento de úlceras por presión es enorme y en la mayoría de los casos innecesarios. Un programa de prevención basado en la medición del riesgo puede simultáneamente reducir la incidencia institucional de úlceras por presión, como los costos de la prevención y tratamiento. Para este propósito fue creado un comité multidisciplinario

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