RESUMO

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor alterations, which is preceded by a prodromal stage where non-motor symptoms are observed. Over recent years, it has become evident that this disorder involves other organs that communicate with the brain like the gut. Importantly, the microbial community that lives in the gut plays a key role in this communication, the so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis. Alterations in this axis have been associated to several disorders including PD. Here we proposed that the gut microbiota is different in the presymptomatic stage of a Drosophila model for PD, the Pink1B9 mutant fly, as compared to that observed in control animals. Our results show this is the case: there is basal dysbiosis in mutant animals evidenced by substantial difference in the composition of midgut microbiota in 8-9 days old Pink1B9 mutant flies as compared with control animals. Further, we fed young adult control and mutant flies kanamycin and analyzed motor and non-motor behavioral parameters in these animals. Data show that kanamycin treatment induces the recovery of some of the non-motor parameters altered in the pre-motor stage of the PD fly model, while there is no substantial change in locomotor parameters recorded at this stage. On the other hand, our results show that feeding young animals the antibiotic, results in a long-lasting improvement of locomotion in control flies. Our data support that manipulations of gut microbiota in young animals could have beneficial effects on PD progression and age-dependent motor impairments. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microbiome & the Brain: Mechanisms & Maladies".

Assuntos

RESUMO

Various animal models, especially rodents, are used to study pain, due to the difficulty of studying it in humans. Many drugs that produce analgesia have been studied and there is evidence among which NSAIDs deserve to be highlighted. Dexketoprofen (DEX) provides a broad antinociceptive profile in different types of pain; therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the profile of antinociceptive potency in mice. Analgesic activity was evaluated using the acetic acid abdominal constriction test (writhing test), a chemical model of visceral pain. Dose-response curves for i.p. DEX administration (1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg), using at least six mice in each of at least five doses, was obtained before and 30 min after pre-treatment with different pharmacological agents. Pretreatment of the mice with opioid receptor antagonists was not effective; however, the serotonin receptor antagonist and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor produce a significant increase in DEX-induced antinociception. The data from the present study shows that DEX produces antinociception in the chemical twisting test of mice, which is explained with difficulty by the simple inhibition of COX. This effect appears to be mediated by other mechanisms in which the contribution of the NO and 5-HT pathways has an important effect on DEXinduced antinociception.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Steroid sex hormones produce physiological effects in reproductive tissues and also in nonreproductive tissues, such as the brain, particularly in cortical, limbic and midbrain areas. Dopamine (DA) neurones involved in processes such as prolactin secretion (tuberoinfundibular system), motor circuit regulation (nigrostriatal system) and driving of motivated behaviour (mesocorticolimbic system) are specially regulated by sex hormones. Indeed, sex hormones promote neurochemical and behavioural effects induced by drugs of abuse by tuning midbrain DA neurones in adult animals. However, the long-term effects induced by neonatal exposure to sex hormones on dopaminergic neurotransmission have not been fully studied. The present study aimed to determine whether a single neonatal exposure with oestradiol valerate (EV) results in a programming of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of adult female rats. To answer this question, electrophysiological, neurochemical, cellular, molecular and behavioural techniques were used. The data show that frequency but not amplitude of the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current is significantly increased in NAcc medium spiny neurones of EV-treated rats. In addition, DA content and release are both increased in the NAcc of EV-treated rats, caused by an increased synthesis of this neurotransmitter. These results are functionally associated with a higher percentage of EV-treated rats conditioned to morphine, a drug of abuse, compared to controls. In conclusion, neonatal programming with oestradiol increases NAcc dopaminergic neurotransmission in adulthood, which may be associated with increased reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse.

Assuntos

RESUMO

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prognostic impact of maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) undergoing pretreatment [F-18] fluoro-D-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) imaging. MATERIALS/METHODS: Fifty-eight patients undergoing FDG PET/CT before radical treatment with definitive radiotherapy (±concomitant chemotherapy) or surgery + postoperative (chemo)radiation were analyzed. The effects of clinicopathological factors (age, gender, tumor location, stage, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), and treatment strategy) including primary tumor SUVmax and nodal SUVmax on overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), locoregional control (LRC), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated and compared with the log-rank test. RESULTS: Median follow-up for the whole population was 31 months (range 2.3-53.5). Two-year OS, LRC, DFS and DMFS, for the entire cohort were 62.1, 78.3, 55.2 and 67.2%, respectively. Median pretreatment SUVmax for the primary tumor and lymph nodes was 11.85 and 5.4, respectively. According to univariate analysis, patients with KPS < 80% (p < 0.001), AJCC stage IVa or IVb vs III (p = 0.037) and patients undergoing radiotherapy vs surgery (p = 0.042) were significantly associated with worse OS. Patients with KPS < 80% (p = 0.003) or age ≥65 years (p = 0.007) had worse LRC. The KPS < 80% was the only factor associated with decreased DFS (p = 0.001). SUVmax of the primary tumor or the lymph nodes were not associated with OS, DFS or LRC. The KPS < 80% (p = 0.002), tumor location (p = 0.047) and AJCC stage (p = 0.025) were associated with worse cancer-specific survival (CSS). According to Cox regression analysis, on multivariate analysis KPS < 80% was the only independent parameter determining worse OS, DFS, CSS. Regarding LRC only patients with IK < 80% (p = 0.01) and ≥65 years (p = 0.01) remained statistically significant. Nodal SUVmax was the only factor associated with decreased DMFS. Patients with a nodal SUVmax > 5.4 presented an increased risk for distant metastases (HR, 3.3; 95% CI 1.17-9.25; p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: The pretreatment nodal SUVmax in patients with locally advanced HNSCC is prognostic for DMFS. However, according to our results primary tumor SUVmax and nodal SUVmax were not significantly related to OS, DFS or LRC. Patients presenting KPS < 80% had worse OS, DFS, CSS and LRC.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The lateral septum (LS), a brain structure implicated in addictive behaviours, regulates the activation of dopaminergic neurones in the ventral tegmental area. Vasopressinergic projections from the extended amygdala to the LS, which are sexually dimorphic, could be responsible for the vulnerability to addiction in a sex-dependent manner. The present study aimed to investigate the modulatory effects of amphetamine (AMPH) on the expression of vasopressin (AVP) in the vasopressinergic extra-hypothalamic system in sensitised male and female rats. Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent an AMPH-locomotor sensitisation protocol. Acute AMPH increased AVP mRNA expression in the medial amygdala (MeA), whereas AMPH-induced sensitisation increased AVP mRNA expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) only in females. Interestingly, the increase in AVP expression in BNST was higher in oestrus females compared to dioestrus females and acute AMPH resulted in a decrease in AVP levels in the LS, only in males. Thus, there are complex and region-specific interactions between AMPH and the extra-hypothalamic vasopressinergic system in the brain, underlying possible alterations in different behaviours caused by acute and chronic AMPH exposure.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A study was performed in order to understand the development of digestive enzymes during initial ontogeny of Cichlasoma trimaculatum, for which the activity of acidic and alkaline proteases, lipases, amylases and phosphatases was determined by means of biochemical and electrophoretic analysis. Our results showed that the activity of alkaline proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin is present from day 6 after hatching (dah) during exogenous feeding with Artemia nauplii. The activities of carboxypeptidase A and leucine aminopeptidase are present from the first days, increasing at 6 dah and reaching their maximum activity at 9 dah while acid protease activity started at 9 dah. Furthermore, the lipase activity is detected on 6 dah and keeps increasing and decreasing on 17 dah. Amylase activity is detected on 3 dah, presenting fluctuations until 45 dah, where it reaches its maximum activity. Acid and alkaline phosphatases are detected from 3 dah and reach a maximum activity between 13 and 19 dah. The SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed six types of bands in the alkaline proteases, with molecular weight between 113.4 and 20.4 kDa. First three bands appear on 6 dah, but it is until 11 dah when all isoforms appear. Based on these results, it is considered that this species completes its digestive enzymatic machinery from day 9 after hatching, therefore is recommended to perform the transition from live feed to inert feed at 15 dah.

Assuntos

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To evaluate an institute-specific CTV-PTV margin for head and neck (HN) patients according to a 3-mm action level protocol. METHODS/PATIENTS: Twenty-three HN patients were prospectively analysed. Patients were immobilized with a thermoplastic mask. Inter- and intrafractional set-up errors (in the three dimensions) were assessed from portal images (PI) registration. Digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) were compared with two orthogonal PI by matching bone anatomy landmarks. The isocenter was verified during the first five consecutive days of treatment: if the mean error detected was greater than 2 mm the isocenter position was corrected for the rest of the treatment. Isocenter was checked weekly thereafter. Set-up images were obtained before and after treatment administration on 10, 20 and 30 fractions to quantify the intrafractional displacement. For the set-up errors, systematic (Σ), random (σ), overall standard deviations, and the overall mean displacement (M), were determined. CTV to PTV margin was calculated considering both inter- and intrafractional errors. RESULTS: A total of 396 portal images was analysed in 23 patients. Systematic interfractional (Σ(inter)) set-up errors ranged between 0.77 and 1.42 mm in the three directions, whereas the random (σ (inter)) errors were around 1-1.31 mm. Systematic intrafractional (Σ(intra)) errors ranged between 0.65 and 1.11 mm, whereas the random (σ (intra)) errors were around 1.13-1.16 mm. CONCLUSIONS: A verification protocol (3-mm action level) provided by EPIDs improves the set-up accuracy. Intrafractional error is not negligible and contributes to create a larger CTV-PTV margin. The appropriate CTV-PTV margin for our institute is between 3 and 4.5 mm considering both inter- and intrafractional errors.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) is an economically and socially important freshwater species from Southeastern Mexico, with a high aquaculture potential. With this in mind, the purpose of this study was to characterize the digestive proteases of tropical gar juveniles through biochemical and electrophoretic analyses. Twenty specimens with an average weight of 73.6 ± 12.7 g were used to obtain stomach and intestinal tissue from which multienzymatic extracts were prepared. The general activities of the acid and alkaline proteases were evaluated, as well as the specific activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase A. The effect of the pH and temperature on the proteases was also analyzed, together with the composition of the multienzymatic extracts using protease inhibitors and electrophoretic tests. Results showed that A. tropicus have a functional stomach in which protein hydrolysis starts with pepsin and which contains endo- and exopeptidases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase A) and proteases that are resistant to high temperatures (45 and 55 °C for alkaline and acid proteases, respectively) and pH values. Using zymogram technique, we found two acid protease isoforms (0.35 and 0.71 rf) and five alkaline protease isoforms (83.7, 43.7, 27.5, 24.0 and 19.4 kDa), which decrease or disappear with the different inhibitors. Thus, this species is considered to be a carnivore capable of adapting to its environment by consuming different types of proteins from preys and also could adapt rapidly to consume a compound diet with different animal protein sources.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Research in programming has focused in the study of stimuli that affect sensitive periods of development such as prenatal and neonatal stage. We previously showed that exposure to estradiol valerate to female rats during the first 12 h of life increased catecholamine content in ventromedial-arcuatus hypothalamus of the adult rat. However, changes in others dopaminergic circuits have not been studied. The purpose of this work was to determine the neurotransmitters changes induced by neonatal estradiol valerate (0.1 mg/50 µl s. c. per rat) administration on nigrostriatal pathway of adult female rats. Sesame oil (50 µl s. c. per rat) was administered in a control parallel group. EV-1 adult rats presented effective markers of long-term estrogenization as decreased serum levels of progesterone and a reduction in the size of estrogen-sensitive organs. In the brain, neonatal estradiol valerate administration led to a significant increase in dopamine content in striatum, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. With respect to the contents of dopamine metabolites, only 3-methoxytyramine content increased in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. In addition, the content of noradrenaline increased only in striatum. Interestingly, estrogenized rats lacked locomotor activity induced by acute dose of amphetamine (1 mg/kg i. p.). Altogether, these results show that neonatal exposure to estradiol valerate permanently modified the content of monoamine neurotransmitters in nigrostriatal pathway and amphetamine-induced locomotor activity of adult female rats. This might imply that estrogenized rats could have changes in the expression of key proteins in dopaminergic regulation, as tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter.

Assuntos

RESUMO

La constipación severa o las complicaciones del megacolon chagásico fueron clásicamente de resolución quirúrgica. Numerosos estudios fueron hechos, como así también muchas técnicas quirúrgicas fueron descritas para el abordaje de esta patología. La progresiva disminución del número de pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente es el resultado de la aplicación de las políticas públicas de salud, que evitan los nuevos casos y las complicaciones crónicas de esta entidad.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The role of the titanium dioxide (rutile and anatase) with and without room light on the thermal synthesis of the glycine-L-glutamine (Gly-Gln) polymer is described. The efficiency in percentage of polymerization with room light was increased in 6% in the presence of rutile and in 23% in the presence of anatase. The thermal synthesis in the molten state was carried out in the absence and presence of both oxides. In all cases, the vibrational spectra showed characteristic group frequencies corresponding to a polypeptide structure. No spectral differences were observed by room light effect on the polymer on rutile. However, the polymer obtained in the presence of anatase and room light shows spectral changes associated with the formation of shorter new abundant and conformationally different species compared with the original polymer. The SEM-EDX characterization of the solid phase involved in the thermal synthesis showed that the morphology of the polypeptide is different in the presence of rutile compared to anatase. The SDS-PAGE and GPC results suggest that smaller chains are formed in the presence of both oxides and the distribution of the size and weight of each polymer molecule is completely different when the condensation is performed in the presence of anatase or rutile. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses confirmed the incorporation of both Gly and Gln residues in the polymers, with a prevalence of Gly. Both possible sequences N-GlyGln-C and N-GlnGly-C were also detected.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The effect of the aluminum oxide on the thermal synthesis of the glycine-glutamic acid (Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) polymer is described. The thermal synthesis in the molten state was carried out in the absence and presence of the oxide. In both cases, the vibrational spectra showed characteristic group frequencies corresponding predominantly to a Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) sequence in the polymeric structure. The theoretical spectral data support the experimental proposed Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) sequence for the polymer. The SEM-EDX characterization of the solid phase involved in the thermal synthesis showed that the aluminum oxide participates as a site for nucleation and growth of the polymer, explaining the increase of 25% efficiency in the presence of aluminum oxide. Electrophoresis data show shorter polypeptide chains in the presence of aluminum oxide.

Assuntos

Assuntos

RESUMO

Informe final de la encuesta CONE

Assuntos

RESUMO

Presentación. Introducción. Area constructiva. Comunicación. Identidad. Violencia. Etapas de la sexualidad. Proyecto de vida. Area preventiva. Aspectos biológicos. Prevención del aborto. Infecciones de transmisión sexual. Prevención del embarazo y métodos anticonceptivos. Bibliografía. Anexo 1: dinámicas optativas. Anexo 2: glosario

Assuntos

RESUMO

Esta guía está basada en los aportes de la Conferencia Mundial de Educación para Todos, realizada en Tailandia en 1990, que sostiene que la educación debe partir de los requerimientos de las personas, es decir de sus necesidades. Partir de la satisfacción de sus necesidades básicas de aprendizaje permite a las personas contar con conocimientos, capacidades, valores y actitudes necesarias para resolver problemas de su vida cotidiana y mejorar su calidad de vida

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este artículo presenta el proyecto de profesionalización que la Escuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia (ENEO) de la Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM) ha venido realizando desde hace varios años. Expone los tres ejes fundamentales de dicho proyecto: el desarrollo de la Licenciatura en Enfermería, el programa de enfermería a través del Sistema de Universidad Abierta (SUA) y la educación profesional continua. Así también dentro de este documento se presenta una síntesis de los compromisos establecidos por la ENEO como Centro Colaborador de la OMS/OPS para el Desarrollo de la Enfermería Profesional en México

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Adequate management and treatment of ovarian carcinoma requires a complete surgical staging supported by frozen-section examination. To achieve this goal it is necessary a high level of accuracy. Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of frozen-sections in ovarian carcinoma considering the influence of tumor diameter and weight. Patients and methods: Retrospective study of frozen-sections performed in patients with ovarian tumors who underwent surgery. Frozen- and permanent- sections were divided into three categories (benign, borderline and malignant) and stratified by diameter (<10 cm, 10 to 20 cm, >20 cm) and weight (<700 g, 700 a 1400 g, >1400 g). The diagnostic correlation, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy of each frozen-section diagnosis were determined. Results: Eight hundred forty two ovarian tumors that underwent frozen-sections between january 1988 and october 1998 were studied. Final diagnosis was 86,7 percent benign, 2,7 percent low malignant potential (LMP) and 10,6 percent malignant. The diagnosis correlation between frozen- and permanent-sections was 98,2 percent. Misdiagnosis was in epithelial ovarian tumors, particularly in LMP tumors. Sensitivity, specificity, positive- and negative- predictive values and accuracy of the four hundred eighty nine epithelial tumor were 92,6 percent, 99,2 percent, 96,7 percent, 98,2 percent and 97,9 percent, respectively. Diagnostic correlation was higher in epithelial ovarian tumors with diameter <10 cm (98,2 percent v/s 93,8 percent) and weight <700 g (96,9 percent v/s 88,9 percent). Conclusions: Diagnostic correlation with permanent-section examination, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of frozen-sections are high in ovarian tumors. Accurate diagnosis at frozen sections of epithelial ovarian tumors with diameter >10 cm or weight >700 g (particularly in LMP tumors) is difficult because of the extensive sampling required. Frozen-sections diagnoses are important to determine the type and extent of surgery performed at the initial operation

Assuntos

RESUMO

Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 23 años sometida a laparotomía exploradora con el diagnostico histológico fue teratoma maduro del ovario asociado a gliomatosis peritoneal. Se resume la evolución clínica, tratamiento y seguimiento posterior. A propósito de este caso se presenta una revisión del tema

Assuntos

RESUMO

We describe here the isolation and characterization of a major albumin from the seeds of Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae). This protein has a molecular mass of 6.5 kDa and was isolated by a combination of gel filtration chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. The amino acid composition of this protein was determined and it was shown to have similarities with the amino acid composition of several proteins from the 2S albumin storage protein family. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this protein is Asp-Pro-Tyr-Trp-Glu-Gln-Arg.

Assuntos