RESUMO
Dust concentrations in ice of the last glacial maximum (LGM) are high in ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica. The magnitude of the enhancements can be explained if the strength of the hydrologic cycle during the LGM was about half of that at present. This notion is consistent with a large decrease (5 degrees Celsius) in ocean temperature during the LGM, as recently deduced from measurements of strontium and calcium in corals.
Assuntos
Atmosfera , Poeira , Geologia , Gelo/análise , Água/química , Regiões Antárticas , Fenômenos Geológicos , Groenlândia , Modelos Teóricos , Oceanos e Mares , América do Sul , Temperatura , Clima TropicalRESUMO
We examine the consequences of the eruption of the El Chichon volcano on the Earth's stratospheric chemistry. Formed after the eruption, the volcanic aerosol cloud, with a peak particle density at 27 km, was very efficient at altering the radiation field. The results of a one-dimensional radiative transfer model show that the total radiation increased by 8% within the aerosol layer longward of 3000 angstroms. At certain altitudes and wavelengths below 3000 angstroms, the total radiation decreased by 15%. Consequently, there are changes in the photolysis rates obtained with a one-dimensional photochemical model: for example, O2 photodissociation rate constants decrease by 10%, while O3 photodissociation rate constants increase by a comparable amount. A combination of this radiation change and the effect of a temperature variation of a few degrees causes the abundance of O3 to decrease by 7% at 24 km, in good agreement with the Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet experiment (SBUV) measurements of a 5-10% decrease. The combined radiative and thermal perturbations on the concentrations of O, O(1 D), OH, HO2, H2O2, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3, HO2NO2, Cl, ClO, ClO2, HOCl, ClNO3, and HCl are computed and presented in detail. However, these changes as calculated are insufficient to explain the observations of significant decreases in NO and NO2 and increases in HCl. A heterogeneous reaction catalyzed by aerosol surfaces which transforms ClNO3 into HCl provides a pathway for sequestering NOx, and at the same time reduces ClNO3 in favor of HCL. The inclusion of this reaction in the model leads to a satisfactory single-step explanation of the otherwise puzzling observations of NO, NO2, and HCl. The observed lack of change in HNO3 cannot be explained by this hypothesis. The effects of a number of heterogeneous reactions, some believed to be important for the Antarctic stratosphere, have been assessed with our model. We also examine the hypothesis of direct injection of gases from the volcano into the stratosphere. Only an unrealistically large injection (60% column increase above 12 km) results in an HCl increase in agreement with observations. An equally large water injection decreases HCl, and decreases the NO and NO2 by as much as 20%, but still does not simulate the observed NOx decrease.