RESUMO
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that remains a serious public health problem worldwide. In the pediatric population, the knowledge about the factors that lead to the abandonment of TB treatment is limited, especially in regions with a high prevalence of the disease. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with TB treatment abandonment in children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out using data obtained from TB notifications from the São Paulo State Tuberculosis Patient Control System, Brazil, for individuals aged between 0 and 18 years, from January 2009 to December 2019. The crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated with a 95% confidence interval, using the Poisson regression model to identify associations between the outcome of treatment abandonment and the sociodemographic, clinical-epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic factors of TB cases with complete information. Of the 12,256 cases analyzed, 941 individuals abandoned treatment. The highest prevalence rate of treatment abandonment occurs among Black or brown adolescents, those over 11 years of age and those deprived of their liberty. Other characteristics associated with treatment abandonment include: being a person living with HIV/AIDS, having a history of previous TB treatment, using illicit substances and using a self-administered TB treatment regimen. Knowing the profile of the patient most likely to abandon TB treatment makes it possible to devise more effective strategies focused on adherence to drug treatment.
A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença infectocontagiosa que ainda representa um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo. Na população pediátrica, os fatores que levam ao abandono do tratamento da TB, especialmente em regiões de elevada prevalência da doença, são pouco conhecidos. Portanto, este estudo objetivou identificar a prevalência e os fatores de risco associados ao abandono do tratamento da TB em crianças e adolescentes. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com dados obtidos das notificações de TB provenientes do Sistema de Controle de Pacientes com Tuberculose do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, em indivíduos com idade entre 0 e 18 anos, no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2019. Estimou-se a razão de prevalência bruta e ajustada com intervalo de 95% de confiança, utilizando-se o modelo de regressão de Poisson para identificar associações entre o desfecho abandono do tratamento com os fatores sociodemográficos, clínico-epidemiológicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos dos casos de TB, contendo informações completas. Dos 12.256 casos analisados, 941 indivíduos abandonaram o tratamento. A maior taxa de prevalência de abandono do tratamento ocorre entre os adolescentes pretos ou pardos, acima de 11 anos e privados de liberdade. Outras características associadas ao abandono do tratamento incluem: serem pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids, ter histórico de tratamento anterior para TB, fazer uso de substâncias ilícitas e utilizar o regime de tratamento de TB autoadministrado. Concluiu-se que conhecer o perfil do paciente com maiores chances para abandonar o tratamento da TB permite elaborar estratégias focadas na adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso mais efetivas.
La tuberculosis (TB) es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa que sigue siendo un grave problema de salud pública mundial. Se sabe poco sobre los factores que conducen al abandono del tratamiento de la TB en la población pediátrica, especialmente en regiones con alta prevalencia de la enfermedad. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo asociados con el abandono del tratamiento de la TB en niños y adolescentes. Se trató de un estudio transversal realizado a partir de los datos de notificaciones de TB del Sistema de Control de Pacientes con Tuberculosis del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, recopilados de individuos con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 18 años, en el período de enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2019. La relación de prevalencia bruta y ajustada se estimó con un intervalo de 95% de confianza; y se utilizó el modelo de regresión de Poisson para identificar las asociaciones entre el resultado del abandono del tratamiento y los factores sociodemográficos, clínico-epidemiológicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos de los casos de TB que contienen información completa. De los 12.256 casos analizados, 941 individuos habían abandonado el tratamiento. La mayor tasa de prevalencia de abandono del tratamiento se dio entre adolescentes negros o pardos, mayores de 11 años y los privados de libertad. Otras características asociadas con el abandono del tratamiento fueron personas que viven con VIH/sida, tener antecedentes de tratamiento previo de TB, usar sustancias ilícitas y utilizar el régimen de tratamiento de TB autoadministrado. Se concluyó que conocer el perfil de los pacientes con mayor tendencia a abandonar el tratamiento de la TB nos permite desarrollar estrategias efectivas enfocadas en una adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico.
Assuntos
Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tuberculose , Humanos , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Feminino , Prevalência , Pré-Escolar , Fatores de Risco , Lactente , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Recém-Nascido , Fatores Sociodemográficos , Antituberculosos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença infectocontagiosa que ainda representa um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo. Na população pediátrica, os fatores que levam ao abandono do tratamento da TB, especialmente em regiões de elevada prevalência da doença, são pouco conhecidos. Portanto, este estudo objetivou identificar a prevalência e os fatores de risco associados ao abandono do tratamento da TB em crianças e adolescentes. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com dados obtidos das notificações de TB provenientes do Sistema de Controle de Pacientes com Tuberculose do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, em indivíduos com idade entre 0 e 18 anos, no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2019. Estimou-se a razão de prevalência bruta e ajustada com intervalo de 95% de confiança, utilizando-se o modelo de regressão de Poisson para identificar associações entre o desfecho abandono do tratamento com os fatores sociodemográficos, clínico-epidemiológicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos dos casos de TB, contendo informações completas. Dos 12.256 casos analisados, 941 indivíduos abandonaram o tratamento. A maior taxa de prevalência de abandono do tratamento ocorre entre os adolescentes pretos ou pardos, acima de 11 anos e privados de liberdade. Outras características associadas ao abandono do tratamento incluem: serem pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids, ter histórico de tratamento anterior para TB, fazer uso de substâncias ilícitas e utilizar o regime de tratamento de TB autoadministrado. Concluiu-se que conhecer o perfil do paciente com maiores chances para abandonar o tratamento da TB permite elaborar estratégias focadas na adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso mais efetivas.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that remains a serious public health problem worldwide. In the pediatric population, the knowledge about the factors that lead to the abandonment of TB treatment is limited, especially in regions with a high prevalence of the disease. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with TB treatment abandonment in children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out using data obtained from TB notifications from the São Paulo State Tuberculosis Patient Control System, Brazil, for individuals aged between 0 and 18 years, from January 2009 to December 2019. The crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated with a 95% confidence interval, using the Poisson regression model to identify associations between the outcome of treatment abandonment and the sociodemographic, clinical-epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic factors of TB cases with complete information. Of the 12,256 cases analyzed, 941 individuals abandoned treatment. The highest prevalence rate of treatment abandonment occurs among Black or brown adolescents, those over 11 years of age and those deprived of their liberty. Other characteristics associated with treatment abandonment include: being a person living with HIV/AIDS, having a history of previous TB treatment, using illicit substances and using a self-administered TB treatment regimen. Knowing the profile of the patient most likely to abandon TB treatment makes it possible to devise more effective strategies focused on adherence to drug treatment.
La tuberculosis (TB) es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa que sigue siendo un grave problema de salud pública mundial. Se sabe poco sobre los factores que conducen al abandono del tratamiento de la TB en la población pediátrica, especialmente en regiones con alta prevalencia de la enfermedad. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo asociados con el abandono del tratamiento de la TB en niños y adolescentes. Se trató de un estudio transversal realizado a partir de los datos de notificaciones de TB del Sistema de Control de Pacientes con Tuberculosis del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, recopilados de individuos con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 18 años, en el período de enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2019. La relación de prevalencia bruta y ajustada se estimó con un intervalo de 95% de confianza; y se utilizó el modelo de regresión de Poisson para identificar las asociaciones entre el resultado del abandono del tratamiento y los factores sociodemográficos, clínico-epidemiológicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos de los casos de TB que contienen información completa. De los 12.256 casos analizados, 941 individuos habían abandonado el tratamiento. La mayor tasa de prevalencia de abandono del tratamiento se dio entre adolescentes negros o pardos, mayores de 11 años y los privados de libertad. Otras características asociadas con el abandono del tratamiento fueron personas que viven con VIH/sida, tener antecedentes de tratamiento previo de TB, usar sustancias ilícitas y utilizar el régimen de tratamiento de TB autoadministrado. Se concluyó que conocer el perfil de los pacientes con mayor tendencia a abandonar el tratamiento de la TB nos permite desarrollar estrategias efectivas enfocadas en una adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The judicialization of health care can be understood as a societal response to pressing healthcare needs, which probably are not being adequately addressed by the current healthcare system. This phenomenon increases the strain on service resources, both in the health sector and in the judiciary system as well, demanding an institutional reorganization to manage judicial actions. It is believed that each institution has developed strategies for coping with the problem in isolation and with little public disclosure. The purpose of this review will be to identify institutional strategies implemented and to investigate their effects in approaching the judicialization of health care. METHODS: Electronic searches will be conducted up to December 2021 on 11 databases, supplemented with gray literature and references lists of secondary studies. The descriptor "judicialization of health" will be the basis for conducting the main research. Studies describing any strategy implemented by public institutions to approach the judicialization of health care will be included. Results related to the quality of services provided by the implemented strategy reported in the studies and those that report accessibility, usability, and potential adverse effects or harms caused by the implemented strategy will be investigated. In addition, it will be explored if there have been changes related to the value or characteristics of health litigation. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, abstract data, and full-text papers. The risk of bias in each study will be appraised using a tool suggested by Cochrane Effective Practice and Care Organization Group (EPOC). Subsequently, the reviewers will also extract the data of interest and classify the findings of these studies according to their performance at the institutional level. The results obtained will be described as a narrative synthesis. DISCUSSION: This review may provide evidence on the effects of the strategies implemented to approach the judicialization of health care. It will potentially benefit health care and legal professionals, decision-makers, and researchers by identifying the types and characteristics of strategies that have the potential to improve service delivery in the future. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020160608.
Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde , Setor Público , Instalações de Saúde , Humanos , Revisões Sistemáticas como AssuntoRESUMO
CONTEXT: People with mental disorders can acquire long-term disabilities, which could impair their functioning and quality of life (QoL), requiring permanent care and social support. Systematic data on QoL and functioning, which could support a better management of these people, were not available. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the QoL, level of functioning and their association with sociodemographic and clinical factors of people with mental disorders who underwent deinstitutionalization using assisted living facilities. METHODS: A Cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2018 and July 2019, through interviews using the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) to determine the QoL scores, and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) to determine the level of functioning. All adults (≥18 years old) with mental disorders, who underwent deinstitutionalization, users of assisted living facilities and assisted by the Psychosocial Assistance Centers III, in a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were selected. For statistical analysis of the associated factors, Student's t-test was used for dichotomous variables and ANOVA for polynomial variables. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between QoL and functioning scores. RESULTS: Out of 359 people who underwent deinstitutionalization with mental disorders, 147 met the eligibility criteria. The mean total score for the WHOQOL-BREF was 66.5 ± 13.4 and the mean score for WHODAS 2.0 was 10.4 ± 7.6. An association was found between people who were studying (n = 65.8; 95%CI, 63.5-68.1 vs. n = 73.9; 95%CI, 67.5-80.3; p = 0.04) and better WHOQOL-BREF QoL scores or WHODAS 2.0 levels of functioning (n = 10.9; 95%CI, 9.6-12.2 vs. n = 5.1; 95%CI, 2.5-7.7; p = 0.01). A weak negative correlation (r = 0.41) emerged between higher QoL scores and functioning improvement. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the QoL of the sample is associated by their functioning levels, which, in turn, may reflect on their social interactions. Public policies that favor interventions increasing socialization of this population can result in better health outcomes. The QoL and functioning scores provide valuable insights to develop public policies more suited to this population profile.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The judicialization of health care is a social claim concerning the right to the access to health care. It usually occurs due to gaps in public policy or failures in its application. In Brazil, several public institutions have implemented strategies to approach this phenomenon. However, these strategies have not yet been systematized into functional categories. OBJECTIVE: To categorize and analyze the strategies implemented by public institutions in Brazil to approach the judicialization of health care. METHOD: A systematic scoping review was developed following the method proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The descriptor 'judicialization of health' was used to conduct the searches for studies in 18 electronic databases and other types of documents in the gray literature until March 2019. Documents containing the reports of strategies implemented in public institutions to approach the judicialization of health care in Brazil were included. Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility of the documents and extracted the data. The strategies identified were categorized using definitions from the World Health Organization and existing Brazilian legislation. RESULTS: Seventy eight implemented strategies were identified and organized into nine categories: i. Technical support to the judiciary; ii. State health committees; iii. Organization of assistance; iv. Compliance with court orders, v. Computerized information systems; vi. Administrative proceeding; vii. Defense of the public authority; viii. Pharmacy and therapeutics committee; ix. Alternative dispute resolution. These categories are not mutually exclusive and often act in concert or complement each other's activities. They represent services either existing or provided for in legal provisions by the public administration to meet various types of demands. CONCLUSIONS: The categories proposed to approach the judicialization of health care represent some of the recommendations for qualifying public administration or are provided for in Brazilian legislation, or both. The existence of recommendations and legislation facilitate, but do not guarantee, the implementation of strategies by public institutions.
RESUMO
Brazil has had a National Essential Medicines List (EML) since 1964. From 2000 to 2010, five consecutive evidence-based editions were produced, building on the essential medicine concept. In 2012, the government changed course to establish a new paradigm, introducing adoption of new medicines as the main aim within the recommendation process. The objective of the article was to report efforts to develop Brazil's national EML, policy changes from 2000 to 2014, discussing results, challenges and perspectives. Brazilian EML history and development process were collected from legislation, minutes, reports and legal ordinances, from 2000 to 2014. The Brazilian EML and the WHO Model Lists were compared using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical system. Overlap between lists was verified, and linear trends were produced. Type of membership, inclusion criteria, procedures, flow and listed medicines varied greatly between the selection committees acting before and after 2012. Paradigm-changing legislation aiming at linking list compliance to public financing in 2012 produced (i) greater importance given to political and administrative stakeholders, (ii) increasing trends in number of medicines over the years, (iii) decrease in use of WHO Model List as a reference and (iv) substitution of an essential medicines list review and update process by an adoption decision output. Other issues remained unchanged. Insufficient efforts for list implementation, such as lack of physician education, presented consequences to the health system. Substantial efforts were made to produce and update the list from 2000 to 2014. However, continuous and intense health litigation disproves process outcome effectiveness.
Assuntos
Medicamentos Essenciais , Formulários Farmacêuticos como Assunto , Política de Saúde/tendências , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Brasil , HumanosRESUMO
One strategy to implement the rational use of medicines is the adoption of an 'essential medicines list'. The objective of this study was to analyze the list of medicines contained in the Brazilian National Relation of Essential Medicines (Rename, 2013) in terms of essentiality and rationality. Essentiality was determined by comparing this list to the 18th Essential Medicines List (EML) published by the World Health Organization (WHO). Drugs which were part of the Brazilian National Relation of Essential Medicines but not included in the EML were assessed using the classification described in La revue Prescrire to detect medications without added therapeutic value. It was discovered that the Brazilian National Relation of Essential Medicines contains 190 medications not included in the EML, of which 63 have no added therapeutic value. In addition, discrepancies were identified between the recommendations of the WHO and the drugs included in the Brazilian National Relation of Essential Medicines. It is concluded that drugs that are non-essential and provide no added therapeutic value should not be included in a list of essential medicines funded by the three Brazilian federal entities.
Assuntos
Medicamentos Essenciais/normas , Preparações Farmacêuticas/normas , Brasil , Medicamentos Essenciais/classificação , Medicamentos Essenciais/provisão & distribuição , Humanos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/classificação , Preparações Farmacêuticas/provisão & distribuição , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Resumo A adoção de listas de medicamentos essenciais, compostas por produtos selecionados, é uma das estratégias para seu uso racional. Neste estudo, objetivou-se analisar o elenco de fármacos da Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (Rename) do ano de 2013 quanto aos critérios de essencialidade e de racionalidade. O conjunto de fármacos da Rename foi comparado à 18ª lista modelo de medicamentos essenciais (EML) da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para a verificação de sua essencialidade. Os fármacos presentes na Rename, mas inexistentes na EML, foram avaliados quanto à racionalidade utilizando-se a classificação descrita em La revue Prescrire para detectar aqueles sem valor terapêutico agregado. Detectou-se que a Rename possui 413 fármacos, dos quais 190 não constam na EML e 63 não apresentam valor terapêutico agregado. Além disso, foram identificadas discrepâncias entre as recomendações da OMS e a seleção de fármacos da Rename. Fármacos não essenciais e sem valor terapêutico agregado não deveriam constar em uma lista de medicamentos financiada pelos três entes federativos.
Abstract One strategy to implement the rational use of medicines is the adoption of an 'essential medicines list'. The objective of this study was to analyze the list of medicines contained in the Brazilian National Relation of Essential Medicines (Rename, 2013) in terms of essentiality and rationality. Essentiality was determined by comparing this list to the 18th Essential Medicines List (EML) published by the World Health Organization (WHO). Drugs which were part of the Brazilian National Relation of Essential Medicines but not included in the EML were assessed using the classification described in La revue Prescrire to detect medications without added therapeutic value. It was discovered that the Brazilian National Relation of Essential Medicines contains 190 medications not included in the EML, of which 63 have no added therapeutic value. In addition, discrepancies were identified between the recommendations of the WHO and the drugs included in the Brazilian National Relation of Essential Medicines. It is concluded that drugs that are non-essential and provide no added therapeutic value should not be included in a list of essential medicines funded by the three Brazilian federal entities.
Assuntos
Humanos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/normas , Medicamentos Essenciais/normas , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Brasil , Preparações Farmacêuticas/classificação , Preparações Farmacêuticas/provisão & distribuição , Medicamentos Essenciais/classificação , Medicamentos Essenciais/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
This study aimed to analyze the list of drugs in the Popular Pharmacy Program in Brazil (PFPB) in relation to the country's pharmaceutical care policy. The list of drugs in the PFPB was compared to the Brazilian and international reference lists of essential medicines, the components of pharmaceutical care in Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), and drug production by the country's government pharmaceutical laboratories. The PFPB list includes 119 drugs, of which 19.3% and 47.1% were not selected on the Brazilian and international reference lists, respectively; 16.8% are not used in primary care, and 40.3% are not produced by the country's government laboratories. A revision of the PFPB list based on the essential medicines concept (World Health Organization), alignment of pharmaceutical care policies, and production by government laboratories are essential to improve quality of health care, management, training of prescribers, and information for the population.
Assuntos
Medicamentos Essenciais/classificação , Assistência Farmacêutica/provisão & distribuição , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Atenção à Saúde , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes , Política de Saúde , Humanos , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o elenco de medicamentos do Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil (PFPB) frente à política de assistência farmacêutica vigente no país. O elenco de medicamentos do PFPB foi comparado com listas de referência de medicamentos essenciais (nacional e internacional), com os componentes da assistência farmacêutica no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e com a produção pública de medicamentos nos Laboratórios Farmacêuticos Oficiais do Brasil (LFOB). O PFPB contém 119 medicamentos, dos quais 19,3% e 47,1% não foram selecionados nas listas de referência nacional e internacional, respectivamente; 16,8% não são utilizados na atenção primária e 40,3% não são produzidos por LFO. A revisão do elenco do PFPB com base na concepção de medicamentos essenciais da Organização Mundial da Saúde, o alinhamento às políticas de assistência farmacêutica e à produção pelos LFO são fundamentais para melhorar a qualidade da atenção à saúde, a gestão, a capacitação dos prescritores e a informação aos cidadãos.
This study aimed to analyze the list of drugs in the Popular Pharmacy Program in Brazil (PFPB) in relation to the country's pharmaceutical care policy. The list of drugs in the PFPB was compared to the Brazilian and international reference lists of essential medicines, the components of pharmaceutical care in Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), and drug production by the country's government pharmaceutical laboratories. The PFPB list includes 119 drugs, of which 19.3% and 47.1% were not selected on the Brazilian and international reference lists, respectively; 16.8% are not used in primary care, and 40.3% are not produced by the country's government laboratories. A revision of the PFPB list based on the essential medicines concept (World Health Organization), alignment of pharmaceutical care policies, and production by government laboratories are essential to improve quality of health care, management, training of prescribers, and information for the population.
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la lista de medicamentos del Programa Farmacia Popular de Brasil (PFPB), en contraste con la política de la asistencia farmacéutica, en vigor en el país. El catálogo de medicamentos del PFPB se comparó con las listas de referencias de medicamentos esenciales (nacionales e internacionales), así como con la lista de financiación de los componentes de la asistencia farmacéutica del sistema de salud pública, y la producción pública de medicamentos por Laboratorios Oficiales de Farmacéuticos de Brasil (LOFB). El PFPB contiene 119 medicamentos de los que un 19,3% y un 47,1% no fueron seleccionados en las listas de referencias nacionales e internacionales, respectivamente; un 16,8% no se utilizan en la atención primaria y un 40,3% no son producidos por los LOFB. La revisión del catálogo de PFPB, basado en la concepción de medicamentos esenciales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el alineamiento político de la asistencia farmacéutica, y la producción por los LOFB es fundamental para mejorar la calidad de la asistencia de salud, la gestión, la formación de los prescriptores y la información a los ciudadanos.