RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the intestinal and pancreatobiliary subtypes of ampullary adenocarcinoma in a large patient group due to limited data on survival and risk factors. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the clinical and pathological findings and the survival of 184 patients with ampullary adenocarcinoma who underwent curative operation between 2007 and 2018 was performed. RESULTS: Pancreatobiliary subtype had a higher prevalence of jaundice before operation than the intestinal subtype (p < 0.05). Pancreatobiliary subtype had a larger tumor size (> 2 mm) (p < 0.01) and poorer differentiation (p < 0.05) than the intestinal subtype. Perineural invasion more frequently occurred in pancreatobiliary subtype than the intestinal subtype (p < 0.01) and pancreatobiliary subtype had a higher prevalence of positive dissected lymph nodes (p < 0.05) with an advanced disease stage (p < 0.01) than the intestinal subtype. Patients of the pancreatobiliary subtype had poorer disease-free and overall survival than patients of the intestinal subtype. No survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy was found in either patients of the intestinal subtype or pancreatobiliary subtype. No significant difference was found in any subtypes regarding the recurrent regions. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatobiliary subtype exhibited a higher recurrence rate and a poorer overall survival rate with more unfavorable pathological characteristics than the intestinal subtype.
OBJETIVOS: Los datos sobre la supervivencia y los factores de riesgo del adenocarcinoma ampular son limitados debido a su rareza. Este estudio buscó comparar el subtipo intestinal y el subtipo pancreático-biliar en pacientes con adenocarcinoma ampular. MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de hallazgos clínicos y patológicos y la supervivencia de 184 pacientes con adenocarcinoma ampular tratados entre 2007 y 2018. RESULTADOS: El subtipo pancreático-biliar tuvo una mayor prevalencia de ictericia antes de la operación y un tamaño de tumor mayor, y una peor diferenciación, que el subtipo intestinal. La invasión perineural fue más frecuente en el subtipo pancreático-biliar, con una mayor prevalencia de linfonodos disecados positivos y un estadio avanzado de la enfermedad. Los pacientes del subtipo pancreático-biliar tuvieron una supervivencia libre de enfermedad y una supervivencia general peores que los pacientes del subtipo intestinal. No se encontró ningún beneficio de la quimioterapia adyuvante en pacientes del subtipo intestinal o pancreático-biliar. No hubo diferencia significativa en las regiones recurrentes. CONCLUSIÓN: El subtipo pancreático-biliar mostró una tasa de recurrencia y una tasa de supervivencia general peores, con características patológicas más desfavorables que el subtipo intestinal.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Ampola Hepatopancreática , Neoplasias do Ducto Colédoco , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Ampola Hepatopancreática/patologia , Masculino , Feminino , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidade , Adenocarcinoma/classificação , Neoplasias do Ducto Colédoco/patologia , Neoplasias do Ducto Colédoco/cirurgia , Neoplasias do Ducto Colédoco/mortalidade , Neoplasias do Ducto Colédoco/classificação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Adulto , Invasividade Neoplásica , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Metástase Linfática , Carga Tumoral , Intervalo Livre de DoençaRESUMO
The sex-linked short tandem repeats (STR), Y-STR and X-STR, are important for autosomal STRs in forensic paternity testing. We evaluated the forensic parameters of 19 Y-STRs and 16 X-STRs in the Han population of Shandong province, China. A Goldeneye 20Y kit (DYS391, DYS389I, DYS390, DYS389II, DYS348, DYS456, Y-GATA-H4, DYS447, DYS19, DYS392, DYS393, DYS388, DYS439, DYS635, DYS448, DYS460, DYS458, DYS437, DYS385 a/b) was used to analyze the forensic parameters of 534 unrelated males. A Goldeneye17X system (DXS6795, DXS9902, DXS8378, HPRTB, GATA165B12, DXS7132, DXS7424, DXS6807, DXS6803, GATA172D05, DXS6800, DXS10134, GATA31E08, DXS10159, DXS6789, DXS6810, amelogenin) was used to analyze 97 unrelated males and 214 females. In addition, we used the kits to examine 5 cases with abnormal amelogenin test results, as well as a male child with agenosomia typed by autosomal STR. We found 203 Y-STR haplotypes with allele frequencies ranging from 0.0019 to 0.7959, and GD ranging from 0.3429 to 0.9667. Expect in DXS6803, the allele frequencies of the other 15 X-STR loci showed no differences between females and males. PDF ranged from 0.5504 to 0.9638, while PDM ranged from 0.3176 to 0.8377. With the exception of DXS6803 and DXS6810, the allele frequencies of other X-STR loci were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in females. One amelogenin negative case was characterized as a deletion of Y-DYS458. This paper provided data regarding the genetic polymorphism of Y-STRs and X-STRs in the Han population, and demonstrated the importance of Y-STR and X-STR in forensic autosomal STR analysis.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos X , Cromossomos Humanos Y , Repetições de Microssatélites , Alelos , Amelogenina/genética , Povo Asiático/genética , China , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Etnicidade/genética , Feminino , Genética Forense/métodos , Frequência do Gene/genética , Genética Populacional , Haplótipos , Humanos , Masculino , Paternidade , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore the imaging features of adrenal primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included seven patients with surgically and pathologically confirmed adrenal PNETs. Among them, six underwent computed tomography (CT) scans, and one underwent magnetic resonance imaging. The imaging findings, including size, shape, margin, hemorrhage, calcification, cystic degeneration, regional lymph nodes involvement, tumor thrombus formation and enhancement pattern, were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Among the seven adrenal PNET patients, six were male, and one was female. The median age was 26 years (range 2-56 years). The disease generally presented with either insidious symptoms (n = 4) or non-specific symptoms, including right flank pain (n = 1) and left upper abdominal discomfort (n = 2). On the pre-enhanced CT images, the tumor usually appeared as a well-defined, rounded or oval, heterogeneous mass without calcification. Certain tissue characteristics, such as cystic degeneration (n = 5), capsule (n = 4) and hemorrhage (n = 2), were observed. Regional lymph node involvement was observed in three cases, and renal vein thrombus was observed in one case. All cases showed mild heterogeneous enhancement of the tumor on the enhanced CT images. CONCLUSION: An adrenal PNET commonly presents as a relatively large, well-defined, heterogeneous mass with cystic degeneration, necrosis and a characteristic mild contrast-enhancement pattern on multiphase enhanced images. PNET should be considered when the diagnosis of common tumors is not favored by signs on images. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION STATEMENT: This study was approved by the medical ethics committee of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. The approval number is 201512538.
Assuntos
Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias das Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Tumores Neuroectodérmicos Primitivos Periféricos/diagnóstico por imagem , Tumores Neuroectodérmicos Primitivos Periféricos/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adulto JovemRESUMO
miR-137, a brain-enriched microRNA, is involved in the control of neuronal proliferation, differentiation, and dendritic arborization, all of which are important for proper neurogenesis and relevant to schizophrenia. miR-137 is also known to regulate many genes implicated in schizophrenia risk. Although reports have associated the miR-137 polymorphism rs1625579 with this disease, their results have been inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the relationship between rs1625579 and schizophrenia. Data were obtained from an electronic database, and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used to test the association using the RevMan 5.3 software. Twelve case-control studies comprising 11,583 cases and 14,315 controls were included. An estimated lambda value of 0.46 was recorded, suggesting that a codominant model of inheritance was most likely. A statistically significant association was established under allelic (T vs G: OR = 1.15, 95%CI = 1.10-1.21, P < 0.001) and homogeneous codominant models (TT vs GG: OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.13-1.54, P < 0.001), but no such relationship was detected using the heterogeneous codominant model (GT vs GG: OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 0.97-1.34, P = 0.11). This meta-analysis demonstrates that the rs1625579 miR-137 genetic variant significantly increases schizophrenia risk.
Assuntos
Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , MicroRNAs/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Alelos , Genótipo , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Esquizofrenia/patologiaRESUMO
Saponins are naturally-occurring units with broad diversity and are usually recognized as phytoanticipins. In order to develop new saponin chemical entities with high activity against Magnaporthe oryzae, we selected oleanolic acid (OA), which has wide natural distribution and rich content in plants. We used the ability of OA to act as an aglycone for glycosylation to obtain information on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for rational molecular pesticide design. Oleanolic mono- or di-glycosides were synthesized at either the C3-hydroxy and/or C28-carboxyl position, using trichloroacetimidate or glycosyl bromide donors, respectively. Structures were confirmed by [1H]-,[13C]-NMR. Furthermore, the activity of the synthesized glycosides against M. oryzae was assessed in vitro, based on the mycelium growth rate. The twenty five oleanolic mono- or di-glycosides comprised fourteen saponins with 3-monosaccharide residue 1a-1n, six saponins with 28-monosaccharide residue 2a-2f, and five saponins with 3, 28-monosaccharide residue 3a-3e; all showed different activities against M. oryzae according to their different structures. We concluded that the optimal oleanolic mono- and di-glycoside structure for activity against M. oryzae is a C3 connection of a hexose such as mannose, galactose, or glucose, in combination with a C28 connection to a small group such as allyl or a C3 connection to a pentose accompanied by a larger group such as another pentose or heptenyl at C28.
Assuntos
Glicosídeos/síntese química , Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Magnaporthe/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Oleanólico/síntese química , Ácido Oleanólico/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Glicosídeos/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Ácido Oleanólico/química , Saponinas/química , Saponinas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the formation and progression of many types of human malignancies. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression and biological functions of the lncRNA BRAF-activated noncoding RNA (BANCR) in human osteosarcoma. BANCR expression was quantified by real-time PCR in human osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues. We analyzed the association between BANCR levels and clinicopathological factors and patient prognosis. MTT, flow cytometric, and transwell invasion assays were performed to observe the effects of BANCR on MG-63 cell biological behaviors. BANCR overexpression was observed in osteosarcoma cell lines and clinical specimens. Increased BANCR expression was significantly associated with large tumor size, positive distant metastasis, and advanced clinical stage. High BANCR expression in osteosarcoma was an independent predictor of poor survival. Downregulation of BANCR inhibited MG-63 cell proliferation and invasion and promoted cell apoptosis in vitro. These findings suggested that BANCR may act as a tumor promoter in osteosarcoma and could serve as a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
RESUMO
Periostin, also called osteoblast-specific factor 2, is an important regulator of bone, cardiac development, and wound healing. A recent study revealed that periostin plays an important role in tumor development and is upregulated in a wide variety of cancers. However, little is known about periostin in swine. Therefore, the cDNA sequence of the porcine periostin gene was obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). One C/T single nucleotide polymorphism anchored in intron 9 was identified and genotyped by PCR-RFLP-HaeIII. In Daweizi, Shaziling, Ningxiang, Taoyuan, Wuzhishan, Landrace, and Yorkshire pigs, the C allele was dominant, while the T allele was dominant in the Duroc pig. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that the periostin gene was expressed in all examined tissues from 25-day-old Shaziling and Yorkshire piglets, with mRNA expression in the longissimus dorsi muscle being the highest in these two breeds, and that in the kidney and lungs being the lowest. There was a significant difference in periostin gene expression in the intestines, heart, and spleen (P < 0.05). These findings might contribute to our understanding of the function of periostin in swine.
Assuntos
Moléculas de Adesão Celular/genética , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Animais , Rim/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Filogenia , Suínos , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disorder characterized by heightened immunological response to ingested gluten. Certain gene polymorphisms of IL2/IL21 (rs6822844 and rs6840978) and SH2B3 (rs3184504) may influence susceptibility to CD, although the effects remain unclear. We performed a meta-analysis of the associations between rs6822844, rs6840978, and rs3184504 polymorphisms and CD risk. PubMed, EMBASE, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched. ORs and 95%CIs of each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were estimated using the fixed-effect model if I(2) < 50% in the test of heterogeneity; otherwise, the random-effect model was used. Our meta-analysis included 12,986 CD cases and 28,733 controls from 16 independent samples, and the analysis of each SNP contained a subset of the total. We found that the minor allele T of both rs6822844 (T vs G, OR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.67-0.78, P < 0.001) and rs6840978 (T vs C, OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.71-0.83, P < 0.001) in IL2/IL21 significantly decreased the risk of CD. However, the minor allele A of rs3184504 (A vs G, OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.12-1.24, P < 0.001) in SH2B3 significantly increased CD susceptibility. The estimated lambda values were 0.49, 0.50, and 0.53 for rs6822844, rs6840978, and rs3184504, respectively, suggesting that a co-dominant model of genotype effect was most appropriate for the three SNPs. Our results support associations between the three SNPs and CD and provide a strong argument for further research.
Assuntos
Doença Celíaca/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Interleucina-2/genética , Interleucinas/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Proteínas/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Alelos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Doença Celíaca/epidemiologia , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Razão de Chances , Viés de Publicação , RiscoRESUMO
Acetate ester, which are produced by fermenting yeast cells in an enzyme-catalyzed intracellular reaction, are responsible for the fruity character of fermented alcoholic beverages such as Chinese yellow rice wine. Alcohol acetyltransferase (AATase) is currently believed to be the key enzyme responsible for the production of acetate ester. In order to determine the precise role of the ATF2 gene in acetate ester production, an ATF2 gene encoding a type of AATase was overexpressed and the ability of the mutant to form acetate esters (including ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and isobutyl acetate) was investigated. The results showed that after 5 days of fermentation, the concentrations of ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and isobutyl acetate in yellow rice wines fermented with EY2 (pUC-PIA2K) increased to 137.79 mg/L (an approximate 4.9-fold increase relative to the parent cell RY1), 26.68 mg/L, and 7.60 mg/L, respectively. This study confirms that the ATF2 gene plays an important role in the production of acetate ester production during Chinese yellow rice wine fermentation, thereby offering prospects for the development of yellow rice wine yeast starter strains with optimized ester-producing capabilities.
Assuntos
Acetatos/metabolismo , Acetiltransferases/metabolismo , Pentanóis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzimologia , Vinho/análise , Acetiltransferases/genética , Fermentação , Expressão Gênica , Microbiologia Industrial , Oryza/metabolismo , Plasmídeos/química , Plasmídeos/metabolismo , Ploidias , Engenharia de Proteínas , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genéticaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the Goldeneye 20A system (containing 19 short tandem repeats) can avert the shortage of duo parentage tests. Among routine cases typed by the Identifiler system, we identified 42 motherless cases, 2 fatherless cases, and 34 trio cases containing 1 locus mismatch and 4 motherless cases with 2 locus mismatches. One true trio case was rejected by fatherhood testing because of the omission of the mother's genotype and because the genotype of the putative father matched that of the child. All of the cases were retyped by the Goldeneye 20A system with the mother's or father's sample. In total, 39 motherless cases were verified by one mutation, 3 motherless cases were rejected for paternity, and 4 motherless cases with 2 locus mismatches were ruled out by fatherhood testing. After adding the father's genotype, 1 motherless case was confirmed by a single-locus mutation, whereas another case was rejected by motherhood testing. The mutation and exclusion rates detected with the Goldeneye 20A system accorded with the corresponding rates identified in the Identifiler system. The trio case also rejected fatherhood without the mother's genotype, and we found only 2 locus mismatches. Neither the Identifiler system nor the Goldeneye 20A system compensates for the absence of genetic information from the mother or father.
Assuntos
Impressões Digitais de DNA/métodos , Genética Forense/métodos , Repetições de Microssatélites , Povo Asiático/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação , Paternidade , Probabilidade , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic cytokine, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation; however, the upstream regulation of MIF in atrial myocytes remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether and how MIF is regulated in response to the renin-angiotensin system and oxidative stress in atrium myocytes (HL-1 cells). MIF protein and mRNA levels in HL-1 cells were assayed using immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and Western blot. The result indicated that MIF was expressed in the cytoplasm of HL-1 cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but not angiotensin II, stimulated MIF expression in HL-1 cells. H2O2-induced MIF protein and gene levels increased in a dose-dependent manner and were completely abolished in the presence of catalase. H2O2-induced MIF production was completely inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and PP1, as well as by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X, suggesting that redox-sensitive MIF production is mediated through tyrosine kinase and PKC-dependent mechanisms in HL-1 cells. These results suggest that MIF is upregulated by HL-1 cells in response to redox stress, probably by the activation of Src and PKC.
Assuntos
Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Oxirredutases Intramoleculares/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Inibidores da Migração de Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Oxidantes/farmacologia , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Quinases da Família src/metabolismo , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Animais , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular , Imuno-Histoquímica , Oxirredutases Intramoleculares/genética , Fatores Inibidores da Migração de Macrófagos/genética , Camundongos , Microscopia Confocal , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/fisiologiaRESUMO
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic cytokine, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation; however, the upstream regulation of MIF in atrial myocytes remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether and how MIF is regulated in response to the renin-angiotensin system and oxidative stress in atrium myocytes (HL-1 cells). MIF protein and mRNA levels in HL-1 cells were assayed using immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and Western blot. The result indicated that MIF was expressed in the cytoplasm of HL-1 cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but not angiotensin II, stimulated MIF expression in HL-1 cells. H2O2-induced MIF protein and gene levels increased in a dose-dependent manner and were completely abolished in the presence of catalase. H2O2-induced MIF production was completely inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and PP1, as well as by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X, suggesting that redox-sensitive MIF production is mediated through tyrosine kinase and PKC-dependent mechanisms in HL-1 cells. These results suggest that MIF is upregulated by HL-1 cells in response to redox stress, probably by the activation of Src and PKC.
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Oxirredutases Intramoleculares/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Inibidores da Migração de Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Oxidantes/farmacologia , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Quinases da Família src/metabolismo , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular , Imuno-Histoquímica , Oxirredutases Intramoleculares/genética , Microscopia Confocal , Fatores Inibidores da Migração de Macrófagos/genética , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The long-term survival of patients with unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma (UGC) and the role of radical re-resection for this disease remain unclear. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out on 38 UGC patients. The time-to-event data were demonstrated by Kaplan-Meier curves. Comparing survival curves of two groups using the log-rank test. RESULTS: The overall incidence of UGC in patients underwent cholecystectomy in our hospital was 0.18 % (25 of 14,073). Distribution according to actual pT-stage (the UICC) was: pT1a: n = 3; pT1b: n = 11; pT2: n = 4; pT3: n = 12; pT4: n = 8. The preoperative diagnosis included a high rate of acute biliary tract inflammation (24 of 38, 63.2 %). Compared with other gallbladder carcinoma patients, UGC group had significantly higher proportion of early stages (pT1) (36.8 %, 14 of 38 cases) (p < 0.01), and better prognosis. The comparison of radical re-resection versus simple cholecystectomy showed a significant benefit in overall survival for the pT3 group (22.0 ± 5.48 vs. 5.0 ± 0.9 months; p = 0.02). There are median survival differences between the two subgroups of patients with pT1b tumors whether received re-resection or not. Median survival was 62.0 months and 24.0 ± 8.5 months, respectively, though the differences are not statistically significant (p = 0.131). CONCLUSION: Radical re-resection is strongly recommended for patients with pT1b-stage cancer. The reoperation should be performed as soon as possible, preferably within 10 days after the initial operation.
Assuntos
Carcinoma/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/diagnóstico , Vesícula Biliar/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma/patologia , Carcinoma/cirurgia , Colecistectomia , Feminino , Vesícula Biliar/patologia , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/patologia , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/cirurgia , Humanos , Achados Incidentais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Reoperação , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Bartonella henselae, an infectious agent causing cat-scratch disease and vasculoproliferative disorders in humans, is a fastidious facultative intracellular pathogen. The outer membrane proteins of B. henselae are key molecules that play a primary role in host-cell interactions. We isolated B. henselae outer membrane proteins, using the ionic detergent N-lauroyl sarcosine sodium salt and sodium carbonate, purification by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis, and protein identification using mass spectrometry. Treatment with buffers containing ASB-14 and ZWITTERGENT 3-10 increased solubilization of B. henselae proteins, particularly proteins with basic pI. Three hundred and sixty-eight spots were detected from the sarcosine-insoluble outer membrane fraction; 94 distinct protein species were identified from 176 spots. In the outer membrane fraction from carbonate incubation, 471 spots were calculated and 259 spots were identified, which included 139 protein entries. There were six outer membrane proteins in the sarcosine-insoluble outer membrane fraction compared with nine outer membrane proteins from samples subjected to carbonate incubation. We used bioinformatic analysis to identify 44 outer membrane proteins by prediction of their domains and tertiary structures and documented the potential virulence factors. We established the 2-D reference maps of the outer membrane subproteome of B. henselae using the two different extraction methods, which were partly complementary to each other. Sodium carbonate extraction isolated low-abundance and basic proteins better than the lauroyl sarcosine sodium salt extraction, which enriched high-abundance porins.