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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver abnormalities including steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard method to determine the disease stage in NAFLD but is an invasive and risky procedure. Studies have previously reported that changes in intrahepatic fatty acids (FA) composition are related to the progression of NAFLD, mainly in its early stages. The aim of this study was to characterize the liver FA composition in mice fed a Choline-deficient L-amino-defined (CDAA) diet at different stages of NAFLD using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS: We used in-vivo MRS to perform a longitudinal characterization of hepatic FA changes in NAFLD mice for 10 weeks. We validated our findings with ex-vivo MRS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and histology. RESULTS: In-vivo and ex-vivo results showed that livers from CDAA-fed mice exhibit a significant increase in liver FA content as well as a change in FA composition compared with control mice. After 4 weeks of CDAA diet, a decrease in polyunsaturated and an increase in monounsaturated FA were observed. These changes were associated with the appearance of early stages of steatohepatitis, confirmed by histology (NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) = 4.5). After 10 weeks of CDAA-diet, the liver FA composition remained stable while the NAS increased further to 6 showing a combination of early and late stages of steatohepatitis. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that monitoring lipid composition in addition to total water/fat with MRS may yield additional insights that can be translated for non-invasive stratification of high-risk NAFLD patients.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with occupational stress among nursing workers in health services of medium complexity. METHODS: Epidemiological, cross-sectional, exploratory study. A randomly selected sample of 126 nursing professionals from medium complexity services in three cities in the state of Bahia (Santo Antônio de Jesus, Feira de Santana and Itabuna) was investigated. Data were collected in 2011 and 2012. The demand-control model proposed by Karasek was used to assess occupational stress. Simultaneous analysis of occupational stressors was performed using Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of occupational stress among nursing professionals was 77%. Occupational stress was associated with the professional category of nursing technician (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: The data indicates a concerning situation of exposure to occupational stressors, which requires coping strategies in order to protect the health of the worker.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the factors associated with occupational stress among nursing workers in health services of medium complexity. Methods: Epidemiological, cross-sectional, exploratory study. A randomly selected sample of 126 nursing professionals from medium complexity services in three cities in the state of Bahia (Santo Antônio de Jesus, Feira de Santana and Itabuna) was investigated. Data were collected in 2011 and 2012. The demand-control model proposed by Karasek was used to assess occupational stress. Simultaneous analysis of occupational stressors was performed using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: The prevalence of occupational stress among nursing professionals was 77%. Occupational stress was associated with the professional category of nursing technician (p=0.01). Conclusion: The data indicates a concerning situation of exposure to occupational stressors, which requires coping strategies in order to protect the health of the worker.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados al estrés laboral entre trabajadores de enfermería de servicios de salud de mediana complejidad. Métodos: estudio epidemiológico, de diseño transversal y exploratorio. Se investigó una muestra de 126 profesionales de enfermería en tres municipios de Bahía. Los datos se recogieron durante los años 2011 y 2012. Para evaluar el estrés laboral, se utilizó el modelo demanda-control propuesto por Karasek. El análisis simultáneo de los factores laborales estresores se llevó a cabo mediante la regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta. Resultados: La prevalencia del estrés laboral entre profesionales de enfermería era del 77%. Dicho estrés estaba asociado a la categoría profesional de técnico/a de enfermería (p=0,01). Conclusión: Los datos demuestran la existencia de una situación preocupante en ese grupo, con exposición a estresores laborales, haciéndose necesario la adopción de estrategias de enfrentamiento a fin de garantizar una protección integral para la salud de los trabajadores.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados ao estresse ocupacional entre trabalhadores de enfermagem dos serviços de saúde de média complexidade. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico, transversal, exploratório. Investigou-se amostra, aleatoriamente selecionada, de 126 profissionais de enfermagem dos serviços de média complexidade de três municípios na Bahia: Santo Antônio de Jesus, Feira de Santana e Itabuna. Os dados foram coletados nos anos de 2011 e 2012. Para avaliar o estresse ocupacional, utilizou-se o modelo demanda-controle, proposto por Karasek. A análise simultânea dos fatores ocupacionais estressores foi feita com emprego de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: A prevalência de estresse ocupacional entre profissionais de enfermagem foi de 77%. Estresse ocupacional associou-se à categoria profissional de técnico/a de enfermagem (p=0,01). Conclusão: Os dados evidenciam situação preocupante de exposição desse grupo a estressores ocupacionais, sendo necessária a adoção de estratégias de enfrentamento a fim de garantir proteção integral à saúde do/a trabalhador/a.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To understand spirituality/religiosity as experienced by people with sickle cell disease, and its influence on coping with the disease. Method: A qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory study conducted in the State of Bahia. Twenty-nine respondents participated in semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was used to analyze the empirical material. Results: Individuals with sickle cell disease experience spirituality/religiosity motivated by their hope for a miracle, and fear of death; among their rites are: reading religious materials, individual and group prayer, and attendance at worship services. The effects on their health include: comfort by means of coping by comparing two evils, anxiety relief, social support, and lifestyle changes; however, spirituality/religiosity may be impaired. Final considerations: This study demonstrates the need to qualify health professionals to address spiritual issues of these individuals during illness, with the aims of diagnosing suffering and anguish, and providing care, comfort and strengthening of the spiritual bonds of these individuals.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Entender la espiritualidad / religiosidad como la experimentan las personas con enfermedad de células falciformes y su influencia en el afrontamiento de la enfermedad. Método: Un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio realizado en el estado de Bahía. Veintinueve encuestados participaron en entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se utilizó análisis de contenido para analizar el material empírico. Resultados: Las personas con enfermedad de células falciformes experimentan espiritualidad / religiosidad motivadas por su esperanza de un milagro y el miedo a la muerte; entre sus ritos se encuentran: lectura de materiales religiosos, oración individual y grupal, y asistencia a los servicios de adoración. Los efectos en su salud incluyen: comodidad mediante el manejo del afrontamiento, alivio de la ansiedad, apoyo social y cambios en el estilo de vida; sin embargo, la espiritualidad / religiosidad puede verse afectada. Consideraciones finales: Este estudio demuestra la necesidad de preparar a los profesionales de la salud para abordar los problemas espirituales de estos individuos durante la enfermedad, con el objetivo de diagnosticar el sufrimiento y la angustia, y de brindar atención, comodidad y fortalecimiento de los vínculos espirituales de estos individuos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender a Espiritualidade/Religiosidade vivenciadas por pessoas com doença falciforme e sua influência sobre o enfrentamento da doença. Método: Estudo qualitativo, descritivo, exploratório, realizado no Estado da Bahia. Participaram 29 pessoas que responderam a entrevistas semiestruturadas. O material empírico foi submetido a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Pessoas com doença falciforme vivenciam a Espiritualidade/Religiosidade motivadas pela esperança de um milagre e por medo da morte; seus ritos são as leituras de textos religiosos, orações individuais e em grupo, e frequência a cultos; os efeitos sobre sua saúde são: conforto através do coping de comparação, alívio da ansiedade, apoio social, mudança no estilo de vida, porém a Espiritualidade/Religiosidade podem manifestar-se prejudicadas. Considerações finais: Este estudo ressalta a necessidade da qualificação dos profissionais de saúde para a abordagem das questões espirituais dessas pessoas adoecidas, com a preocupação de diagnosticar possíveis sofrimentos, angústias e assim prestar auxílio, conforto e fortalecer os vínculos espirituais desses indivíduos.

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OBJECTIVE: To understand spirituality/religiosity as experienced by people with sickle cell disease, and its influence on coping with the disease. METHOD: A qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory study conducted in the State of Bahia. Twenty-nine respondents participated in semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was used to analyze the empirical material. RESULTS: Individuals with sickle cell disease experience spirituality/religiosity motivated by their hope for a miracle, and fear of death; among their rites are: reading religious materials, individual and group prayer, and attendance at worship services. The effects on their health include: comfort by means of coping by comparing two evils, anxiety relief, social support, and lifestyle changes; however, spirituality/religiosity may be impaired. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: This study demonstrates the need to qualify health professionals to address spiritual issues of these individuals during illness, with the aims of diagnosing suffering and anguish, and providing care, comfort and strengthening of the spiritual bonds of these individuals.

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OBJETIVO: compreender as repercussões da dor social sobre os papéis de gênero de mulheres e homens com doença falciforme. MÉTODO: estudo qualitativo, exploratório, realizado num Centro de Referência em doença falciforme de um município do interior da Bahia. Os dados obtidos de desenhos estória-tema e entrevistas com 16 pessoas foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática. RESULTADOS: emergiram duas categorias: "A dor social nas mulheres com doença falciforme se expressa na impossibilidade de ser dona de casa, mãe e mulher sexuada" e "A dor social de homens com doença falciforme se expressa na dificuldade de manter-se trabalhador, ser provedor e homem sexualmente ativo". DISCUSSÃO: a exclusão do trabalho, as alterações da sexualidade e parentalidade interferem nos projetos de vida e mantém a reprodução de estereótipos de gênero. CONCLUSÃO: a escuta sensível numa abordagem de cuidado multiprofissional deve fazer parte do plano terapêutico de pessoas com doença falciforme.

AIM: Social pain, gender, and people with sickle cell disease: an exploratory study. METHOD: this is a qualitative and exploratory study and it was conducted in a Sickle Cell Disease Reference Center in a municipality in the interior of Bahia. The data obtained from theme-story drawings and interviews with 16 people were submitted to thematic content analysis. RESULTS: two categories have emerged: "Social pain in women with sickle cell disease is expressed in the impossibility of being a housewife, mother and woman sexually" and "The social pain of men with sickle cell disease is expressed in the difficulty of being a worker, a provider and a sexually active man". DISCUSSION: the exclusion of work, changes in sexuality and parenting interfere in life projects and maintain the reproduction of gender stereotypes. CONCLUSION: sensitive listening in a multiprofessional care approach should be part of the therapeutic plan for people with sickle cell disease.

OBJETIVO: compreender las repercusiones del dolor social sobre los papeles de género de mujeres y hombres con enfermedad de las células falciforme. MÉTODO: estudio cualitativo, exploratorio, realizado en un Centro de Referencia en enfermedad falciforme de un municipio del interior de Bahía. Los datos obtenidos de los dibujos historietas-tema y entrevistas con 16 personas se sometieron al análisis de contenido temático. RESULTADOS: emergieron dos categorías: "El dolor social en las mujeres con enfermedad falciforme se expresa en la imposibilidad de ser ama de casa, madre y mujer sexuada" y "El dolor social de hombres con enfermedad falciforme se expresa en la dificultad de mantenerse trabajando, ser proveedor y hombre sexualmente activo". DISCUSIÓN: la exclusión del trabajo, las alteraciones de la sexualidad y la vida parental, interfieren en los proyectos de vida y mantienen la reproducción de estereotipos de género. CONCLUSIÓN: la escucha sensibilizada en el abordaje de cuidado multiprofesional debe hacer parte del plan terapéutico de personas con enfermedad de células falciforme.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify self-care demands of men with sickle cell disease and priapism and describe self-care measures in light of Orem's Self-Care Theory. METHOD: This is a descriptive exploratory study with qualitative approach conducted with nine men with a history of sickle cell disease and priapism. Data were analyzed using Orem's Self-Care Theory. RESULTS: Some demands were identified: from universal self-care - difficulty in social interaction and solitude, changes in self-image, self-esteem and sexual activity; from development - the experience with priapism and little knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease; regarding health deviations - pain crises. CONCLUSION: Orem's theory allowed to identify self-care demands, which are essential for the nursing care provided for men with priapism. Nursing has an essential role in the measures for the different demands presented.

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Abstract Annona leptopetala (R.E.Fr.) H. Rainer, Annonaceae, is used in folk medicine like antitumor and anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study was to determine chemical composition, toxicity and antitumor activity of A. leptopetala leaves volatile oil. Fresh leaves were hydrodistilled and then the volatile oil chemical composition was assessed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Toxicity was assessed using haemolysis, micronucleus and acute toxicity protocols. Antitumor effects were determined in vitro and in vivo, using sulforhodamine B assay and sarcoma 180 murine tumor model, respectively. Spathulenol was the major component identified (12.56%). The volatile oil showed in vitro antitumor activity mainly in leukemia cell line (K-562), with Total growth inhibit (TGI) (concentration producing TGI) of 0.64 µg/ml. In other hand, the volatile oil <250 µg/ml did not inhibit HaCat non-tumor cell line growth. The concentration that produced 50% haemolysis was 372.8 µg/ml. The 50% lethal dose in mice was approximately 447.2 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Sarcoma 180 tumor growth inhibition rates were 59.29% and 58.77% at 100 and 150 mg/kg intraperitoneally, respectively. The volatile oil presented moderate gastrointestinal toxicity and no genotoxicity was observed at 350 mg/kg. Thus, the volatile oil shows antitumor activity with moderate toxicity.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify self-care demands of men with sickle cell disease and priapism and describe self-care measures in light of Orem's Self-Care Theory. Method: This is a descriptive exploratory study with qualitative approach conducted with nine men with a history of sickle cell disease and priapism. Data were analyzed using Orem's Self-Care Theory. Results: Some demands were identified: from universal self-care - difficulty in social interaction and solitude, changes in self-image, self-esteem and sexual activity; from development - the experience with priapism and little knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease; regarding health deviations - pain crises. Conclusion: Orem's theory allowed to identify self-care demands, which are essential for the nursing care provided for men with priapism. Nursing has an essential role in the measures for the different demands presented.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar las demandas sobre autocuidado de hombres con enfermedad falciforme y priapismo y describir las medidas del autocuidado a la luz de la Teoría de Orem. Método: Se trata de una investigación descriptiva, exploratoria, de abordaje cualitativo, realizada entre nueve hombres con historia clínica de enfermedad falciforme y priapismo. El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo según la Teoría del Autocuidado de Orem. Resultados: se identificaron algunas demandas: del autocuidado universal: dificultad de interacción social y soledad, alteraciones de la autoimagen y autoestima y actividad sexual; del desarrollo: la experiencia con el priapismo y el conocimiento insuficiente sobre la fisiopatología de la enfermedad; sobre desviaciones de la salud: crisis de dolor. Conclusión: La teoría de Orem permitió identificar las demandas del autocuidado, esenciales para la atención de enfermería en hombres con priapismo y resaltó la importancia de la enfermería acerca de las medidas a ser tomadas en las diferentes demandas.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar as demandas de autocuidado de homens com doença falciforme e priapismo e descrever as medidas de autocuidado à luz da Teoria do Autocuidado de Orem. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, com nove homens com história clínica de doença falciforme e priapismo. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da Teoria do Autocuidado de Orem. Resultados: Foram identificadas algumas demandas: de autocuidado universal - dificuldade de interação social e solidão, alterações na autoimagem e autoestima e atividade sexual; de desenvolvimento - a experiência com o priapismo o e pouco conhecimento sobre a fisiopatologia da doença; em relação a desvios de saúde - crises de dor. Conclusão: A teoria de Orem possibilitou identificar as demandas de autocuidado, que são essenciais para cuidado de enfermagem a homens com priapismo, e a importância da enfermagem frente às medidas para diferentes demandas apresentadas.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Perineal pain in the puerperium of women with perineal traumas can affect the quality of life and interfere with normal activities and physiological needs. In addition, many obstetric practitioners neglect this symptom and an incipient scientific production about the characterization of this pain is observed. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the characteristics of perineal pain in women with perineal traumas due to episiotomy and laceration, according to the Brazilian Version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, in a public maternity hospital in the interior of Bahia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 499 postpartum women who had a vaginal delivery and who presented with perineal pain associated with local traumas. RESULTS: The characterization of perineal pain was the same for both traumas, being described as "that jerk", "boring" and "uncomfortable". CONCLUSION: Perineal pain has considerable intensity and causes discomfort in women. Therefore, it is important that the episiotomy is performed in a restricted way and that the professionals seek to use techniques of perineal protection, as this will reduce the frequency of perineal pain and provide greater comfort to the woman in the immediate puerperium.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor perineal no puerpério de mulheres com traumas perineais pode afetar a qualidade de vida e interferir nas atividades habituais e necessidades fisiológicas. Além disso, muitos profissionais da prática obstétrica negligenciam esse sintoma e observa-se uma incipiente produção científica acerca da caracterização dessa dor. Sendo assim, este estudo teve o objetivo de comparar as características da dor perineal em mulheres com traumas perineais decorrentes de episiotomia e laceração, conforme dimensões da Versão Brasileira do Questionário de dor de McGill, em uma maternidade pública do interior da Bahia. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 499 puérperas que tiveram parto vaginal e que apresentaram dor perineal associada a traumas locais. RESULTADOS: A caracterização da dor perineal foi igual para ambos os traumas, sendo descrita como "que repuxa", "chata" e "incômoda". CONCLUSÃO: A dor perineal possui intensidade considerável e causa desconforto nas mulheres. Sendo assim, é importante que a episiotomia seja realizada de forma restrita e que os profissionais procurem utilizar técnicas de proteção perineal, pois, dessa forma, reduzirá a frequência de dor perineal e proporcionará maior conforto à mulher no puerpério imediato.

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Objetivo caracterizar as pessoas assistidas em um Centro de Referência em doença falciforme em uma cidade do estado da Bahia. Método estudo quantitativo, descritivo e retrospectivo, realizado entre agosto de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017. Os dados secundários coletados em 326 prontuários foram processados no STATA, versão 12.0. Resultados prevalência de adultos jovens, do sexo feminino, solteiras, pretas, com renda de até um salário mínimo, não alfabetizadas, protestantes, com até três filhos. As complicações prevalentes foram crise álgica, icterícia e alterações do baço. As medicações mais utilizadas foram ácido fólico, hidroxiureia, ibuprofeno e dipirona. Permaneceram em tratamento 67,79% das pessoas, enquanto 4,60% foram a óbito. Conclusão pessoas com doença falciforme assistidas em um centro de referência possuíam elevado grau de vulnerabilidade e estavam sujeitas à variabilidade clínica.

Objetivo caracterizar a las personas asistidas en un Centro de Referencia tratamiento de la enfermedad falciforme en una ciudad del estado de Bahía. Método estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y retrospectivo, realizado entre agosto de 2016 y febrero de 2017. Los datos secundarios colectados en 326 prontuarios fueron procesados en el STATA, versión 12.0. Resultados prevalencia de adultos jóvenes, del sexo femenino, solteras, negras, con renta de hasta un salario mínimo, no alfabetizadas, protestantes, con hasta tres hijos. Las complicaciones prevalentes fueron crisis álgicas, ictericia y alteraciones en el bazo. Los medicamentos más utilizados fueron el ácido fólico, hidroxiurea, ibuprofeno y dipirona. Permanecieron en tratamiento 67,79% de las personas, y 4,60% terminaron en óbito. Conclusión las personas con enfermedad falciforme asistidas en un centro de referencia tenían un grado elevado de vulnerabilidad y estaban sujetas a la variabilidad clínica.

Objective to characterize people assisted in a sickle cell disease referral center in a city in the state of Bahia. Method quantitative, descriptive and retrospective study, performed between August 2016 and February 2017. Secondary data collected in 326 medical records were processed in STATA, version 12.0. Results prevalence of young adults, female, single, black, with income of up to one minimum wage, non-literate, Protestant, with up to three children. The prevalent complications were pain, jaundice, and spleen changes. The most commonly used medications were folic acid, hydroxyurea, ibuprofen and dipyrone. 67.79% of the patients remained in treatment, while 4.60% died. Conclusion people with sickle cell disease attended at a referral center had a high degree of vulnerability and were subject to clinical variability.

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Padina sanctae-crucis Børgesen is distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas; belongs to the Dictyotaceae family, and has proven to be an exceptional source of biologically active compounds. Four compounds were isolated and identified, namely: dolastane diterpene new for the genus Padina; phaeophytin and hidroxy-phaeophytin new for the family Dictyotaceae, and; mannitol first described in this species. Saturated fatty acids as compared to the percentages of unsaturated fatty acids were shown to be present in greater abundance. Palmitic and linolenic acid were the main saturated and unsaturated acids, respectively. Cytotoxic and antioxidant activities were evaluated using human erythrocytes. In vivo evaluations of acute toxicity and genotoxicity were performed in mice. Methanolic extract of P.sanctae-crucis presented antioxidant activity and did not induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity or acute toxicity. Since Padina sanctae-crucis is already used as food, has essential fatty acids for the nutrition of mammals, does not present toxicity and has antioxidant activity, it can be considered as a potential nutraceutical.

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BACKGROUND: The essential oil from Mesosphaerum sidifolium (L'Hérit.) Harley & J.F.B.Pastore (syn. Hyptis umbrosa), Lamiaceae (EOM), and its major component, have been tested for toxicity and antitumor activity. METHODS: EOM was obtained from aerial parts of M. sidifolium subjected to hydro distillation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to characterize the EOM chemical composition. The toxicity was evaluated using haemolysis assay, and acute toxicity and micronucleus tests. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model was used to evaluate the in vivo antitumor activity and toxicity of EOM (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg), and fenchone (30 and 60 mg/kg) after 9 d of treatment. RESULTS: The EOM major components were fenchone (24.8%), cubebol (6.9%), limonene (5.4%), spathulenol (4.5%), ß-caryophyllene (4.6%) and α-cadinol (4.7%). The HC50 (concentration producing 50% haemolysis) was 494.9 µg/mL for EOM and higher than 3000 µg/mL for fenchone. The LD50 for EOM was approximately 500 mg/kg in mice. The essential oil induced increase of micronucleated erythrocytes only at 300 mg/kg, suggesting moderate genotoxicity. EOM (100 or 150 mg/kg) and fenchone (60 mg/kg) reduced all analyzed parameters (tumor volume and mass, and total viable cancer cells). Survival also increased for the treated animals with EOM and fenchone. For EOM 150 mg/kg and 5-FU treatment, most cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase, whereas for fenchone, cells arrested in the S phase, which represents a blockage in cell cycle progression. Regarding the toxicological evaluation, EOM induced weight loss, but did not induce hematological, biochemical or histological (liver and kidneys) toxicity. Fenchone induced decrease of AST and ALT, suggesting liver damage. CONCLUSIONS: The data showed EOM caused in vivo cell growth inhibition on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model by inducing cell cycle arrest, without major changes in the toxicity parameters evaluated. In addition, this activity was associated with the presence of fenchone, its major component.

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Abstract Introduction Digital mammography present many advantages in comparison to conventional mammography, such as high dynamic range and the post-processing of acquired images. One problem is that protocols may not be optimized, resulting in higher absorbed doses to patients. The objective of this work is to evaluate image quality and to estimate mean glandular doses (MGD) in patients submitted to mammography examinations with three digital systems and one screen-film system in Recife, Brazil. Methods To estimate the MGD, the parameters used to acquire images of 5475 patients, with ages between 40 and 64 years and compressed breasts between 2 and 9 cm, were registered. The MGD was calculated by multiplying the incident air kerma with conversion coefficients depending on the anode/filter, breast glandularity and half-value layer. The image quality evaluation of the digital systems was made using objective and subjective European criteria. Results The results showed MGDs in the range of 0.4-10.3 mGy and the higher values were observed with digital systems. It was also observed that in the digital systems the use of compression force is not adequate and the irradiation parameters are not optimized. The images failed to reproduce the pectoral muscle and the contrast-to-noise ratio was not adequate for one system, indicating the need to improve the patient's positioning and the exposure parameters. Conclusion It can be concluded that the use of non-optimized irradiation parameters is causing the higher doses with digital systems, highlighting the insufficient compression force.

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Este estudo visa identificar estratégias para criação ou expansão de vagas de seis programas de residência de Medicina de Família e Comunidade coordenados por gestores municipais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) que podem contribuir para a universalização de vagas em residência médica e para o provimento médico em longo prazo previstos no Programa Mais Médicos (PMM). Foram analisados relatórios, legislação, publicações e registro de oficinas promovidas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Identificaram-se as seguintes estratégias: expansão da cobertura e melhoria da infraestrutura na Atenção Básica; qualificação e valorização da preceptoria; planejamento de legislação e do orçamento; integração com a graduação e outras residências. Conclui-se que iniciativas inovadoras de acordo com a realidade de cada município, combinadas com políticas nacionais, favoreceram o protagonismo de gestores municipais em mudanças na formação médica.(AU)

The aim of this study was to identify strategies to create or expand vacancies in six family and community medicine residency programs coordinated by municipal managers in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). The aim of these strategies is to contribute to the universalization of medical residency vacancies and the long-term supply of physicians foreseen by the More Doctors Program. The researchers analyzed reports, legislation, publications, and records of workshops promoted by the Ministry of Health. The following strategies were identified: expanding coverage and improving infrastructure at the primary care level; qualifying and recognizing the importance of preceptorship; planning legislation and budgets; integration with undergraduate programs and residencies in other areas. The protagonist role of municipal managers in transforming medical education is favored by innovative national policies coupled with initiatives adapted to the reality of each municipality.(AU)

l objetivo de este estudio es identificar estrategias para la creación o expansión de plazas de seis programas de residencia de Medicina de Familia y Comunidad coordinados por gestores municipales del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) que pueden contribuir para la universalización de plazas de residencia médica y para la provisión médica a largo plazo previstos en el Programa Más Médicos. Se analizaron informes, legislación, publicaciones y registro de talleres promovidos por el Ministerio de la Salud. Se identificaron las estrategias siguientes: expansión de la cobertura y mejora de la infraestructura en la atención básica, calificación y valorización de la preceptoría, planificación de la legislación y del presupuesto, integración con la graduación y otras residencias. Se concluye que iniciativas innovadoras de acuerdo con la realidad de cada municipio, combinadas con políticas nacionales, favorecieron el protagonismo de gestores municipales en cambios en la formación médica.(AU)

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ABSTRACT The essential oil from Croton polyandrus Spreng., Euphorbiaceae, leaves was tested for the toxicity and antitumor activity. The concentration producing 50% hemolysis was 141 µg/ml on mice erythrocytes. In the acute toxicological study, the estimated LD50 was 447.18 mg/kg. The essential oil did not induce increase in number of micronucleated erythrocytes, suggesting low genotoxicity. Essential oil (100 or 150 mg/kg) showed significant antitumor activity in Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma model. We observed that essential oil induces cell-cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, and increases the sub-G1 peak, which represents a marker of cell death by apoptosis. Survival also increased for the treated animals. The toxicological analyses revealed reduction in body weight, increased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity, hematological changes, and a thymus index reduction. These data suggest gastrointestinal and liver toxicity, anemia, leukopenia/lymphocytopenia, and immunosuppressive effects. Histopathological analysis revealed the weak hepatotoxicity of essential oil. In summary, essential oil of C. polyandrus displays in vivo antitumor activity and moderate toxicity.

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CONTEXT: The genus Xylopia L. (Annonaceae) includes aromatic plants that have both nutritional and medicinal uses. Essential oils of Xylopia species have antitumour effects. However, the efficacy of the essential oil from the fruit of Xylopia langsdorffiana St. Hil & Tul. (EOX) has not been examined. OBJECTIVE: EOX was evaluated to determine its chemical composition, antitumour activity and toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EOX was obtained from fresh fruits of X. langsdorffiana subjected to hydrodistillation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to characterize the chemical composition of EOX. The toxicity of EOX was evaluated using haemolysis, acute toxicity and micronucleus assays. The in vitro antitumour activity of EOX was investigated using the sulforhodamine B assay. The sarcoma 180 murine tumour model was used to evaluate the in vivo antitumour activity and toxicity of EOX (50 and 100 mg/kg) after 7 d of treatment. RESULTS: The major components of EOX were α-pinene (34.57%) and limonene (31.75%). The HC50 (concentration producing 50% haemolysis) was 293.6 µg/ml. EOX showed greater selectivity for the leukaemia cell line K562, with total growth inhibition (TGI) (concentration producing TGI) of 1.8 µg/ml, and for multidrug-resistant ovarian tumour cell line NCI/ADR-RES (TGI of 45.4 µg/ml). The LD50 was approximately 351.09 mg/kg. At doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, EOX inhibited the in vivo growth of sarcoma 180 by 38.67 and 54.32%, respectively. EOX displayed minor hepatic alterations characteristic of acute hepatitis and induced no genotoxicity. CONCLUSION: EOX showed in vitro and in vivo antitumour activity and low toxicity, which warrants further pharmacological studies.

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Estudo qualitativo com objetivo de analisar como ocorre o acolhimento pelos trabalhadores de um hospital público do estado da Bahia aos familiares de pessoas hospitalizadas na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Participaram deste estudo sete trabalhadores e oito familiares, totalizando quinze participantes. Para apreensão dos dados, utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada, sendo a coleta realizada no período de janeiro a março de 2104. Os achados foram submetidos à análise temática de conteúdo e organizados em categorias:Concepções do acolhimento na UTI por familiares e trabalhadores; Estratégias para promover o acolhimento aos familiares na UTI: facilidades, dificuldades e perspectivas. Este estudo demonstrou que as ações voltadas para o acolhimento aos familiares de pessoas hospitalizadas em UTI, pelos trabalhadores, são pontuais e quando realizadas, acontecem de acordo a concepção e a disponibilidade de cada trabalhador. Consideramos que é preciso que o acolhimento nãoseja visto somente como uma postura ética dos trabalhadores, mas sobretudo, como uma diretriz organizacional, em que se faça primordial a qualidade da assistência.

This is a qualitative study that aims to analyze how the hosting of relatives of people hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is carried out by the workers of a public hospital of the state of Bahia.Fifteensubjects (seven workers and eight family members) participated in the study. For data collection, we used a semi-structured interview and collection was carried out from January to March 2014.The findings were submitted to thematic content analysis, and were organized into two categories: "hosting conceptions in the ICU by family members and workers" and "Strategies to promote the hosting to family members in the ICU:facilities, problems and prospects". This study has demonstrated that the actions aimed atwelcoming the relatives of people hospitalized in ICUs are punctual and, when performed, take place according to the design and the availability of each employee.It is considered that hosting should not be seen only as an ethical position of workers, but mainly as an organizational guideline, in which care quality is a priority.

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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the entrance surface air kerma (Ka,e) and air kerma in the region of radiosensitive organs in radiographs of pediatric paranasal sinuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient data and irradiation parameters were collected in examinations of the paranasal sinuses in children from 0 to 15 years of age at two children's hospitals in the city of Recife, PE, Brazil. We estimated the Ka,e using the X-ray tube outputs and selected parameters. To estimate the air kerma values in the regions of the eyes and thyroid, we used thermoluminescent dosimeters. RESULTS: The Ka,e values ranged from 0.065 to 1.446 mGy in cavum radiographs, from 0.104 to 7.298 mGy in Caldwell views, and from 0.113 to 7.824 mGy in Waters views. Air kerma values in the region of the eyes ranged from 0.001 to 0.968 mGy in cavum radiographs and from 0.011 to 0.422 mGy in Caldwell and Waters views . In the thyroid region, air kerma values ranged from 0.005 to 0.932 mGy in cavum radiographs and from 0.002 to 0.972 mGy in Caldwell and Waters views. CONCLUSION: The radiation levels used at the institutions under study were higher than those recommended in international protocols. We recommend that interventions be initiated in order to reduce patient exposure to radiation and therefore the risks associated with radiological examination of the paranasal sinuses.

OBJETIVO: Estimar o kerma no ar na superfície de entrada (Ka,e) e o kerma no ar na região de órgãos radiossensíveis em radiografias pediátricas dos seios paranasais. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram coletados os dados dos pacientes e parâmetros de irradiação em exames de seios paranasais de crianças com 0 a 15 anos, em dois hospitais infantis na cidade do Recife, PE. O Ka,e foi estimado utilizando os rendimentos dos tubos de raios X e os parâmetros selecionados. Os valores de kerma no ar nas regiões dos olhos e tireoide foram estimados utilizando dosímetros termoluminescentes. RESULTADOS: Os valores de Ka,e variaram de 0,065 a 1,446 mGy para radiografias cavum, 0,104 a 7,298 mGy para Caldwell e 0,113 a 7,824 mGy para Waters. Os valores de kerma no ar na região dos olhos variaram de 0,001 a 0,968 mGy para cavum e 0,011 a 0,422 mGy para Caldwell e Waters. Na região tireóidea, os valores de kerma no ar variaram de 0,005 a 0,932 mGy para cavum e 0,002 a 0,972 mGy para Caldwell e Waters. CONCLUSÃO: Os parâmetros de irradiação utilizados pelas instituições foram mais elevados do que os recomendados em protocolos britânicos. Ações de otimização são recomendadas de modo a contribuir para a redução da radiação nos pacientes e, portanto, os riscos.