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The relationship between asymptomatic shedding of bacterial enteropathogens and the hygiene habits of families who have had a child with typhoid fever (TF) are investigated. The sample was made up of 80 families: 40 families in which one child had had TF (Group A) and 40 in which no children or either of the parents had had a history of TF (Group B). In each group 20 families belonged to a low socioeconomic status (SES) and 20 to a high SES. A structured interview was used to evaluate the SES and the hygiene habits of the child; observations were made to measure the hygiene habits of the family (toilet, kitchen and food preparation) and bacteriological studies (fecal samples and hand markers). Results show that carriers were more frequent in Group A than in Group B. The bacterial species found were significantly more numerous in Group A than in Group B (fecal samples: E. coli, the classic serotypes, Shigella ssp, and hand markers: E. coli). Families of Group A had higher carriage rates than those of Group B. Finally there exists a significantly higher association between inadequate hygiene habits and carrier families. These results show the need to teach specific habits of proper hygiene to the entire population, because the fact of belonging to the high SES does not in itself preclude inadequate hygiene habits.

PIP: The relationship between asymptomatic shedding of bacterial enteropathogens and the hygiene habits of families who have had a child with typhoid fever (TF) are investigated. The sample was made up of 80 families: 40 in which 1 child had had TF (group A) and 40 in which no children or either of the parents had had a history of TF (group B). In each group, 20 families belonged to a low socioeconomic status (SES) and 20 to a high SES. A structured interview was used to evaluate the SES and hygiene habits of the child; observations were made to measure the hygiene habits of the family (toilet, kitchen, and food preparation) and bacteriological studies (fecal samples and handmarkers). Results show that carriers were more frequent in group A than in group B. The bacterial species found were significantly more numerous in group A than in group B (fecal samples: E. coli, the classic serotypes, Shigella ssp, and handmarkers: E. coli). Families of group A had higher carriage rates than those of group B. Finally, there exists a significantly higher association between inadequate hygiene habits and carrier families. These results show the need to teach specific habits of proper hygiene to the entire population, because of the fact of belonging to the high SES does not itself preclude inadequate hygiene habits. (author's)

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The goal this follow-up study was to relate the mother's marital satisfaction to family health status in a low SES. The random sample was made up of 30 families with children under 7 years old: 15 considered as sick (Group A) and 15 as healthy (Group B). Both group had similar demographic characteristics (age of father and mother, persons per family group and age of children) and SES. Results showed that mothers were those mainly in charge of their family groups. Mothers of Group A were significantly less understanding and more dissatisfied than those of Group B (p < .05 and p < .01). Mothers of Group A had significantly more arguments with their partners than those of Group B (p < .006). Health care was learned less from the child's own mother in group A than in B (p < .05). Health was considered by mothers of Group A as something that "must be taken care of" more than by those of Group B p < .01). The behaviours of mothers in choosing one of the health systems was similar in both groups. Dissatisfied mothers were associated more with sick family members during the 6 month follow-up. It is suggested that the satisfaction of the mother is a factor that needs further investigation because health is managed by mothers is the large majority of families.

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We studied the relation of habits related to the fecal-oral cycle and incidence of typhoid fever in children attending the school system for 1 to 2 years and in their families. The goal was to identify a predictor to detect families at risk for typhoid fever. A sample of 80 school-mother dyads, 40 of high and 40 of low socio-economic status was studied. 20 children in each group had had typhoid fever. Logistic regression analysis allowed to identify dirty edges of the toilet bowl and nail eating habits as highly specific (97%) and sensitive (82%) index of risk. The predictor held both in high and low socio-economic groups and could be used to identify families at risk of developing typhoid fever.

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The relationship between the hygienic habits of children who had typhoid fever (TF) who had recently begun attending school and their family group, is assessed. It is supposed that children, independently of their SES, acquired TF because of inadequate habits which facilitated the oral-fecal cycle. The sample was formed of 40 child-mother dyads: 20 of low SES (group A) and 20 of high SES (group B), the child of each of which had had TF. Results showed that the hygienic habits of children with respect to the oral-fecal cycle, their perception of school toilet cleanliness as well as the mothers' explanation of their children's hygienic habits is very similar in the two groups. The importance of these results is that the SES is seem to be irrelevant in the case of TF but that the hygienic habits of the children are of importance. Public health policy should be modified to include the teaching of proper hygienic habits (oral-fecal cycle).

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Two measurements of low socioeconomic level (LSL) were compared in a group of families of low socioeconomic strata from the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, Chile. The purpose was to search for an instrument capable of discriminating the more deprived sectors. The sample included 85 families with infant, the experimental group consisted of 42 families with severely malnourished infant, and the control group was formed by 43 families with healthy infant. The modified Graffar Scale and a Specific Index to measure LSL were applied throughout a survey carried out in the mothers. The study also comprised health and sociocultural aspects. Results indicated that the modified Graffar Scale does not discriminate at the level of an apparently homogeneous group. In contrast, the Specific Index does detect significant differences between both groups, as well as correlations between the health and sociocultural variables. The Specific Index is therefore a helpful and easy to use instrument when applied to urban groups of low socioeconomic level.

PIP: 2 measurements of low socioeconomic level (LSL) were compared in a group of families of low socioeconomic strata from the metroplitan area of Santiago, Chile. The purpose was to discover an instrument capable of discriminating the more deprived sectors in the population. The sample included 85 families with infants; the experimental group had 42 families with severely malnourished infants and the control group had 43 families with healthy infants. The modified Graffar Scale and a Specific Index to measure LSL were applied throughout a survey carried out among the mothers. The study also examined health and sociocultural aspects of life among these 2 groups. Results indicated that the modified Graffar Scale does not discriminate at a level of an apparently homogenous group. In contrast, the Specific Index does detect significant differences between the 2 groups, as well as correlations between the health and sociocultural variables. The Specific Index is therefore a helpful and easy instrument to use when applied to LSL urban groups. (author's modified)

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PIP: Loss of status and other variables associated to the father and their influence on the nutritional status of the infant were studied. The sample included 212 father-infant dyads: 107 were severely malnourished infants (experimental group), and 105 were healthy infants (control). A structural interview was carried out throughout a period of 5 years (1973-79). Results showed that, as compared with the control group, the experimental group's schooling and urban origins are higher and they change jobs more frequently; also there is less family stability and a lower socioeconomic level. A more negative labor history and greater loss of status are thus found in the experimental group. Loss of status is explained by time worked, socioeconomic level, frequency of quarrels with wife, and changes of job. It is postulated that loss of status and labor history are factors indirectly influencing the nutritional status of the infant.^ieng

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Maternal non verbal language (NVL) includes all gestural manifestations of the mother towards her infant which bear an emotional connotation. This study compares NVL expressiveness of mothers with malnourished and with healthy infants in a population of low socioeconomic level. Forty mother/infant dyads: 20 mothers with malnourished infants and 20 with healthy infants were studied. Mothers with malnourished infants had low degree of NVL expressiveness (90%) and low personal satisfaction with their family life (70%).

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Se compararon dos mediciones de nivel socioeconomico (NSE) en un grupo de familias de estrato socioeconomico bajo del area metropolitana del Gran Santiago. El objetivo fue la busqueda de un instrumento capaz de discriminar los sectores menos favorecidos de la sociedad. La muestra incluyo 85 familias con lactante, estando el grupo experimental formado por 42 familias con lactante desnutrido severo, y el grupo testigo por 43 familias con lactante sano. Se aplico la Escala de Graffar modificada y un Indice Especifico para medir el NSE a traves de una encuesta realizada en las madres. El estudio comprendio, ademas, aspectos de salud y socioculturales.Los resultados indicaron que la Escala de Graffar modificada no discrimina a nivel de un grupo aparentemente homogeneo. En cambio, el Indice Especifico permite la deteccion de diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos, y correlaciones entre las variables de salud y de orden sociocultural. Por lo tanto, se plantea el Indice Especifico como un instrumento util y de facil manejo al aplicarse a grupos urbanos de nivel socioeconomico bajo

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Se estudia retrospectivamente la influencia de la perdida de status y otras variables asociadas al padre, en la desnutricion infantil. La muestra estuvo constituida por 212 diadas padrelactante: 107 presentaban lactante desnutrido severo (grupo experimental) y 105 lactante sano (grupo control). El periodo de estudio esta comprendido entre los anos 1973-1979 +/-. Se aplico una entrevista estructurada Los resultados senalan que en comparacion con el grupo control en el grupo experimental la escolaridad y el origen urbano son mayores, el padre ha cambiado mas de trabajo, existe menos estabilidad familiar presenta un nivel socioeconomico mas deteriorado, historia laboral negativa y mayor perdida de status. La perdida de status se explicaria por la duracion promedio como obrero, el nivel socioeconomico, la frecuencia de discusion entre la pareja y el cambio de actividad. Se postula la perdida de status y la historia laboral entre los factores condicionantes del estado nutricional del lactante

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PIP: Variables that influence the labor history of the father with a severely malnourished infant and how those variables influence the nutritional status of the infant were studied. The sample included 78 father-infant dyads--40 with severely malnourished infants (experimental group) and 39 with healthy infants (control group). A structural interview was carried out over a 5 year period (1973-79). Results showed that the labor history appears influenced by these factors: early entry into the labor force, diverse jobs, urban origins, and schooling. The experimental group works more in the informal urban sector and changed more jobs than those in the control group. The nutritional status of the infant is influenced by the father's labor instability, socioeconomic status, origin (whether urban or rural), and family stability. (author's modified)^ieng

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Se estudia restrospectivamente que variables estarian influyendo en la historia laboral del padre con lactante desnutrido severo y cuales de estas estarian pesando en el estado nutricional del lactante. La muestra estuvo compuesta de 78 diadas padre-lactante: 40 con lactante desnutrido (grupo experimental) y 38 con lactante sano (grupo control). Se aplico una entrevista estructurada. El periodo estudiado es de 5 anos (1973-1979). Los resultados senalan que las variables de mayor peso en la historia laboral de los padres de la muestra son: ingresar prematuramente al campo laboral, realizar muchas actividades diferentes, procedencia y escolaridad. Las variables que afectan al grupo experimental serian desempeno mayor en el sector informal urbano y mayores cambios de trabajo que los padres del grupo control. El estado nutricional del lactante estaria influido por la inestabilidad laboral, el nivel socioeconomico, la procedencia (urbana o rural) y la estabilidad familiar

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Se estudian las conductas socioafectivas en madres que tienen lactante y otros hijos, con el fin de detectar si existe diferencia entre las conductas de madres con lactante desnutrido y con sano. La muestra esta compuesta por 58 madres: 30 con lactante desnutrido (grupo experimental) 28 con lactante sano (grupo control). Se aplico una entrevista estructurada a las madres. Los resultados senalan que existen diferencias significativas en las conductas, las manifestaciones afectivas y comunicacion siendo mas bajas en las madres con lactante desnutrido; las madres con lactante sano presentan significativamente mas conductas positivas en su relacion con los hijos. Se postula que las madres con lactante desnutrido requeririan de modelos de conductas positivas para imitarlos y ser un estimulo en el desarrollo social y cognitivo de sus hijos

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