RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To follow the evolution of the breastfeeding practice among women in a childbirth clinic and evaluate the actions for its promotion. METHODS: Two cohorts of children born in an school hospital of Porto Alegre, Brazil, in different periods of time were compared regarding the prevalence of breastfeeding during the first six months of life, and the percentage of early cessation of breastfeeding. Both were prospective studies, including 202 children in the cohort of 1987, and 187 children in the cohort of 1994. All participants were healthy children, with birth weight of 2500g or more, were being breastfed and their parents were living in the same house. The 1987 study children were followed up through mail, and the 1994 study ones by home visits. RESULTS: Survival analysis showed similar frequencies of breastfeeding in the two cohorts. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, although for a short period in both groups, was higher in the population studied in 1994, especially among children whose mothers were better educated. There was no rate difference of early cessation of breastfeeding between the two cohorts (36% for the 1987 cohort and 39% for the 1994 cohort). CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed a certain degree of apathy in regard of the promotion of breastfeeding during the studied period, giving support to actions to promote breastfeeding, especially among poor families.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Estudos de Coortes , Fatores Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Since the number and proportion of old people increases worldwide, health professionals and systems should be made aware and prepared to deal with their problems. Cognitive deficit and symptoms of depression are common among the elderly, and may occur in relation to various risk factors such as health conditions and psychosocial variables. In order to study cognitive deficit and the presence of signs and symptoms of depression, 62 elderly community subjects enrolled at a Community Health Unit in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, were interviewed. They were evaluated by means of the Mini Mental State Exam, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression rating scale, and a questionnaire on health conditions, living arrangements and social variables. Higher levels of symptoms of depression were observed among subjects exposed to major risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases (diabetes and coronary disease), while impaired cognitive performance was seen among individuals who could not count on the presence of a confidant (social network variable). The results suggest that the early identification of major risk groups among old people can help to prevent institutionalization and keep individuals in the community.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/epidemiologia , Depressão/epidemiologia , Atividades Cotidianas , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Doença Crônica , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Depressão/diagnóstico , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores de Risco , Estudos de Amostragem , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
Administration of methylmalonic acid in rats has been used as a model for methylmalonicacidemia in humans. Nestling Wistar rats of both sexes received 5 injections daily at 3-h intervals (starting at 7:30 a.m.) of saline or methylmalonic acid (MMA, 10 mg/ml) in a volume of 9 microliters/g body weight per injection subcutaneously in the lumbar region from the 5th to the 9th day of life and 11 microliters/g from day 10 to 14. Growth and neuromotor development were assessed by monitoring the following parameters daily in 54 rats: body weight, ear unfolding, incisor eruption, eye opening, righting, palmar grasp, negative geotaxis, cliff avoidance, free-fall righting and startle reflex. The only statistically significant effects of MMA administration were on the day of appearance of the free-fall righting reflex: MMA, 12.44 +/- 1.55 vs 11.0 +/- 0.39 days for saline control (P < 0.05, by two-way ANOVA) and a significant decrease in weight (P < 0.05, by ANOVA with repeated measures). The results suggest that chronic MMA administration to rats has a selective effect on neuromotor development.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Metilmalônico/farmacologia , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Crescimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Ácido Metilmalônico/administração & dosagem , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reflexo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Administration of methylmalonic acid in rats has been used as a model for methylmalonicacidemia in humans. Nestling Wistar rats of both sexes received 5 injections daily at 3-h intervals (starting at 7:30 a.m.) of saline or methylmalonic acid (MMA, 10 mg/ml) in a volume of 9 microliters/g body weight per injection subcutaneously in the lumbar region from the 5th to the 9th day of life and 11 microliters/g from day 10 to 14. Growth and neuromotor development were assessed by monitoring the following parameters daily in 54 rats: body weight, ear unfolding, incisor eruption, eye opening, righting, palmar grasp, negative geotaxis, cliff avoidance, free-fall righting and startle reflex. The only statistically significant effects of MMA administration were on the day of appearance of the free-fall righting reflex: MMA, 12.44 +/- 1.55 vs 11.0 +/- 0.39 days for saline control (P < 0.05, by two-way ANOVA) and a significant decrease in weight (P < 0.05, by ANOVA with repeated measures). The results suggest that chronic MMA administration to rats has a selective effect on neuromotor development
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Ratos , Ácido Metilmalônico/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Metilmalônico/administração & dosagem , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Crescimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Reflexo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Albumin modified by Amadori glucose adducts has been shown to modulate endothelial and glomerular mesangial cell biology. Recognizing that circulating proteins may trigger cellular events through ligand binding, we examined murine aortic endothelial cells for the expression of a receptor system that recognizes fructosyllysine epitopes in glycated albumin. Endothelial cells contain membrane-associated polypeptides that bind Amadori-modified glycated albumin and exhibit traditional receptor characteristics of dose-responsivity, saturability and ligand specificity. Nonglycated albumin does not compete for binding to the receptor, and the interaction of glycated albumin with its receptor is blocked by a monoclonal antibody that selectively reacts with the Amadori adduct in glycated albumin. The findings suggest that a ligand-receptor system specific to Amadori glucose adducts mediates the biologic effects of glycated albumin.