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Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) play a vital role in plant phosphorus nutrition, serving as a crucial family of metallo-phosphoesterase enzymes. This research aimed to identify the PAP genes from the A/B/D genomes of Triticum aestivum to elucidate evolutionary mechanisms of the gene family in plants and provide genomic information for subsequent research on phosphorous-use efficiency in wheat crops. In total, 105 PAP genes (TaPAPs) were identified from the A/B/D genomes by using the Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa PAP protein sequences as queries for BLASTP against the wheat protein database. The TaPAPs were grouped into six subfamilies, Ia (17), Ib (26), IIa (11), IIb (30), IIIa (12), and IIIb (9), based on their similarities in the structure of genes and the presence of conserved protein motifs. A majority of TaPAPs were derived from tandemly (20) or segmentally (87) duplicated, with the homoeologous chromosomes 5A/B/D harboring the most duplicated PAP genes. Further analysis indicated that TaPAPs were responsible for the modulation of seed, root, and leaf development and hormone synthesis and signaling, as well as plant responses to abiotic stresses, including low temperatures, drought, and anaerobic conditions. Nine TaPAPs (TaPAP9-4A/4B/4D, TaPAP24-6A/6B/6D, and TaPAP28-7A/7B/7D) were constitutively expressed in diverse tissues such as root, shoot, leaf, spike, and seed, while the remaining genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns. Concerning the response to phosphate (Pi) deprivation, 57 TaPAPs were highly expressed in roots under Pi stress, including TaPAP31-4A, 4B, and 4D homeologs from the subfamily IIIb. A TaPAP31-4A transgene in A. thaliana promoted plant growth and development while increasing plant resistance to Pi-deficiency stress by enhancing the secretion of phosphatase. These discoveries provide a scientific foundation for comprehending the role of TaPAPs, offering valuable insights for identifying additional candidate genes and fostering the development of new wheat varieties with enhanced tolerance to low phosphorus conditions.
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MAIN CONCLUSION: Trace amounts of epibrassinolide (EpiBL) could partially rescue wheat root length inhibition in salt-stressed situation by scavenging ROS, and ectopic expression of TaDWF4 or TaBAK1 enhances root salt tolerance in Arabidopsis by balancing ROS level. Salt stress often leads to ion toxicity and oxidative stress, causing cell structure damage and root development inhibition in plants. While prior research indicated the involvement of exogenous brassinosteroid (BR) in plant responses to salt stress, the precise cytological role and the function of BR in wheat root development under salt stress remain elusive. Our study demonstrates that 100 mM NaCl solution inhibits wheat root development, but 5 nM EpiBL partially rescues root length inhibition by decreasing H2O2 content, oxygen free radical (OFR) content, along with increasing the peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities in salt-stressed roots. The qRT-PCR experiment also shows that expression of the ROS-scavenging genes (GPX2 and CAT2) increased in roots after applying BR, especially during salt stress situation. Transcriptional analysis reveals decreased expression of BR synthesis and root meristem development genes under salt stress in wheat roots. Differential expression gene (DEG) enrichment analysis highlights the significant impact of salt stress on various biological processes, particularly "hydrogen peroxide catabolic process" and "response to oxidative stress". Additionally, the BR biosynthesis pathway is enriched under salt stress conditions. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of wheat BR synthesis gene TaDWF4 and BR signaling gene TaBAK1 in salt stress responses in roots. Our results demonstrate that ectopic expression of TaDWF4 or TaBAK1 enhances salt tolerance in Arabidopsis by balancing ROS (Reactive oxygen species) levels in roots.
Assuntos
Brassinosteroides , Homeostase , Raízes de Plantas , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Tolerância ao Sal , Esteroides Heterocíclicos , Triticum , Triticum/genética , Triticum/fisiologia , Triticum/metabolismo , Triticum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triticum/efeitos dos fármacos , Brassinosteroides/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Tolerância ao Sal/genética , Esteroides Heterocíclicos/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Estresse Salino , Estresse Oxidativo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Arabidopsis/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismoRESUMO
A DMP-initiated metal-free effective ß,γ-asymmetric spirocyclopropanation of propanols strategy using oxidative iminium activation is described. This process has been realized by a synergistic amine-catalyzed one-pot cascade oxidation-Michael addition cyclopropanation for "one-pot" access to various spirocyclopropyl propionaldehydes/propanols from diverse 3-arylpropanols and α-brominated active methylene compounds under mild conditions and with high enantioselectivity (ee up to >99%).
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Currently, the utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for spraying pesticides is a prevalent issue in Asian countries. Improving the pesticide efficiency of UAV spraying is a major challenge for researchers. One of the factors that affect the efficiency is the wetting property of the spraying solutions on crop leaves. Tank-mix adjuvants, which can modify the wetting ability of the solutions, are often used for foliar application. However, different types and concentrations of tank-mix adjuvants may have different impacts on the wetting properties of droplets. In this article, we investigated the effects of four tank-mix adjuvants, Beidatong (BDT), Velezia Pro (VP), Nongjianfei (NJF), and Lieying (LY), on the dynamic contact angle (CA) values of droplets on the adaxial surface of wheat leaves. We measured the dynamic CA values of various concentrations of each adjuvant solution and determined the optimal concentrations based on the CA values, droplet spreading time, and cost. The results showed that adding any of the four adjuvants decreased the CA values, but the patterns of decrease varied among them. The CAs of BDT and VP solutions decreased slowly during the observation time (0-8.13 s), while those of NJF and LY solutions decreased rapidly throughout the observation period. According to the dynamic CA values of different concentrations, the optimal concentrations of BDT, VP, NJF, and LY for wheat field application were 12%, 16%, 6, and 0.3, respectively. Alkoxy-modified polytrisiloxane adjuvant (LY) could be recommended as an appropriate tank-mix adjuvant for wheat field application, considering spreading efficiency and cost. This study provides theoretical and practical guidance for selecting and optimizing tank-mix adjuvants for UAV spraying.
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Praguicidas , Triticum , Molhabilidade , Adjuvantes Farmacêuticos/farmacologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
To investigate the community structure and diversity of endophytic fungi in the leaves of Artemisia argyi, leaf samples were collected from five A. argyi varieties grown in different cultivation areas in China, namely, Tangyin Beiai in Henan (BA), Qichun Qiai in Hubei (QA), Wanai in Nanyang in Henan (WA), Haiai in Ningbo in Zhejiang (HA), and Anguo Qiai in Anguo in Hebei (AQA), and analyzed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 365,919 pairs of reads were obtained, and the number of operational taxonomic units for each sample was between 165 and 285. The alpha diversity of the QA and BA samples was higher, and a total of two phyla, eight classes, 12 orders, 15 families, and 16 genera were detected. At the genus level, significant differences were noted in the dominant genera among the samples, with three genera being shared in all the samples. The dominant genus in QA was Erythrobasidium, while that in AQA, HA, and BA was Sporobolomyces, and that in WA was Alternaria, reaching a proportion of 16.50%. These results showed that the fungal community structure and diversity in QA and BA were high. The endophytes are of great importance to the plants, especially for protection, phytohormone and other phytochemical production, and nutrition. Therefore, this study may be significant with the industrial perspective of Artemisia species.
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Artemisia/microbiologia , Biodiversidade , Endófitos/classificação , Endófitos/fisiologia , Micobioma/fisiologia , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia , China , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga EscalaRESUMO
Highly ordered ZnO nanorod arrays were successfully synthesized on glass substrates coated by the ZnO seeding via a chemical method, and the effect of the polyethylenei mine(PEI) on the structural properties and morphology of ZnO nanorod arrays was investigated. The XRD and FESEM results showed that the ZnO nonorods were wurtzite structure, which was hexagonal in shape. And the nanorods grew densely and vertically on the substrate. With the PEI amount increasing, the average diameter of the nanorods decreased, and the growth rate was slower. The Raman spectra showed that the oxygen deficiency in the ZnO lattice reduced with the increase in PEI concentration. Finally, possible mechanisms of the effect of PEI concentration on the ZnO nanorod structure were discussed.
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Novel silica-coated iron-carbon composite particles were prepared to be used in the targeting therapy as a drug carrier. The composite particles with diameter of 200-300 nm were obtained successfully via high-energy planetary ball milling and hydrogen reduction processes. The composite particles possess the advantages of activated carbon and magnetic Fe, exhibiting excellent drug adsorption and desorption abilities as well as powerfully magnetic targeting. In in vivo experiment, (99m)TcO(4)-adsorbed composite particles showed prominent biodistribution in the left hepatic lobe of pigs under the control of an external magnetic field. The amount of doxorubicin content of hepatic tissue was 23.8 times higher in targeted area of the left lobe than that in the nontargeted area of the right lobe when doxorubicin-adsorbed composite particles were infused intra-arterially. These results also suggest that the composite particles could penetrate through the capillary wall around tissue interstitium and hepatic cells under the driving of an external magnetic force in targeting area, indicating that the novel silica-coated iron-carbon composite particles could be a potential application in targeted treatment for some kinds of tumor as an effective drug carrier.