RESUMO
Wild primates face grave conservation challenges, with habitat loss and climate change projected to cause mass extinctions in the coming decades. As large-bodied Neotropical primates, mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) are predicted to fare poorly under climate change, yet are also known for their resilience in a variety of environments, including highly disturbed habitats. We utilized ecophysiology research on this species to determine the morphological, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms howlers employ to overcome ecological challenges. Our data show that howlers at La Pacifica, Costa Rica are capable of modifying body size. Howlers displayed reduced mass in warmer, drier habitats, seasonal weight changes, frequent within-lifetime weight fluctuations, and gradual increases in body mass over the past four decades. These within-lifetime changes indicate a capacity to modify morphology in a way that can impact animals' energetics and thermodynamics. Howlers are also able to consume foods with a wide variety of food material properties by altering oral processing during feeding. While this capability suggests some capacity to cope with the phenological shifts expected from climate change and increased habitat fragmentation, data on rates of dental microwear warn that these acclimations may also cost dental longevity. Lastly, we found that howlers are able to acclimate to changing thermal pressures. On shorter-term daily scales, howlers use behavioral mechanisms to thermoregulate, including timing activities to avoid heat stress and utilizing cool microhabitats. At the seasonal scale, animals employ hormonal pathways to influence heat production. These lines of evidence cumulatively indicate that howlers possess morphological, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms to acclimate to environmental challenges. As such, howlers' plasticity may facilitate their resilience to climate change and habitat loss. While habitat loss in the tropics is unlikely to abate, our results point to a potential benefit of active management and selective cultivation to yield large, interconnected forest fragments with targeted phenology that provides both a complex physical structure and a diversity of food sources. These steps could assist howlers in using their natural acclimation potential to survive future conservation threats.
Assuntos
Aclimatação , Alouatta/fisiologia , Mudança Climática , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , Termotolerância , Animais , Costa Rica , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Imbalance in nutrients can affect digestibility of amino acids by altering gene expression of amino acid transporters. We investigated digestibility and molecular transporters of essential amino acids in chickens fed a methionine-deficient diet. A total of 40 chicks (23 D old) were randomly assigned to either a control (0.49% methionine) or a deficient (0.28%) diet until 41 D when they were sampled for Pectoralis (P.) major, kidney, ileum, and hypothalamus for mRNA expression analysis. The ileal content was collected for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) analysis. Birds fed the deficient diet had reduced growth and worse feed efficiency compared to control. The AID of methionine was similar between both groups. The AID of other essential amino acids was higher in the deficient group than control. mRNA expression of b0,+ AT and LAT4 were upregulated in the ileum and kidney but LAT1 was downregulated only in kidney of the deficient group compared to control. In the P. major, SNAT1, SNAT2, and CAT1 were upregulated in the deficient group compared to control. A diet deficiency in methionine affects digestibility of essential amino acids and cysteine, but not the digestibility of methionine. The change in digestibility is reflected in the mRNA expression of amino acid transporters across different tissues.
Assuntos
Sistemas de Transporte de Aminoácidos/genética , Proteínas Aviárias/genética , Galinhas/fisiologia , Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Metionina/deficiência , Sistemas de Transporte de Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Proteínas Aviárias/metabolismo , Galinhas/genética , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dieta/veterinária , MasculinoRESUMO
Commonly reported complications of hepatic cysts are spontaneous hemorrhage, rupture into the peritoneal cavity, infection and compression of the biliary tree however cardiac complications are not commonly reported. We are presenting a case of a large liver cyst presenting with right atrial and ventricular inflow tract impingement resulting in cardiac symptoms. A 68 year-old Hispanic female presented with one month of fatigue and shortness of breath after household work and walking less than one block, right upper quadrant pain and weight loss. She had history of multiple hepatic cysts for more than 12 years, well-controlled diabetes and hypertension. Examination of the heart revealed tachycardia with regular heart sounds. There were no murmurs. She had tenderness in her right upper quadrant on palpation and an enlarged smooth liver. Rest of physical examination was unremarkable. CT scan of the abdomen showed multiple non-enhancing liver cysts in both lobes, with the largest measuring 12 x 15 x 17 cm which was significantly increased from her baseline of 7 x 8 x 10 cm in 2003. Echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular ejection fraction, grade 1 diastolic dysfunction and a hepatic cyst impinging RA and RV inflow tract. She had successful laparoscopic enucleation of liver cyst and subsequent relief from tachycardia, fatigue and shortness of breath. In conclusion, this case illustrates that hepatic cysts may become symptomatic after remaining quiescent for an extended period. They may present with unusual symptoms and clinicians should be mindful of rare complications, such as in this case.
Assuntos
Cistos/complicações , Hepatopatias/complicações , Taquicardia/etiologia , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/etiologia , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/etiologia , Idoso , Função do Átrio Direito , Cistos/diagnóstico por imagem , Cistos/cirurgia , Drenagem , Feminino , Humanos , Laparoscopia , Hepatopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Hepatopatias/cirurgia , Taquicardia/diagnóstico por imagem , Taquicardia/fisiopatologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do Tratamento , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/fisiopatologia , Função Ventricular Direita , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/diagnóstico por imagem , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by an Alphaherpesvirus, genus Mardivirus, serotype 1 (Gallid Herpesvirus 2, GaHV-2) that includes all known pathogenic strains. In addition to Marek's disease virus (MDV) serotype 1, the genus includes 2 distinct nonpathogenic serotypes: serotype 2 (GaHV-3) and serotype 3 (Meleagridis Herpesvirus 1, MeHV-1) which are used in commercially available vaccines against MD. As a result of vaccination, clinical signs are not commonly observed, and new cases are usually associated with emerging variant strains against which the vaccines are less effective. In this study, a commercial layer farm showing clinical signs compatible with MDV infection was evaluated. Histological lesions and positive immunohistochemistry in the sciatic nerve and thymus were compatible with cytolytic phase of MD. GaHV-2, GaHV-3 and MeHV-1 were identified by PCR and qPCR in blood samples from 17 birds with suspected MD. Analysis of the Meq gene of the Colombian GaHV-2 isolate revealed a 99% sequence identity with Asian strains, and in the phylogenetic analysis clustered with vv+ MDV. The analysis of amino acid alignments demonstrated an interruption of the proline rich region in P176A, P217A and P233L positions, which are generally associated with vv+ strains. Some of these changes, such as P233L and L258S positions have not been reported previously. In addition, primary cell cultures inoculated with lymphocytes isolated from the spleen showed typical cytopathic effect of GaHV-2 at 5 d post infection. Based on the molecular analysis, the results from this study indicate the presence of vv+ MDV infection in commercial birds for the first time in Colombia. It is recommended to perform further assays in order to demonstrate the pathotype characteristics in vivo.
Assuntos
Galinhas/virologia , Herpesvirus Galináceo 2/genética , Herpesvirus Galináceo 2/isolamento & purificação , Doença de Marek/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Embrião de Galinha , Colômbia , DNA Viral , Feminino , Fibroblastos/virologia , Herpesvirus Galináceo 2/classificação , Herpesvirus Galináceo 2/patogenicidade , Doença de Marek/patologia , Filogenia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologia , Neuropatia Ciática/veterinária , Neuropatia Ciática/virologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Análise de Sequência de Proteína , Sorotipagem , Timo/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: For the past 6 years, we have used double hatchet flaps for reconstruction of lower lid and infraorbital skin defects. METHODS: Twenty-five patients who underwent reconstruction of lower eyelid/infraorbital skin defects using double hatchet flaps were retrospectively analyzed. Defect size ranged from 11 × 11 to 15 × 15 mm. In addition, pearls and pitfalls of the technique are discussed along with the presentation of 3 cases. RESULTS: Flaps were highly viable in all patients. There was no eyelid retraction, scleral show, ectropion, or entropion. Mean follow-up period was 13.7 months. Patient satisfaction with respect to scar appearance was assessed by the standard 5-point scale. Overall patient satisfaction score was 4 (satisfied) in 6 patients, and was 5 (very satisfied) in 19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the critical review of outcomes in 25 patients, use of double hatchet flaps for the repair of lower lid and infraorbital skin defects gives an excellent functional and aesthetic result. Horizontal movement of the hatchet flaps avoids vertical skin tension in the lower eyelid, and hence minimizes potential complications.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Basocelular/cirurgia , Neoplasias Palpebrais/cirurgia , Pálpebras/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/métodos , Retalhos Cirúrgicos , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Satisfação do Paciente , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Objective: to describe and analyze two cases of CNS aspergillosis.Description: case 1: a 76 years old female, with a medical story of DM type 2 and high blood pressure, complained of headaches and left side hearing loss since 6 months before. The MRI showed a left temporal bone lesion that enhanced with contrast, including the petrous bone cerebellar surface. Case 2: a 23 years old female with an acute hepatic failure of unknown origin, ten days after she was transplanted went into coma, requiring endotraqueal intubation. A CT scan showed a bihemispheric subcortical hipodensity and a lumbar puncture showed hiperproteinoraquia with pleocitosis. Intervention. In case 1, a biopsy performed through a retrosigmoid approach was informed as aspergillosis. She received voriconazole. In case 2, at the 12° postoperative day a brain biopsy showed aspergillosis. The patient died on day 13° after surgery of multiorganic failure and cardio-respiratory arrest. The necropsy showed a disseminated aspergillosis infection that affected lungs, liver, heart, skin, brain, colon and kidneys. Conclusion: the results obtained with the treatment in both patients were in accordance with the outcome severity of aspergillosis as was described in the reports reviewed.
Assuntos
Aspergilose , Sistema Nervoso CentralRESUMO
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infection can result in immunosuppression, runting syndrome, high mortality, acute reticular cell neoplasia, or T- and/or B-cell lymphoma, in a variety of domestic and wild birds. Histopathological changes of reticuloendotheliosis (RE) are not sufficient to differentiate it from Avian Leukosis (AL) and Marek's disease (MD). Currently there available diagnostic methods for detection of active REV infection. In order to develop immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays for detection of REV active infections, experimentally inoculated formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblasts were used as an infection model. IHC and ISH assays proved to be efficient for the detection of several REV strains, and to differentiate those strains from representative strains of the avian leukosis/sarcoma group of retroviruses (ALSV).
Assuntos
Animais , Aves Domésticas/virologia , Hibridização In Situ/veterinária , Vírus da Reticuloendoteliose/isolamento & purificação , Fibroblastos/virologia , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterináriaRESUMO
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infection can result in immunosuppression, runting syndrome, high mortality, acute reticular cell neoplasia,T- and/or B-cell lymphoma, in a variety of domestic and wild birds. Histopathological changes of reticuloendotheliosis (RE) are not sufficient to differentiate it from Avian Leukosis (AL) and Mareks disease (MD). Currently there are no available diagnostic methods for detection of active REV infection. In order to develop immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays for detection of REV active infections, experimentally inoculated formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblasts were used as an infection model. IHC and ISH assays proved to be efficient for the detection of several REV strains, and to differentiate those strains from representative strains of the avian leukosis/sarcoma group of retroviruses (ALSV).
RESUMO
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infection can result in immunosuppression, a runting syndrome, high mortality, acute reticulum cell neoplasia, or T-cell and/or B-cell lymphomas, in a variety of domestic and wild birds. Histopathological changes in REV infection are not sufficient to differentiate it from avian lymphoid leukosis and Marek's disease, and currently there are no available in situ diagnostic methods for detection of active REV presence in pathologic specimens. To develop immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays for detection of REV active infections, experimentally inoculated Japanese quail embryos, and archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from natural and experimental reticuloendotheliosis cases in chickens and turkeys, were examined. The in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry assays proved to be efficient for the detection of several REV strains in Japanese quail embryos during active infection, whereas these assays were much less sensitive when applied to archived tissue samples from chronically infected birds with lymphoid tumours. The diagnostic assays developed in this study have potential as diagnostic tools for detection of active REV infections.
Assuntos
Coturnix/embriologia , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Hibridização In Situ/veterinária , Neoplasias/veterinária , Vírus da Reticuloendoteliose Aviária/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Condrócitos/virologia , Endotélio Vascular/virologia , Formaldeído , Coração/virologia , Músculo Esquelético/virologia , Neoplasias/virologia , Inclusão em Parafina , Proventrículo/virologia , Infecções por Retroviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Retroviridae/virologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/veterinária , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/virologiaRESUMO
Pathogens of free-ranging chickens create a risk of disease for wild birds, some of which migrate to the United States, as well as potential economic losses for resource-poor farmers. Free-roaming backyard chickens are commonly kept in shade-grown coffee plantations, habitats that attract large numbers of wild birds. The husbandry and pathogen prevalence of backyard chicken flocks in San Luis, Costa Rica, were investigated. Based on serologic evidence, Newcastle disease virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, chicken anemia virus, and infectious bursal disease virus, as well as both Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, appear to be significant diseases of this population, and thus, we consider these backyard chickens potential reservoirs for these diseases. There was no evidence of avian influenza. Interviews, clinical examinations, and microscopic examination of tissues led us to believe that poxvirus is also a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in these chickens. We found that Escherichia coli isolates were resistant against tilmicosin, tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ticarcillin, and cephalothin, and contained genes considered responsible for conferring tetracycline resistance. Additionally, although production was not measured, we suspect that husbandry and lack of preventative medicine are directly related to the diseases reported, all of which negatively affect production.