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This study aims to explore the perceptions of the Venezuelan immigrant population in Medellín, Colombia, regarding their employment, working and health conditions (physical, mental and psychosocial). A qualitative study was conducted (focused ethnography perspective). Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 31 Venezuelans and 12 key informants from different social organisations that work with the immigrant population. A narrative content analysis was carried out (Atlas.Ti 8.0 software). The migratory process for Venezuelans is caused for political, economical and social aspects in Venezuela and Colombia is offered as the first destination for labour establishing. Access to the labour market is limited to certain occupations, in many cases in the informal economy. Participants referring low salaries, working long hours and reduced social benefits. Occupational risks are evidenced by low experience in the labour market. Some health problems are perceived, and a good part of the interviewed population referred to signs and symptoms related to mental health problems. Barriers to access health and social protection services were found. Finally, future expectations depend on their adaptation to Colombia, the improvement of social conditions in Venezuela or having chances of improving their social and living conditions in another country. A high labour and social vulnerability were found in Venezuelan participants that impact on physical and mental health. Political and strategies from a public health perspective are required and the implementation of systems for monitoring and evaluating the labour and health situation in the working immigrant population.

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Introduction: Regenerative endodontics is a developing field of dentistry and aims to recover the physiological and anatomical functions of the tooth for cases of severe dental caries, pulpal pathologies and dental trauma. Materials and Methods: This umbrella review seeks to discover the scientific evidence on the effectiveness and the factors result in successful regenerative endodontic therapies in teeth with necrotic pulps and with incomplete root development. The study was conducted following the PRISMA Guidelines. There were no restrictions regarding search period. A comprehensive literature search was carried out in EMBASE, LILACS, PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A quality evaluation was conducted by using AMSTAR-2. A descriptive analysis of the included systematic reviews and meta-analysis were conducted. Results: Thirteen descriptive systematic reviews and 7 meta-analyses were included. Three articles evidenced low methodological quality according to AMSTAR-2 tool. Overall success rates for the endodontic regeneration procedures ranged from 50% to 98% and the survival rates were between 94% and 100%. Pulp regeneration had a high success rate, evidenced by factors such as the resolution of symptoms, healing, increased root length, dentin thickening and recovery of sensitivity. Follow-up varied from 1 to 48 months for the original studies included in the systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Conclusions: Endodontic practice offers the clinician a good treatment option in case of necrotic pulp with immature roots such as the endodontic regeneration, that is supported by high and moderate quality scientific literature.

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BACKGROUND: Employment and working conditions are considered as an element that impacts on health inequalities, especially among vulnerable groups such as the immigrant population. This study aims to describe the characteristics of precarious employment in the Venezuelan immigrant population in Medellín (Colombia) according to its theoretical model and its relationship with the perception of their physical, mental, and psychosocial health. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted with a focused ethnography perspective. 31 people with Venezuelan origin and work experience were interviewed in the city of Medellin and its metropolitan area and 12 key informants from different formal and informal social organizations that work with the immigrant population. A narrative content analysis was carried manually and by using the Atlas.Ti 8.0 software. The principles of analytical induction were applied to carry out a thematic analysis of the main categories defined in the precarious employment framework. RESULTS: The following characteristics of precarious employment were found: instability in employment conditions, work in the informal or submerged economy, limited empowerment, absence of social benefits, high vulnerability, low income, and a limited capacity for exercising labor rights. This situation affects mental health conditions, access to health services, and the presence of risks due to the work they perform. CONCLUSIONS: The Venezuelan working population in Medellín is found in a precarious employment situation. Inclusive social strategies and policies that take into account the reality of this population are required.

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Genes that encode for divergent adaptive traits may have genealogies that contrast with those from loci that are not functionally involved in differentiation. Here, we examine DNA sequence variation among the species of the eastern Caribbean Drosophila dunni subgroup at two loci, yellow and dopa decaboxylase (Ddc), which both play integral roles in pigmentation patterning of adult Drosophila. Phylogenetic analyses of these loci produce gene genealogies with topologies that mirror those described for other nuclear genes: the six morphologically distinct species within the subgroup are divided into only three lineages, with one lineage containing four species that share extensive ancestral polymorphism. At the Ddc locus these major lineages are delineated only by silent site variation. We observe a significantly higher rate of synonymous site divergence than non-synonymous divergence, consistent with strong purifying selection acting on the locus. In contrast, the yellow locus exhibits patterns of amino acid divergence and nucleotide diversity that are consistent with recent diversifying selection acting in two different lineages. This selection appears to be targeting amino acid variants in the signal sequence of the Yellow protein, a region which is tightly constrained among members of the larger D. cardini radiation. This result highlights not only the potential importance of yellow in the evolution of divergent pigmentation patterns among members of the D. dunni subgroup, but also hints that variation in signal peptide sequences may play a role in phenotypic diversification.

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In the present study, 11 patients with epidemic Kaposi sarcoma were evaluated; 55% were in stage IV and 45% in stage II; in addition, 75% had systemic symptoms, 89% had low total and T-lymphocyte counts, and all of them had not only low T-helper lymphocyte counts but also T-helper/T-suppressor ratios. The majority of patients (89%) had low proliferative responses with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Nine patients were treated with: alpha-2 interferon (five patients), zidovudine (two patients), doxorubicin and zidovudine (one patient), and radiotherapy (one patient). There were only five patients with stable disease, three treated with alpha-2 interferon, one with doxorubicin, and one with doxorubicin plus azidothymidine. Two patients (one with doxorubicin and one with doxorubicin plus zidovudine) needed lithium to increase leukocyte and platelet counts. In May 1989, 73% of patients were dead (median survival 8 +/- 2 months). It is concluded that: (1) it is important to select the patients who have the best chance to improve with treatment; (2) the response with alpha-2 interferon or monochemotherapy is low and there is no change in overall survival; (3) a low helper cell count, low T-helper/T-suppressor ratio, and low proliferative response with mitogens are features of poor prognosis; (4) toxicity with treatment was acceptable; and (5) lithium increased neutrophil and platelet counts.

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Presentamos los resultados de un ensayo terapeutico con bromocriptina en el sindrome de tension premenstrual. Con conclusiones exitosas en lo referente a las distintas manifestaciones, principalmente a los cuadros de retencion hidrosalina y en las distimias. Se deducen sus resultados positivos a traves de su accion de agonista dopaminico y anti-aldosterona

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Presentamos los resultados de un ensayo terapeutico con bromocriptina en el sindrome de tension premenstrual. Con conclusiones exitosas en lo referente a las distintas manifestaciones, principalmente a los cuadros de retencion hidrosalina y en las distimias. Se deducen sus resultados positivos a traves de su accion de agonista dopaminico y anti-aldosterona

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A study has been reported on 5 years of experience in a community mental health center with a career escalation training program for indigenous workers in a ghetto community. More than one-half entered the program during the 5-year period and about one-third had either achieved a degree or were still active in the Program at the time of this study. Although it is too early to assess the full impact of the program on career advancement, the authors believe that at least a master's degree is required for true upward and lateral mobility. The most striking finding was the high retention rate in the mental health field of those workers who entered the program in contrast to those who didn't. A number of suggestions have been made to improve the effectiveness of a career escalation training program. It is too early to tell whether the long term benefits for individuals, the Center, and the mental health field at large justify the cost and the continuation of such educational release time programs.

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