RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine age at natural menopause among women of Maya and non-Maya ancestry living in urban and rural communities in the state of Campeche, Mexico. METHODS: Women ages 40 to 60 (nâ=â543) participated in semi-structured interviews and anthropometric measures. The last names, languages spoken, and the birthplace of the woman, her parents, and her grandparents were used to determine Maya or non-Maya ethnicity. Recalled age at natural menopause was compared across four communities; analysis of variance was used to compare means and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to compare medians. Probit analysis was also used to estimate median ages at menopause. Cox regression analyses were applied to identify variables associated with age at menopause. RESULTS: Mean recalled age at natural menopause across all sites was 46.7âyears, ranging from 47.8âyears in the city of Campeche to 43.9âyears in the rural Maya communities in the municipality of Hopelchén. Median ages at menopause across all sites were 50.55âyears by probit analysis and 50.5âyears by Kaplan-Meier. Variables associated with a later age at menopause included higher socioeconomic status, higher parity, and a later age at menarche. CONCLUSIONS: The early mean recalled age at menopause in southern Hopelchén was consistent with previous studies in the Yucatán peninsula. As expected, probit and Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated later ages at menopause. Contrary to our expectations, Maya/non-Maya ethnicity was not associated with age at menopause. Demographic and reproductive factors were more important than ethnicity in explaining variation in age at menopause within the state of Campeche, Mexico.
Assuntos
Menopausa , População Rural , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Menarca , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paridade , GravidezRESUMO
PURPOSE: Prior studies of the association between physical activity and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy have been conflicting, failed to assess total physical activity, and included few Hispanic women, the largest minority group in the United States with the highest birth rates. METHODS: We examined this association among 1043 participants in the Latina Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Study, a prospective cohort of predominantly Puerto Rican prenatal care patients conducted from 2000 to 2004 in western Massachusetts. Physical activity before and in early pregnancy was assessed by bilingual interviewers using a modified version of the Kaiser Physical Activity Survey. RESULTS: Fifty women (4.8%) were diagnosed with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and 30 (2.9%) with preeclampsia. In multivariable analyses, there was a statistically significant trend of decreasing risk of hypertensive disorders with increasing sports/exercise in early pregnancy (P(trend) = 0.04). High levels of early pregnancy active living activity (odds ratio (OR) = 0.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.1-1.1, P(trend) = 0.07) and household/care giving activity (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.1-1.3, P(trend) = 0.07) were associated with a 60% reduction in risk of hypertensive disorders relative to low levels; however, these associations were of marginal statistical significance. High levels of total physical activity (OR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.1-1.0, P(trend) = 0.06) in early pregnancy were associated with a 70% reduction in the risk of hypertensive disorders relative to low levels; however, this association was also of marginal statistical significance. Prepregnancy physical activity was not associated with hypertensive disorders. CONCLUSIONS: These results in a Hispanic population, although based on small numbers of cases, corroborate previous studies suggesting that recreational activity in early pregnancy reduces the risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.