RESUMO
This study aimed to survey the environmental dissemination of enterovirus (EV) in a site of organic lettuce situated in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. For this purpose, a total of 96 environmental samples, including water and lettuce samples obtained in different stages of the production chain (e.g., irrigation water, seedlings, lettuces grown, and washed lettuces ready-to-eat), were analyzed. EV genomes were detected in 12.5% (12/96) of the tested samples (eight from irrigation water and 4 from lettuce samples). Levels of viral concentration ranged from 3.37 × 103 to 4.72 × 106 genomic copies per liter (gc L-1 ) and from 2.14 × 104 to 5.56 × 104 genome copies per 25 grams (gc 25 g-1 ) for the water and lettuce samples, respectively. Such findings suggest that the use of viruses as human fecal contamination markers must be considered in order to improve food safety in organic supply chains.
Assuntos
Enterovirus/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia Ambiental , Contaminação de Alimentos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Lactuca/virologia , Brasil , Humanos , Carga ViralRESUMO
Investigation of major viruses responsible for acute viral gastroenteritis, such as norovirus (NoV), rotavirus species A (RVA) and human adenovirus (HAdV), was conducted in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro in a lettuce-producing area. Irrigation water and lettuce samples were collected at different production stages. Viruses were concentrated using an adsorption-elution method and detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We detected HAdV in all collection points, although no virus infectivity was shown. The RVA was the most prevalent virus from both water (16.7% [10/60]) and lettuce samples (11.1% [4/36]), with loads ranging from 2.97 × 102 to 6.88 × 103 genomic copies per litre (gc L-1) and 6.24 × 102 to 1.30 × 104 gc per 25 g, respectively. NoV was detected in 8.33% [8/96] in water and lettuce samples, with concentrations ranging from 7.29 × 101 to 1.92 × 103 gc L-1 and from 4.29 × 101 to 2.98 × 103 gc 25 g-1, respectively. Escherichia coli values also demonstrated poor quality of the irrigation and washing water. The presence of at least two different virus strains in all sites reveals the need to improve basic sanitation measures in order to increase food safety.
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Gastroenterite/virologia , Lactuca/virologia , Irrigação Agrícola , Brasil , Infecções por Caliciviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Fezes/virologia , Gastroenterite/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Norovirus/genética , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , Saúde Pública , RNA Viral/genética , Rotavirus/genética , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rotavirus/transmissão , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia , Saneamento , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
A monografia farmacopeica da vacina tríplice viral (sarampo/caxumba/rubéola) exige a validação de desempenho do ensaio de potência utilizando-se apropriado material de referência (MR). Com o intuito de estabelecer o primeiro MR de trabalho (MRT) nacional para a vacina tríplice viral, foi realizado o estudo colaborativo nacional com a participação de duas únicas instituições que executam o ensaio de potência desta vacina, o Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos, produtor nacional) e o Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde.O material candidato (cMRTBio), preparado pelo produtor, foi avaliado pelos laboratórios participantes utilizando-se as respectivas metodologias in-house de determinação de potência. O cMRTBio foi considerado apropriado como MR in-house por estar em concordância com as especificações recomendadas nas normativas de compêndios, a saber: variações intra- (< 5 %), inter-ensaios (< 10 %) e entre laboratórios (< 10 %) abaixo dos limites aceitáveis; e potência estimada (log10 CCID50/DH) em 3,72 para sarampo, 4,80 para caxumba e 3,70 para rubéola. Este trabalho reflete o compromisso do único produtor nacional da vacina tríplice viral com a saúde pública, descrevendo-se a expansão da tecnologia, o cumprimento às diretrizes internacionais, o cuidado com o controle da qualidade e culminância para a autossuficiência nacional na produção de vacinas.
The pharmacopoeia monograph for the measles/mumps and rubella (MMR) triple vaccine demands to perform the validation of the potency assay by using the suitable reference material (MR). Aiming at establishing the firstwork MR (MRT) for the MMR triple vaccine, a national collaborative study was performed with the participation of the two unique national institutions working on the vaccine potency evaluation test, the Imunobiological Technology Institute (Bio-Manguinhos, national manufacturer) and the National Institute for Quality Control in Health. The candidate product (cMRTBio) prepared by the manufacturer was evaluated by the participant laboratories by employing the respective in-house methodologies for determining the potency. The cMRTBio was considered suitable as in-house MR, according to the specifications based on the normative compendia, being the intra-assay (< 5 %), inter-assay(< 10 %) and between laboratories variations (< 10 %) below the acceptable limits, and the estimate potency(log10 CCID50/DH) in 3.72 for measles, 4.80 for mumps and 3.70 for rubella. This study reflects the commitment of the unique national MMR vaccine producer to the public health, describing the expansion of technology,the compliance with international guidelines and the careful quality control, leading to the national self-sufficiency in the vaccine production.
Assuntos
Controle de Qualidade , Farmacopeias como Assunto , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola , VacinasRESUMO
The pharmacopoeia monograph for the measles/mumps and rubella (MMR) triple vaccine demands to perform the validation of the potency assay by using the suitable reference material (MR). Aiming at establishing the first work MR (MRT) for the MMR triple vaccine, a national collaborative study was performed with the participation of the two unique national institutions working on the vaccine potency evaluation test, the Imunobiological Technology Institute (Bio-Manguinhos, national manufacturer) and the National Institute for Quality Control in Health. The candidate product (cMRTBio) prepared by the manufacturer was evaluated by the participant laboratories by employing the respective in-house methodologies for determining the potency. The cMRTBio was considered suitable as in-house MR, according to the specifications based on the normative compendia, being the intra-assay ( 5 %), inter-assay( 10 %) and between laboratories variations ( 10 %) below the acceptable limits, and the estimate potency (log10 CCID50/DH) in 3.72 for measles, 4.80 for mumps and 3.70 for rubella. This study reflects the commitment of the unique national MMR vaccine producer to the public health, describing the expansion of technology, the compliance with international guidelines and the careful quality control, leading to the national self-sufficiency in the vaccine production.(AU)
A monografia farmacopeica da vacina tríplice viral (sarampo/caxumba/rubéola) exige a validação de desempenho do ensaio de potência utilizando-se apropriado material de referência (MR). Com o intuito de estabelecer o primeiro MR de trabalho (MRT) nacional para a vacina tríplice viral, foi realizado o estudo colaborativo nacional com a participação de duas únicas instituições que executam o ensaio de potência desta vacina, o Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos, produtor nacional) e o Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde. O material candidato (cMRTBio), preparado pelo produtor, foi avaliado pelos laboratórios participantes utilizando-se as respectivas metodologias in-house de determinação de potência. O cMRTBio foi considerado apropriado como MR in-house por estar em concordância com as especificações recomendadas nas normativas de compêndios, a saber: variações intra- ( 5 %), inter-ensaios ( 10 %) e entre laboratórios ( 10 %) abaixo dos limites aceitáveis; e potência estimada (log10 CCID50/DH) em 3,72 para sarampo, 4,80 para caxumba e 3,70 para rubéola. Este trabalho reflete o compromisso do único produtor nacional da vacina tríplice viral com a saúde pública, descrevendo-se a expansão da tecnologia, o cumprimento às diretrizes internacionais, o cuidado com o controle da qualidade e culminância para a autossuficiência nacional na produção de vacinas.(AU)
Assuntos
Potência de Vacina , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola , Obras Médicas de Referência , Vacinas/normasRESUMO
Although infection by Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a model of extracellular mucosal pathogenesis, different clones have been also associated with invasive infections such as sepsis, endocarditis, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. The mechanisms that promote C. diphtheriae infection and haematogenic dissemination need further investigation. In this study we evaluated the association and invasion mechanisms with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and experimental arthritis in mice of endocarditis-associated strains and control non-invasive strains. C. diphtheriae strains were able to adhere to and invade HUVECs at different levels. The endocarditis-associated strains displayed an aggregative adherence pattern and a higher number of internalized viable cells in HUVECs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed intracellular bacteria free in the cytoplasm and/or contained in a host-membrane-confined compartment as single micro-organisms. Data showed bacterial internalization dependent on microfilament and microtubule stability and involvement of protein phosphorylation in the HUVEC signalling pathway. A high number of affected joints and high arthritis index in addition to the histopathological features indicated a strain-dependent ability of C. diphtheriae to cause severe polyarthritis. A correlation between the arthritis index and increased systemic levels of IL-6 and TNF-α was observed for endocarditis-associated strains. In conclusion, higher incidence of potential mechanisms by which C. diphtheriae may access the bloodstream through the endothelial barrier and stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, in addition to the ability to affect the joints and induce arthritis through haematogenic spread are thought to be related to the pathogenesis of endocarditis-associated strains.
Assuntos
Corynebacterium diphtheriae/fisiologia , Endocardite/microbiologia , Células Endoteliais/microbiologia , Animais , Artrite/microbiologia , Aderência Bacteriana , Linhagem Celular , Citocinas/biossíntese , Endocardite/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Feminino , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/microbiologia , Humanos , CamundongosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study sought to evaluate infections related to health care caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococci in a neonatal intensive care unit by assessing antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and potentially effective antibiotic regimens. METHODS: This was a retrospective descriptive study performed on a case series of healthcare-associated infections, and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were evaluated. Newborns from other hospitals who were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in Rio de Janeiro between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2012, were studied. RESULTS: In total, 765 patients were admitted, totaling 3,051 patient-days, and the incidence density of general infection was 18.9 per 1,000 patient-days. The rate of central venous catheter use was 71.6%, and the positive culture rate for all sites and all infections related to health care were 68.4%. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci were identified in 11 (19.2%) of 57 health care-related infections, and infections with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida sp. constituted 5 cases each. Of the 11 cases of coagulase-negative Staphylococci, 10 (90.9%) were primary bloodstream infections. The sensitivity of the coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolates to vancomycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, oxacillin and gentamycin was 100%, 81.8%, 72.7%, 27.2% and 22.2%, respectively. There were no deaths directly attributed to coagulase-negative Staphylococci infection. CONCLUSION: Coagulase-negative Staphylococci was the main agent identified in healthcare-associated infections, with low rates of infections related to central venous catheter. In hospitals with a high oxacillin resistance profile, similar to those included in this study, vancomycin may be used as an initial therapy, although clindamycin represents a viable alternative.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Coagulase , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos Retrospectivos , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus/enzimologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Avaliar as infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde, em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, causadas pelo Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, verificando o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana e possíveis esquemas antibióticos eficazes. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo retrospectivo de uma série de casos de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde tardias de origem hospitalar atribuída ao Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, avaliando o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana. Foram estudados os recém-nascidos internados entre 1º de janeiro de 2010 a 30 de junho de 2012 em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sendo todos os pacientes oriundos de outras unidades. RESULTADOS: Foram admitidos 765 pacientes, totalizando 3.051 pacientes-dia e uma densidade de incidência de infecção geral de 18,9 por 1.000 pacientes-dia. A taxa de utilização de cateteres venosos centrais foi de 71,6% e a positividade das culturas de todos os sítios para todas as infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde foi de 68,4%. O Staphylococcus coagulase negativa foi implicado em 11 (19,2%) das 57 infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde e Klebsiela pneumoniae produtor de betalactamase de espectro estendido e Candida sp em 5 ocasiões cada. Das 11 infecções, 10 (90,9%) foram atribuídas a infecções primárias de corrente sanguínea. A sensibilidade dos isolados de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa em relação à vancomicina, clindamicina, ciprofloxacin, oxacilina e gentamicina foi de 100%, 81,8%, 72,7%, 27,2%, 22,2%, respectivamente. Não houve óbito atribuído diretamente à infecção por Staphylococcus coagulase negativa. CONCLUSÃO: O Staphylococcus ...
OBJECTIVE: This study sought to evaluate infections related to health care caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococci in a neonatal intensive care unit by assessing antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and potentially effective antibiotic regimens. METHODS: This was a retrospective descriptive study performed on a case series of healthcare-associated infections, and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were evaluated. Newborns from other hospitals who were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in Rio de Janeiro between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2012, were studied. RESULTS: In total, 765 patients were admitted, totaling 3,051 patient-days, and the incidence density of general infection was 18.9 per 1,000 patient-days. The rate of central venous catheter use was 71.6%, and the positive culture rate for all sites and all infections related to health care were 68.4%. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci were identified in 11 (19.2%) of 57 health care-related infections, and infections with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida sp. constituted 5 cases each. Of the 11 cases of coagulase-negative Staphylococci, 10 (90.9%) were primary bloodstream infections. The sensitivity of the coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolates to vancomycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, oxacillin and gentamycin was 100%, 81.8%, 72.7%, 27.2% and 22.2%, respectively. There were no deaths directly attributed to coagulase-negative Staphylococci infection. CONCLUSION: Coagulase-negative Staphylococci was the main agent identified in healthcare-associated infections, with low rates of infections related to central venous catheter. In hospitals with a high oxacillin resistance profile, similar to those included in this study, vancomycin may be used as an initial therapy, although clindamycin represents a viable alternative. .
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Coagulase , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos Retrospectivos , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus/enzimologiaRESUMO
We evaluated the accuracy and interobserver variation of 3 clinical decision rules for streptoccocal pharyngitis diagnosis. Oropharyngeal swab culture was the reference. The Abu Reesh rule had the highest sensitivity and the World Health Organization rule showed the highest specificity. The interobserver variation of those rules indicates the need for better training of clinicians.
Assuntos
Medicina Clínica/métodos , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Faringite/diagnóstico , Infecções Estreptocócicas/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Orofaringe/microbiologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolamento & purificaçãoAssuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Pseudomonas/microbiologia , Pseudomonas putida/metabolismo , Pseudomonas stutzeri/metabolismo , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Criança , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Feminino , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Lactente , Meningites Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Meningites Bacterianas/microbiologia , Pseudomonas putida/genética , Pseudomonas stutzeri/genética , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
The increasing number of pertussis cases reported on the last twenty years and the existence of new acellular vaccines reinforce the need of research for experimental models to assure the quality of available pertussis vaccines. In this study, allotments of whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines were tested through the Intranasal Challenge Model (INM) using conventional NIH mice. The results have been compared to those achieved by the "Gold standard" Intracerebral Challenge Model (ICM). In contrast to ICM, INM results did not show intralaboratorial variations. Statistical analysis by Anova and Ancova tests revealed that the INM presented reproducibility and allowed identification and separation of different products, including three-component and four-component accellular pertussis vaccines. INM revealed differences between pertussis vaccines. INM provides lower distress to the mice allowing the reduction of mice number including the possibility of using conventional mice (less expensive) under non-aseptic environment. Thus, INM may be used as an alternative method of verifying the consistence of allotment production, including acellular pertussis vaccines.
Assuntos
Bordetella pertussis/imunologia , Vacina contra Coqueluche/imunologia , Coqueluche/imunologia , Administração Intranasal , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Imunidade Celular , Masculino , Camundongos , Vacina contra Coqueluche/efeitos adversos , Vacina contra Coqueluche/normas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Tempo , Vacinas Acelulares/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Acelulares/imunologia , Vacinas Acelulares/normas , Vacinas Sintéticas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/normas , Coqueluche/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The increasing number of pertussis cases reported on the last twenty years and the existence of new acellular vaccines reinforce the need of research for experimental models to assure the quality of available pertussis vaccines. In this study, allotments of whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines were tested through the Intranasal Challenge Model (INM) using conventional NIH mice. The results have been compared to those achieved by the "Gold standard" Intracerebral Challenge Model (ICM). In contrast to ICM, INM results did not show intralaboratorial variations. Statistical analysis by Anova and Ancova tests revealed that the INM presented reproducibility and allowed identification and separation of different products, including three-component and four-component accellular pertussis vaccines. INM revealed differences between pertussis vaccines. INM provides lower distress to the mice allowing the reduction of mice number including the possibility of using conventional mice (less expensive) under non-aseptic environment. Thus, INM may be used as an alternative method of verifying the consistence of allotment production, including acellular pertussis vaccines.