RESUMO
PIP: This work argues that policies derived from the structural adjustment programs imposed upon Mexico by international financial institutions will have devastating effects on the living conditions of the elderly. The spread of poverty and the disappearance of social security systems based on the principal of generational solidarity affect ever larger proportions of the aged. Lack of pensions and of employment opportunities sentence many to misery in their last years. Because of demographic aging resulting from reduced fertility and mortality levels, the elderly will comprise an increasing share of the population. The change is particularly significant for women, who most often care for the elderly and whose greater survival at a time of smaller families will lead many to live alone in poverty. Social security reforms produced by the adjustment leave increasing proportions of women unprotected, despite their earlier economic activity. It is evident that the differential effects of aging on men and women are another reflection of gender inequity, exacerbated by adjustment policies. Public actions to confront the problems of older adults should be part of a population policy contained within an integrated social policy. It remains to be seen whether a model featuring reduced state action will be capable of explicit policies and concrete programs to protect the elderly.^ieng
Assuntos
Idoso , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Administração Financeira , Relações Interpessoais , Assistência a Idosos , Dinâmica Populacional , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto , Fatores Etários , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Seguridade SocialRESUMO
PIP: Mexican fertility levels did not change dramatically in the years 1988-97, but maintained a gradual downward trend. In the late 1960s and the entire decade of the 1970s, the fertility decline was spectacular. National fertility surveys beginning in 1976 have provided rich information on fertility trends and their determinants, which along with census data reveal the history of the past 3 decades of fertility change. The 1995 total fertility rate of 2.9 was less than one-half of the 1965 total fertility rate of 7.1. The age pattern of fertility has also changed, with the proportion of births to younger mothers progressively increasing. The average age at childbirth declined from 29.2 in 1965 to 27.4 in 1995. The 1995 age-specific fertility rate for women over 35 was one-fourth that of 1965. Sterilization is the most widely used contraceptive method among women over 30, and, at present, 70% of women over 35 are sterilized. The decline in adolescent fertility is due primarily to the rise in average age at first marriage. The marital fertility rate among women 15-19 years old remains at about 400/1000, a high level explained by the frequency of marriages to legitimize prenuptial conceptions. Comparison of fertility data for 5-year periods shows the impact of contraceptive usage and of the family planning program, especially during 1975-80, when the public family planning program was most active. The age pattern of fertility decline suggests that women used contraception more to limit than to space fertility. Fluctuations in fertility after 1980 appear to be linked to the relaxation of public sector family planning activities. The average number of children born by age 40 declined from 5.68 for women born in 1941-45 to 3.46 for those born in 1955-60.^ieng
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Planejamento em Saúde , América , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
PIP: "Given the current necessity to forecast the medium and long range scenarios in Latin America, sociological analyses of demographic trends have become very relevant. Welti argues that it is essential to reflect upon the relationship between population and development. This is even more critical now that all seems to revolve around the search for growth via structural adjustment. The author analyzes the present demographic setting in Latin America and the impact of demographic policies undertaken within structural adjustment." (EXCERPT)^ieng
Assuntos
Demografia , Economia , Dinâmica Populacional , Política Pública , Mudança Social , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , PopulaçãoRESUMO
A survey was carried out between May and October, 1991 in eleven federal entities to know the correct household diarrhea case management (EMECADI). It was observed that among the 15,125 children less than five years old the punctual prevalence was of 6.4% (970 children); the incidence in the previous two weeks was 14.5% (1,605 children) and the annual incidence of diarrhea was 4.5 episodes per child per year. Among the children who presented diarrhea in the 24 hours, the following rates were observed: use of oral hydration solution, 17.1%; use of recommended homemade fluids, 63.2%; oral hydration therapy use, 63.2%; increased fluids, 29.9%; correct oral serum preparation, 60.0%; continued breast-feeding, 75.0%; continued feeding, 59.8%; adequate knowledge about seeking care, 12.5%, and drugs use, 53.2%. The reference and nutritional components should improved.
Assuntos
Diarreia Infantil/terapia , Diarreia/terapia , Assistência Domiciliar , Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Pré-Escolar , Intervalos de Confiança , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/mortalidade , Diarreia Infantil/epidemiologia , Diarreia Infantil/mortalidade , Hidratação/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistência Domiciliar/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
PIP: There is consensus among demographers that, in countries where abortion is illegal, its magnitude cannot be estimated directly and can be estimated indirectly only with great difficulty. Because of the difficulty of quantifying the practice of abortion in Mexico, its occurrence is neglected in discussions of the country's demographic problems. But apart from issues of women's rights or health consequences, it is necessary that the general population, politicians, and opinion leaders assess abortion in its relationship to fertility and population growth. Study in numerous countries with varying socioeconomic characteristics suggests that no country can achieve a population growth rate near 1% without recourse to induced abortion as a complement to effective contraceptive usage. Experience shows that no country has achieved a total fertility rate under 2.2 without abortion. Observation of the demographic transition suggests that there are three phases in the relative role of induced abortion. In the first, fertility levels are high in the absence of contraception, and abortion is practiced but is not responsible for most intrauterine mortality. At a second stage, abortion becomes very important as the population begins to control fertility but lacks access to effective contraception. In the third stage, use of effective contraception permits fertility to be controlled, and abortion is used when contraception fails or is not used. National surveys indicate that in the 1960s, most Mexican women had 7 children and fewer than 10% used contraception. At present, most Mexican women in union use effective contraception, but a significant proportion still do not. Women not using contraception but not desiring more children and women whose methods fail constitute a pool of potential abortion seekers. Computer simulation models employing data from national fertility surveys have been used to estimate the different combinations of contraception and abortion that result in observed or projected total fertility rates. Assuming that in Mexico at present, 60% of couples limit their fertility after two children, that the total fertility rate is 3, and that the level of effectiveness of contraception is 95%, the implied total induced abortion rate is approximately 0.7 abortions per women at the end of her reproductive life. This level represents around 20% of current fertility. The abortion rate will decrease with increases in contraceptive efficacy, but the sociocultural conditions of the population, qualitative characteristics of family planning programs, and current state of contraceptive technology will limit increases in contraceptive efficacy in the short term in Mexico.^ieng
Assuntos
Aborto Criminoso , Demografia , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Modelos Teóricos , Aborto Induzido , América , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
PIP: The author analyzes changes in the crude birth rate in Mexico between 1970 and 1987, with a focus on the impact of declining marital fertility, changes in the proportions of women in conjugal unions by age group, and changes in the age and sex distribution of the population. Data are from national fertility surveys conducted in Mexico in 1976, 1982, and 1987.^ieng
Assuntos
Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Fertilidade , Estado Civil , Casamento , Distribuição por Sexo , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
PIP: During the past years Mexico has faced a growing problem among teenagers. 15% of all births are to teen-age mothers. A large proportion of women who get pregnant during their adolescence are forced to face 3 options: 1) marriage; 2) have the baby without marriage; and 3) an abortion. Since abortion is illegal and limited in Mexico, most teenage mothers either live with the father or remain a single parent for may years. According to the 1987 Health and Fertility Survey, 37% of children of mothers under 15 were conceived by single women. This % increases with age reaching 18% among women who had their 1st child between 20-24. In spite of the gravity of the problem, there has been a decline in the % of women having children before 20; a decline of 40% for women born between 1935-1940 and 35% for those born between 1960- 1965. National survey data demonstrate educational differences between women who attended school as against those that did not: 60% of illiterate women had their 1st child during adolescence as against 10% of women with some secondary schooling.^ieng
Assuntos
Aborto Criminoso , Adolescente , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Cultura , Escolaridade , Fertilidade , Ilegitimidade , Idade Materna , Gravidez na Adolescência , Estatística como Assunto , Aborto Induzido , Fatores Etários , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Características da Família , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Relações Familiares , América Latina , México , Mães , América do Norte , Pais , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Comportamento Sexual , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: The last 2 decades represent a period of demographic change in developing countries marked by decreased fecundity. In Mexico, 20 years ago the average women had 7 live children at the end of her reproductive years, a figure that was not expected to decline. The change is attributed almost entirely to increased use of contraceptives by married couples. In the early 1970's, the Mexican government adopted an explicit antinatalist policy, and acted to reduce the costs of contraception. The differential fecundity between urban and rural areas has increased from 13% in 1970 to 25% in 1976, and a similar change occurred for the differential fertility along educational level, due to the more rapid decrease in fecundity among urban and educated groups of women. Increased economic participation of women is also believed to have contributed to decreased fecundity. In 1968, there were 6765 children per 1000 women aged 15-44, which declined to a fecundity of 3755 children/1000 women in 1986, a 44.3%^ieng