RESUMO
The prevalence and determinants of primary caesarean section in Jamaica were estimated from a survey of women aged 14-49 years. Among 2328 women reporting 2395 live hospital births during the period January 1984 to May 1989, the prevalence of caesarean section was 4.1%. Repeat caesarean sections accounted for 1.3% of the hospital births during that period. Of the medical complications studied, prolonged labour and/or cephalopelvic disproportion carried the highest risks of primary caesarean section, followed by breech presentation, maternal diabetes, a high birth-weight baby, maternal hypertension, and a low birth-weight baby. The risk of primary caesarean section increased with maternal age, decreased with parity, was higher for urban than for rural residents, and was higher for births in private versus government hospitals.
PIP: Researchers analyzed data on 2395 hospital births which occurred to 2328 14-49 year old women between January 1984 and May 1989 living in 7 parishes of Jamaica to determine the prevalence and factors of cesarean section. The primary cesarean section rate for the 5.5-year period was 4.1% which is lower than the rates of some developing countries and of some developed countries such as the US. The repeat cesarean section rate was 1.3%. Cephalopelvic disproportion and/or prolonged labor (abnormal labor) accounted for 17.4% of all primary cesarean sections. Abnormal labor carried the greatest risk of primary cesarean section (logistic regression model beta=1.9). Other delivery complications which posed considerable risk of cesarean section included breech presentation (beta=1.68), maternal diabetes (beta=0.84), maternal hypertension (beta=0.47), large birth weight infant (beta=0.4), and low birth weight infant (beta=-0.15). These complications made up 22.3%, 7.1%, 7.4%, and 5.3% of all primary cesarean sections, respectively. Nonmedical determinants of primary cesarean section included 30-year old women (beta=1.04), 1-2 births (beta=-1.27), urban residence (beta=0.75), and delivering in a private hospital (beta=0.59). 5.3% of 30-year old mothers underwent a cesarean section compared with 3.8% of 30-year old mothers. 5.2% of women of parity 1-2 had a cesarean section whereas only 2.3% of those of parity =or 3 did. Urban mothers were more likely to have a cesarean section than were rural mothers (5.4% vs. 3.3%). 7.6% of mothers delivering at a private hospital underwent a cesarean section compared with 3.9% of those delivering at a government hospital. Well-designed studies of infant mortality in Jamaica can determine whether the country can attain low levels of early infant mortality while keeping its current low rate of cesarean section.
Assuntos
Cesárea/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Jamaica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
In El Salvador from 1978 to 1988, contraceptive use among married women 15-44 years of age increased from 34% to 47%, and the total fertility rate declined from 6.3 to 4.6 children per woman. Most of this change took place from 1978 to 1985. Sterilization is the most prevalent method used, but nearly one-half of the women who are sterilized did not use any contraception before their operation. Few young couples use reversible methods of contraception to space births or delay the start of childbearing. On average, women wait 8 years after marriage and have nearly three children before they use contraception.
Assuntos
Anticoncepção , Fertilidade , Adolescente , Adulto , El Salvador , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Using Bongaarts' model, the relative importance of the proximate determinants of fertility is explored in five populations on the US-Mexico border. For the groups closest to natural fertility (the two Mexican groups), lactation, use of contraception, and marriage all were moderately important in terms of their direct effect on fertility. For the group with lowest fertility (Anglo-American), contraceptive use was an important factor inhibiting fertility; marriage was important but not nearly as important as contraceptive use. For the two US Mexican-American groups, contraceptive use was an important intermediate variable, not as important as for Anglo-Americans, but more important than it was for the two populations in Mexico. The proportion married was a moderately important factor for the Mexican-American groups. For these five populations the principal differences in fertility rates result from substantial differences in the use of effective contraception. Bongaarts' model proved very useful as an analytical framework in this study.
PIP: The relative importance of the proximate determinants of fertility is explored in 5 populations on the US-Mexico border using Bongaarts' model. These are: Mexican nationals who do not live in the 6 northern states that border the US; Mexican nationals who live in those 6 northern Mexican states; Mexican-Americans who were born in Mexico but now reside in the 4 US states that border Mexico and who prefer to speak Spanish at home; Mexican-Americans who were born in the US, live in the 4 US states that border Mexico, identify themselves as Mexican-American or Chicanos, and prefer to speak English at home, and Anglo-Americans who were born in the US, have non-Spanish surnames, and live in the 4 US states that border Mexico. For the groups closest to natural fertility (the 2 Mexican groups), lactation, use of contraception, and marriage all were moderately important in terms of their direct effect on fertility. For the group with the lowest fertility (Anglo-American), contraceptive use was an important factor inhibiting fertility; marriage was important but not nearly as important as contraceptive use. For the 2 US Mexican-American groups, contraceptive use was an important intermediate variable, not as important for Anglo-Americans, but more important than it was for the 2 populations in Mexico. The proportion married was a moderately important factor for the Mexican-American groups. For these 5 populations the principle differences in fertility rates result from substantial differences in the use of effective contraception. Bongaarts' model proved very useful as an analytical framework in this study.
Assuntos
Anticoncepção , Fertilidade , Hispânico ou Latino , Lactação , Casamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This paper examines the association between fertility and religious affiliation among Puerto Ricans. Bongaarts' proximate determinants framework is used to compare religious categories on behaviors that directly affect fertility. We found no difference in recent fertility between Catholics and non-Catholics in Puerto Rico (total fertility rate = 2.5). We also found Catholics and non-Catholics to be similar on age at first marriage (23.3 and 23.4 years, respectively), contraceptive use (71 percent and 69 percent of married women currently contracepting), and breast-feeding practices (mean duration of breast-feeding of 4.4 and 4.3 months). Differences were observed between less committed and more committed Catholics in total fertility rate, age at first marriage, and contraceptive use, but these differences were not large and were in the opposite direction from the expected. Our findings support the theory of convergence of Catholic and non-Catholic fertility for the US. Our discrepancy with findings from the National Survey of Family Growth is evidence of the cultural diversity in the US Hispanic population and indicates the importance of disaggregating by ethnicity or national origin when studying this population.
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Catolicismo , Religião e Medicina , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticoncepção/estatística & dados numéricos , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , Humanos , Casamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paridade , Porto RicoRESUMO
In 1987, 38 percent of married Paraguayan women aged 15-44 were practicing contraception, with oral contraceptives being the most prevalent method. Fertility rates for the population were at corresponding levels, with an overall fertility rate of 5.4 births per woman. Fertility has not changed substantially for the nation as a whole since 1979, and contraceptive use has increased by only 6 percentage points. Findings from the present study are consistent with the lack of a public sector family planning program in the country. Pharmacies are the principal source of contraceptives in the country. Twenty-two percent of all women and one-third of married women are at risk of having an unplanned pregnancy. The greatest impact on contraceptive use can be made if new and continued program efforts focus n the interior of the Oriental region of the country.
PIP: In 1987, staff from the International Planned Parenthood Federation affiliate in Paraguay (CEPEP) with technical assistance from the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) selected 1500 households in metropolitan Asuncion and the interior of the Oriental region (the Interior) to study contraceptive behavior and fertility. Eligible respondents to the survey consisted of women 15 to 44 years old, regardless of marital status. Researchers interviewed only 1 woman per household and completed 2224 interviews. The 1987 overall fertility rate of 5.4 births per woman did not change much since 1979 (4.9), and contraceptive use only increased from 32.1% to 37.6%. Metropolitan Asuncion reported the highest prevalence (more than 50%). In terms of methods to control family size, oral contraceptive (OC) led the list of contraceptive use at 13.5%, followed by native herbs called yuyos at 7.2% and intrauterine devices (IUDS) at 5.1%. After the Paraguayan MOH stopped providing family planning services through MOH facilities in 1979, pharmacies became the primary source of contraceptives (51%). Prior to 1979, the MOH supplied 45% of all contraceptives. Findings in the survey indicated that 22% of all women and 33% of married women are at risk of having an unplanned pregnancy. Also the women exhibited a strong interest in spacing or limiting family size, but because the public sector does not provide contraceptives women cannot do so.
Assuntos
Anticoncepção , Fertilidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Aleitamento Materno , Escolaridade , Características da Família , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Magnoliopsida , Paraguai , Gravidez , Projetos de Pesquisa , População Rural , População UrbanaRESUMO
PIP: From 1976 to 1984 important demographic changes occurred in Panama. The total fertility rate declined from 4.5 to 3.7, and contraceptive use among married women 20-44 years of age increased from 55% to 63%. However, using data from 3 national level reproductive health surveys which were conducted in Panama in 1976, 1979, and 1984, we found that most of the changes took place between 1976 and 1979. Since 1979, overall contraceptive use and fertility have remained virtually unchanged, although there has been an important method-mix shift toward an increase in the use of contraceptive sterilization and IUD's, with an accompanying decline in the use of oral contraceptives. Although the singulate mean age at marriage remained relatively constant, the average duration of breastfeeding rose 23% during the period. Further gains in contraceptive prevalence and reduction in unplanned fertility in Panama will largely depend on enhanced program efforts 1st begun in the early 1970's by the Panama Ministry of Health. Future program efforts especially should be directed toward encouraging young couples to space their children more effectively by using temporary methods of contraception. The surveys used for this analysis were the 1976 Panama National Fertility Survey of the World Fertility Survey program, the 1979 Panama Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (Westinghouse), and the 1984 Panama Maternal-Child Health/Family Planning Survey.^ieng
Assuntos
Anticoncepção/tendências , Fertilidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Aleitamento Materno , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Casamento , Panamá , GravidezRESUMO
PIP: This paper presents data from 2 recent maternal-child health (MCH) and family planning surveys in Guatemala and Panama and examines the extent to which the use of contraception is influenced by the use of MCH services as compared with the influence of an increase in parity. Fieldwork was initiated in July 1984 but not completed until April 1985. A total of 8240 women aged 15-49 years, of all marital statuses, completed interviews, representing 91% of households with eligible respondents. The findings suggest that utilization of MCH services and parity independently are associated with a woman's decision to use contraception. The study also found 2 groups that appear to be particularly in need of both MCH and family planning services: high parity women and Indians. Nonuse of MCH and family planning services may be due in part to their strong cultural beliefs. In both Guatemala and Panama, improved health care services for these 2 groups should be a priority. Contraceptive use in Panama was over twice as high as in Guatemala. However, method choice and residence-ethnicity patterns of use were similar in each country. In both countries and in all residence-ethnicity groups, female sterilization was the most prevalent method in use, followed by oral contraceptives, except for Panama rural Indians. In Panama, contraceptive use increases up to ages 30-34 and then declines, with a sharp decline for women 40-44. In Guatemala, contraceptive use is generally low for ages 15-24, then increases to a fairly constant level for ages 25-39.^ieng
Assuntos
Comportamento Contraceptivo , Serviços de Saúde Materna/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Guatemala , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Panamá , GravidezRESUMO
PIP: The 1984 Maternal-Child Health and Family Planning survey of Panama was the first to achieve nationwide coverage by including 2 provinces with large indigenous populations that were excluded from the 1976 Panama Fertility Survey and the 1979 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey. The 1984 survey indicated a total fertility rate 4.0 children/woman or 3.7 excluding the 2 provinces not included in the previous surveys. The total fertility rate was estimated at 4.5 in 1976 and 3.9 in 1979. In 1979, rural women had 2.5 children more than urban women, but by 1984 the difference was reduced to 1.3. Including the 2 predominantly indigenous provinces, the total fertility rates were 5.0 children for the rural population and 3.2 for the urban population. The 1984 there were wide regional variations in fertility. The total fertility rate was 6.3 in the predominantly rural and indigenous provinces, 4.3 in the predominantly rural nonindigenous provinces, and 3.2 in urban areas. 10% of women stated that their most recent birth had been unwanted. The proportion of women giving birth within the previous 2 years who stated they had breast fed their babies increased from 80% in 1979 to 93% in 1984 and the average duration of breast feeding increased from 9.5 to 10.3 months. Between 16-79, contraceptive usage among currently married women aged 20-44 years increased from 53% to 63%, with 10% increases in both rural and urban areas. Between 1979-84, the level of contraceptive usage remained about the same and even showed a slight decline in urban areas. The proportion of women sterilized increased from 32.3% in 1979 to 36.8% in 1984, the proportion using pills declined for 18.9% to 12.2%, and the proportion using IUDs increased from 3.8% to 6.4%. Changes in use of rhythm, condoms, and other methods were slight. 58.2% of currently married women aged 15-44 used a contraceptive method in 1984, with use increasing with age to over 70% among women aged 35 or more. Pills are the most used method among men aged 15-19 and 20-24, but sterilization is the most popular method for women 25 or over. Over 80% of women aged 35 or over who use a method are sterilized. Among women in union aged 15-44, 43.2 in rural indigenous provinces, 56.7% in rural nonindigenous provinces, and 63.7% in the urban province used a method. The level of use varied from 52.7% of those with less than primary educations to 65.9% of those with university educations. 75% of married, fertile women who did not want additional children stated they would be interested in sterilization, but over 1/4 of them had been denied sterilization services by physicians because they were too young or had too few children. An estimated 61,400 Panamanian women, or about 13% of women aged 15-44 years, are in need of family planning services. The unmet need for services is especially high in rural areas, among women aged 20-34, among the less educated, and in the indigenous population.^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Coleta de Dados , Demografia , Escolaridade , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , População , Pesquisa , População Rural , Comportamento Sexual , População Urbana , América , Aleitamento Materno , América Central , Anticoncepção , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Etnicidade , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , América Latina , América do Norte , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Panamá , Estudos de Amostragem , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
This paper examines the proximate determinants of fertility in Puerto Rico using data from a 1982 island-wide study. Contraceptive use was found to be the primary direct determinant of fertility in Puerto Rico, both for the total population and for each level of education studied. Female sterilization is the most prevalent method of contraception used in Puerto Rico at each educational level. Marriage is also important in Puerto Rico and is the only proximate determinant that varies across education groups. Late age at first marriage, in addition to high contraceptive use, accounts for the below-replacement fertility of women who have more than a high school education. In contrast, women who have not completed high school tend to marry early and not practice contraception for birth-spacing purposes. This study shows the advantages of analyzing fertility determinants at the population subgroup level (i.e., women of various educational attainment levels) so that the fertility of the total population can be better understood.
PIP: The present study focused on 2 issues: which proximate determinant of fertility is most important in Puerto Rico and whether the importance of the proximate determinants differs across education groups. Contraceptive use was found to be the primary direct determinant of fertility in Puerto Rico, both for the total population and for each level of education studied. Female sterilization is the most prevalent method of contraception used in Puerto Rico at each educational level. Marriage is also important in Puerto Rico and is the only proximate determinant that varies across education groups. Late age at 1st marriage, in addition to high contraceptive use, accounts for the below-replacement fertility of women who have more than a high school education. In contrast, women who have not completed high school tend to marry early and not practice contraception for birth spacing purposes. Overall, Puerto Rico is in the final phase of the fertility transition, with high rates of controlled fertility. This study shows the advantages of analyzing fertility determinants at the population subgroup level so that the fertility of the total population can be better understood.
Assuntos
Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticoncepção/métodos , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Casamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Porto RicoAssuntos
Esterilização Reprodutiva , Adolescente , Adulto , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Escolaridade , Feminino , Fertilidade , Humanos , Casamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Porto RicoRESUMO
In 1982, 69 percent of Puerto Rican women in union were practicing contraception. Forty-five percent relied on contraceptive sterilization (40 percent, female, and five percent, male), eight percent were using the pill, four percent each, the IUD and the condom, five percent relied on rhythm, and three percent were using other methods. Thus, sterilization is the dominant form of fertility regulation in Puerto Rico, and there is relatively little use of reversible methods for childspacing. Reliance on female sterilization peaks among women in union in the age-group 35-44 (54 percent), whereas pill use is highest among those aged 15-24 (approximately 23 percent). Overall, eight percent of all women aged 15-49 are at risk of unintended pregnancy because they are fecund, sexually active, not pregnant or seeking pregnancy and not using any kind of contraceptive method. However, among women in union, this risk ranges from nine percent among those aged 30-39 to 22 percent among women aged 15-19. Reliance on sterilization rather than reversible methods of contraception is strongly influenced by socio-demographic variables. Women with less than a high school education, the wives of blue-collar workers, women living outside of the major cities and those born in Puerto Rico depend upon sterilization more than do women with a college education, the wives of white-collar employees, women living in cities and those born outside of the country. These findings point to the need for improved availability of reversible family planning services, especially for young women, and those whose childbearing is incomplete.
PIP: In 1982, 69% of Puerto Rican women in union were practicing contraception. 45% relied on contraceptive sterilization (40%, female, and 5%, male), 8% were using the pill, 4% each, the IUD and the condom. 5% relied on rhythm, and 3% were using other methods. Thus, sterilization is the dominant form of fertility regulation in Puerto Rico, and there is relatively little use of reversible methods for child spacing. Reliance on female sterilization peaks among women in union in the age-group 35-44 (54%), whereas pill use is highest among those aged 15-24 (approximately 23%). Overall, 8% of all women aged 15-49 are at risk of unintended pregnancy because they are fecund, sexually active, not pregnant or seeking pregnancy and not using any kind of contraceptive method. However, among women in union, this risk ranges from 9% among those aged 30-39 to 22% among women aged 15-19. Reliance on sterilization rather than reversible methods of contraception is strongly influenced by socio-demographic variables. Women with less than a high school education, the wives of blue-collar workers, women living outside of the major cities and those born in Puerto Rico depend upon sterilization more than do women with a college education, the wives of the white-collar employees, women living in cities and those born outside of the country. These findings point to the need for improved availability of reversible planning services, especially for young women, and those whose childbearing is incomplete.
Assuntos
Comportamento Contraceptivo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticoncepção/métodos , Anticoncepcionais Orais/administração & dosagem , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Feminino , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Porto Rico , Classe Social , Esterilização TubáriaRESUMO
Little is known about deaths resulting from self-inflicted violent behavior for Hispanic Americans. To learn more about suicide for Hispanics of Mexican origin (Mexican Americans) we focused on the five southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas) in which more than 60% of all Hispanics in the United States reside (86% of whom are Mexican American). We obtained data on the number of suicide deaths in the white population, with Hispanics and Anglos (white, non-Hispanic) identified separately. Suicides of Anglos were used as a comparison group. Results show that the suicide rate for whites in the five southwestern states (15.6) was almost one-fourth higher than the rate for whites nationally (12.7). Suicide rates for the two ethnic groups, however, showed the rate for Hispanics (9.0) to be less than the national rates for whites (12.7) and one-half that of Anglos residing in the same area (17.3). The lower suicide rate for Hispanics relative to Anglos is seen for both males and females. The ratio of male and female suicides for Hispanics was almost twice that for Anglos (4.0 to 1 for Hispanics and 2.3 to 1 for Anglos). More than 1 in 3 Hispanic men who committed suicide and more than 1 in 4 Hispanic women who committed suicide are under the age of 25.
Assuntos
Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Suicídio/epidemiologia , População Branca/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Arizona , California , Colorado , Cultura , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , New Mexico , Risco , Fatores Sexuais , TexasRESUMO
A household probability survey of 1233 Mexican American women and 798 Anglo women residing along the U.S.-Mexico border was conducted. A higher proportion of abstainers was found among the Mexican Americans than among the Anglos in almost every social and demographic category examined (age, marital status, education and employment status). Because the level of alcohol consumption increased markedly with the years of education completed, almost all of the overall ethnic differences observed could be accounted for by the generally lower level of education among the Mexican Americans. However, ethnic subgroups of Mexican American women reported different levels of alcohol consumption that could not be accounted for by differences in education, suggesting that additional ethnic factors contribute to drinking patterns.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Cultura , Escolaridade , Emprego , Feminino , Humanos , Casamento , México/etnologia , Temperança , Texas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Data from personal interviews with 705 Mexican American and 363 Anglo women during the 1979 U.S. Mexico Border Survey were analyzed to answer the question, To what extent do Mexican Americans and Anglos differ in having the number of children they want, when they want them? Mexican Americans had a significantly higher percentage of unwanted births than did Anglos. Much of this difference is related to the fact that Mexican Americans, when compared with Anglos, have completed fewer years of schooling and have incomes closer to the poverty threshold than do Anglos. Both Mexican Americans and Anglos had relatively moderate levels of planned births; thus, neither group is in full control of the number and timing of their births. Our results suggest that there is a substantial need for family planning services for Mexican Americans and Anglos in the Southwest.
Assuntos
Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Hispânico ou Latino , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança não Desejada , Coleta de Dados , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , México/etnologia , Paridade , Pobreza , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos , População BrancaRESUMO
PIP: A study undertaken to determine the differential effects, if any, of supply source on continuation rates of oral contraceptive usage in Mexican women. A sample of 2063 women aged 15 to 49 years was surveyed over a 6 year period ending in 1979. Of this group, 44% initially obtained the pill from the national family planning population program, 39% from pharmacies, and 17% from private physicians. Average age of users of the 3 sources differed by no more than 1/2 year; government program users tend to be less educated and private physician users to be somewhat more educated than the other women. Results show no striking differences in continuation rates among the 3 groups, and do not support the hypothesis that women who use the pill under supervision of a physician will have a higher continuation rate and lower pregnancy rates than those obtaining their oral contraceptives from other sources. In fact, a group of little educated, older, high parity rural women from among the pharmacy users show slightly higher continuation rates and probabilities of contraceptive use than any other user. In addition, there was no group of women whose contraceptive experience with the pharmacy was less favorable than the experience of women seen by a physician or the family planning program. An interaction effect between the service provider and the contraceptive user which facilitates more effective communication may be in operation across all 3 conditions. Many important questions about access to oral contraceptives, such as incidence of contraindications in users, and incidence and nature of side effects among pill users of various sources, remain unanswered. Further research is needed to clarify these issues.^ieng
Assuntos
Comportamento Contraceptivo , Anticoncepcionais Orais/administração & dosagem , Países em Desenvolvimento , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , México , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeAssuntos
Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Hispânico ou Latino , População Branca , Adolescente , Adulto , Arizona , California , Anticoncepção/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , México/etnologia , New Mexico , TexasRESUMO
Lung cancer mortality was reported to be higher among Mexican-American women as compared with Anglo women from 1950 until 1970; however, smoking habits of Mexican-American women have not been adequately described. This study updates lung cancer mortality data in Texas, describes smoking patterns of 1,255 Mexican-American women from a household survey in the four states bordering Mexico, and compares these findings to a reference group of Anglo women residing in the same area. In 1970, lung cancer mortality rates were similar for Mexican-American and Anglo women in Texas; however, by 1974-1976 Mexican-American women in Texas had a 40 per cent lower rate than Anglo women and by 1979, a 49 per cent lower rate. In our 1979 survey results, Mexican-American women reported lower levels of smoking, both in prevalence and amount smoked, as compared with Anglo women. The lower prevalence was reported for all social and demographic categories examined. The relatively low lung cancer mortality rate is most likely due to relatively low levels of cigarette smoking among Mexican-American women. Based on the trend in lung cancer deaths and our survey findings, we would anticipate a continuing low level of lung cancer mortality among Mexican-American women.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Fumar , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Texas , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
In 1979 the Centers for Disease Control conducted a household probability survey of reproductive aged women living in 51 selected US countries on the US-Mexico border. Information on the incidence of breastfeeding for the period 1971-1979 was analyzed on 345 Anglo women and 689 Hispanic women of Mexican origin. Results indicated that the Anglos are following the national trend of increased breastfeeding, but Hispanics show no indication of an increase in the practice of breastfeeding.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Hispânico ou Latino , População Branca , Adolescente , Adulto , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , México/etnologia , Fatores de Tempo , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: The US Center for Disease Control surveyed women of reproductive age living on the US side of the Mexican border as to contraceptive use and source of care. It found that overall contraceptive practice is quite similar among married Hispanic and Anglo (white, non-Hispanic) women: 75% of Anglo and 66% of Hispanics use some method. Among never marrieds however, Anglos are twice as likely as Hispanics to use a method. About 22% of Anglo and 12% of Hispanic women are protected from pregnancy by contraceptive sterilization of themselves or partners, the difference almost entirely attributable to a very low incidence of vasectomy among Hispanic males. The pill is the most popular reversible method among both groups. Hispanic women are more likely to go to Planned Parenthood or health department clinics, Anglo women to go to private physicians or clinics. Unmet need is much higher among Hispanics: about 4 times the proportion of married Hispanic women as comparable Anglo women were at risk of unintended pregnancy and were using no method.^ieng