RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterize body morphology and blood pressure of adults of the Mexican state of Yucatan. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rural-urban differences in weight, height, waist, and hip circumferences, and blood pressure were analyzed in 313 urban and 271 rural subjects. RESULTS: No rural-urban differences in prevalence of obesity and overweight were found. Hypertension was marginally higher in urban subjects. Rural abnormal waist circumference was higher in young men and young women. Comparison with two national surveys and a survey in the aboriginal population (rural mixtecos) showed similar prevalence of obesity as ENSA-2000 and higher than mixtecos and ENEC-1993. Abnormal waist circumference was intermediate between ENSANUT-2006 and mixtecos and hypertension was intermediate between ENEC and mixtecos. CONCLUSION: The Maya and mestizo population of Yucatan showed a high prevalence of obesity and abnormal waist circumference not accompanied by a comparable higher hypertension frequency. This finding requires further confirmation.
Assuntos
Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , População Rural , Fatores Sexuais , População UrbanaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la antropometría y presión arterial de adultos del estado de Yucatán, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron diferencias rural-urbanas por grupos sexo-edad en peso, talla, circunferencias de cintura y cadera, y presión arterial en 313 adultos de origen urbano y 271 del rural, de Yucatán. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencias rural-urbanas en prevalencias de obesidad y sobrepeso, y en hipertensión los urbanos tuvieron valores marginalmente mayores. Se encontró mayor prevalencia rural de cintura anormal sólo en mujeres y hombres jóvenes. La comparación con dos encuestas nacionales y una regional (mixtecos rurales) mostró obesidad similar a la notificada en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000 (ENSA) y mayor que mixtecos y la informada en la Encuesta Nacional de Enfermedades Crónicas 1993 (ENEC). La prevalencia de cintura anormal fue intermedia entre la indicada en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006 (ENSANUT) y mixtecos, y la de hipertensión intermedia entre la notificada en la ENEC y mixtecos. CONCLUSIONES: Las poblaciones maya y mestiza de Yucatán presentaron alta prevalencia de obesidad y cintura anormal que no se acompañaron de prevalencia mayor de hipertensión. Esta observación requiere confirmación.
OBJECTIVE: To characterize body morphology and blood pressure of adults of the Mexican state of Yucatan. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rural-urban differences in weight, height, waist, and hip circumferences, and blood pressure were analyzed in 313 urban and 271 rural subjects. RESULTS: No rural-urban differences in prevalence of obesity and overweight were found. Hypertension was marginally higher in urban subjects. Rural abnormal waist circumference was higher in young men and young women. Comparison with two national surveys and a survey in the aboriginal population (rural mixtecos) showed similar prevalence of obesity as ENSA-2000 and higher than mixtecos and ENEC-1993. Abnormal waist circumference was intermediate between ENSANUT-2006 and mixtecos and hypertension was intermediate between ENEC and mixtecos. CONCLUSION: The Maya and mestizo population of Yucatan showed a high prevalence of obesity and abnormal waist circumference not accompanied by a comparable higher hypertension frequency. This finding requires further confirmation.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso , Fatores Etários , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , População Rural , Fatores Sexuais , População UrbanaRESUMO
The population of Argentina today does not have a "visible" black African component. However, censuses conducted during most of the 19th century registered up to 30% of individuals of African origin living in Buenos Aires city. What has happened to this African influence? Have all individuals of African origin died, as lay people believe? Or is it possible that admixture with the European immigrants made the African influence "invisible?" We investigated the African contribution to the genetic pool of the population of Buenos Aires, Argentina, typing 12 unlinked autosomal DNA markers in a sample of 90 individuals. The results of this analysis suggest that 2.2% (SEM=0.9%) of the genetic ancestry of the Buenos Aires population is derived from Africa. Our analysis of individual admixture shows that those alleles that have a high frequency in populations of African origin tend to concentrate among 8 individuals in our sample. Therefore, although the admixture estimate is relatively low, the actual proportion of individuals with at least some African influence is approximately 10%. The evidence we are presenting of African ancestry is consistent with the known historical events that led to the drastic reduction of the Afro-Argentine population during the second half of the 19th century. However, as our results suggest, this reduction did not mean a total disappearance of African genes from the genetic pool of the Buenos Aires population.
Assuntos
População Negra/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética/genética , África/etnologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Frequência do Gene , Genética Populacional/métodos , Humanos , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
The genes in the renin-angiotensin system are important physiologic candidates in studies of the genetic susceptibility to hypertension. Limited information has been available in most studies on the extent of variation in the candidate loci or the modifying effects of different environmental settings. We consequently genotyped 13 polymorphisms at the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) locus at an average distance of 2 kb in 2776 family members from Nigeria, Jamaica and an African-American community in the US. Allele and haplotype frequencies were similar in the three populations, with modest evidence of European admixture in the US. Two markers were consistently associated with ACE level in the three samples and the proportion of variance accounted for by ACE8 was similar in the three groups. No evidence of consistent association of single markers was noted with blood pressure across the three population samples, however. Likewise, in a haplotype-based analysis, despite significant associations within each population, the findings were not replicated consistently across all three samples. We did observe, however, that the overtransmitted haplotypes among hypertensives were drawn from a single clade, suggesting that susceptibility may cluster in patterns not captured directly by our markers.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/genética , Pressão Sanguínea/genética , Hipertensão/genética , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano/etnologia , Alelos , Feminino , Genótipo , Haplótipos/genética , Humanos , Hipertensão/etnologia , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Masculino , Nigéria/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a crucial role in the regulation of fluid volume, thereby influencing blood pressure (BP). Obesity is an important risk factor for hypertension, however the physiologic basis for this relationship has not been clarified. In a population survey we examined the potential relationship between the RAS and obesity. Based on community sampling, 449 individuals were recruited from metropolitan Kingston, Jamaica. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and circulating angiotensinogen levels were measured and the associated genes were typed for previously described polymorphisms. Obese individuals (body mass index > 31) had significantly higher serum ACE and angiotensinogen levels, this relationship persisted for ACE in multivariate analyses controlling for BP, hypertension status, age and gender. The insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene was associated with variation in the levels of ACE, but inconsistently with body mass index. Variants of the angiotensinogen gene leading to amino acid substitutions at positions 174 and 235 did not influence levels either of angiotensinogen or obesity. These data suggest that obesity may alter the levels of ACE and angiotensinogen, and provide a potential pathway through which obesity leads to elevation of BP.(AU)
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Angiotensinogênio/genética , Hipertensão/etiologia , Obesidade/genética , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Angiotensinogênio/sangue , Hipertensão/sangue , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/sangue , Polimorfismo Genético , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene influences the level of serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and has been associated with risk of several cardiovascular conditions. The relationship to blood pressure remains uncertain, however. We conducted a population-based survey in Kingston, Jamaica, to examine the association between angiotensin converting enzyme genotype, angiotensin converting enzyme serum activity and blood pressure. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity was measured and genotyping performed for the I/D polymorphism in 500 community residents. The overall prevalence of the D allele was 59.3 percent. Angiotensin converting enzyme genotype was not significantly related to blood pressure (P - 16), although it did influence angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, leading to an increase of 35 percent among individuals with the DD as compared with II genotype. Angiotensin converting enzyme levels were significantly higher in hypertensives as compared with normotensives (P < .05). A modest correlation was observed between blood pressure and angiotensin converting enzyme activity among untreated individuals (r = 0.11; P = .04), although this did not persist in multivariate analysis. A relationship between body mass index and angiotensin converting enzyme activity was identified in both men and women that was independent of genotype. These data demonstrated findings among blacks which are consistent with other studies and suggest a relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme genotype, and serum activity which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The potential role of ACE on blood pressure control in the population remains uncertain.(AU)
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pressão Arterial/genética , Hipertensão/etnologia , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/fisiologia , Pressão Arterial/fisiologia , Hipertensão/etiologia , Jamaica , Análise Multivariada , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismoRESUMO
Within the context of an international collaborative study of the evolution of hypertension in the black disapora, we determined the allelic distribution of hypertension candidate genes for the renin-angiotensin system in three populations of African origin. The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and the M235T and T174M variants of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene were examined in individuals from Nigeria, Jamaica, and the United States. Large differences in the prevalence of hypertension were recorded in door-to-door surveys, ranging from 16 percent in Nigeria to 33 percent in the United States. The frequency of the D allele was similar in all groups (54 percent, 59 percent and 63 percent in Nigeria, Jamaica, and the United States, respectively). The 235T allele of the AGT gene was found in 81 percent of US and Jamaican blacks and 91 percent of Nigerians: very little variation was seen for the T174M marker. Despite larger differences in hypertension rates, genetic variation at the index loci among these groups was modest. Overall, the frequency of the ACE D allele was only slightly higher than that reported for European and Japanese populations, whereas the AGT 235T allele was twice as common. Compared with blacks in the western hemisphere. Nigerians had a higher frequency of the 235T allele, which is consistent with 25 percent European admixture in Jamaica and the United States. The results indicate the potential for etiolgic heterogeneity in genetic factors related to hypertension across the ethnic groups while suggested that environmental exposures most likely explain the gradient in risk in the comparison among black populations.(AU)