RESUMO
The colonias along the United States-Mexico border are generally self-built neighborhoods of low-income families that lack basic infrastructure. While some government assistance has provided roads and electricity, water and wastewater services are still lacking in many colonias. This research is the first to collect a comprehensive dataset on water, sanitation, health, and living conditions in these unincorporated neighborhoods through collection of water samples and surveys; 114 households in 23 colonias across three geographically diverse Texas counties are studied. Water quality is assessed via traditional microbial indicators, chlorine, and arsenic. This complex dataset requires an advanced statistical tool to disentangle relationships among diverse factors. Structural equation modeling is utilized to identify relationships among surveyed and measured variables. The model reveals that colonias residents with well/hauled water accurately predict their water quality, while those with treated+piped water tend to think that their water is worse than it actually is. Dwelling quality and connection to sanitary sewers influence perceived health risks and household health, respectively. Furthermore, these communities have an overwhelming need and desire for point-of-use water treatment. This model can inform decision making and may be adapted to probe other questions and social dynamics for water and sanitation in unincorporated communities elsewhere.
Assuntos
Saneamento , Água , Características da Família , Humanos , México , Características de ResidênciaRESUMO
Compromised water quality risks public health, which becomes particularly acute in economically marginalized communities. Although the majority of the clean-water-deprived population resides in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, a significant portion (32 million) lives in Meso- and Latin-America. Oaxaca is one of the marginalized southern states of Mexico, which has experienced high morbidity from infectious diseases and also has suffered from a high rate of infant mortality. However, there has been a paucity of reports on the status of water quality of culturally diverse rural Oaxaca. This study follows community-based participatory research methods to address the data gap by reporting on water quality (chemical and microbiological) and by exploring social realities and water use practices within and among communities. Surveys and water quality analyses were conducted on 73 households in three rural communities, which were selected based on the choice of water sources (i.e., river water, groundwater, and spring water). Statistically significant variations among communities were observed including the sanitation infrastructure (p-value 0.001), public perception on water quality (p-value 0.007), and actual microbiological quality of water (p-value 0.001). Results indicate a high prevalence of diarrheal diseases, a desire to improve water quality and reduce the cost of water, and a need for education on water quality and health in all the surveyed communities. The complexities among the three studied communities highlight the need for undertaking appropriate policies and water treatment solutions.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic shock (HS) results in oxidative stress to cells and in the induction of the inflammatory response, with an increased expression of a number of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines. We tested the ability of the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (NP) to reduce tissue injury in a rodent model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: Seventy two Sprague Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were subjected to a model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. Four groups of animals were included (n = 18 per group): sham/saline, sham/NP, shock/saline, shock/NP. Experimental design consisted of the development of hemorrhagic shock (3 ml/100 g) in a 15-min period, tail amputation (75%) and drug administration at 30 min, fluid resuscitation (FR) with Ringer's lactate (RL) solution to reach a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mmHg, a hospital phase of 60 min with hemostasis and FR with LR solution to reach a MAP of 70 mmHg, and a 3-day observation phase. Treatment at the beginning of resuscitation included either normal saline (groups 1, 3) or NP (0.5 mg/kg) (groups 2, 4). The following parameters were evaluated: fluid requirements for resuscitation, liver injury tests, liver tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO), liver histology, and 3-day survival. RESULTS: NP significantly reduced fluid requirements for resuscitation (p = 0.0001). We also observed an improved statistically significant difference in tests demonstrating hepatic injury (p = 0.0001), neutrophil infiltration as evidences by liver MPO (p <0.05), and histology studies (p = 0.001). Survival was also increased from 40% in controls to 60% with NP treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that excess NO mediates hemorrhage-induced liver injury, and that the suppression of NO with NP may reduce the pathological consequences of severe hemorrhage, possibly by scavenging superoxide (O(2)(-)), thus limiting the production of more aggressive radicals.
Assuntos
Hepatite/prevenção & controle , Circulação Hepática/efeitos dos fármacos , Doadores de Óxido Nítrico/uso terapêutico , Nitroprussiato/uso terapêutico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Choque Hemorrágico/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Hidratação , Hepatite/etiologia , Hepatite/fisiopatologia , Soluções Isotônicas/administração & dosagem , Soluções Isotônicas/uso terapêutico , Fígado/irrigação sanguínea , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Necrose , Óxido Nítrico/fisiologia , Doadores de Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Nitroprussiato/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Peroxidase/análise , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/etiologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/fisiopatologia , Ressuscitação , Lactato de Ringer , Choque Hemorrágico/complicações , Choque Hemorrágico/fisiopatologia , Método Simples-CegoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic shock (HS) results in oxidative stress to cells and in the induction of the inflammatory response, with an increased expression of a number of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines. We tested the ability of the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (NP) to reduce tissue injury in a rodent model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: Seventy two Sprague Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were subjected to a model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. Four groups of animals were included (n = 18 per group): sham/saline, sham/NP, shock/saline, shock/NP. Experimental design consisted of the development of hemorrhagic shock (3 ml/100 g) in a 15-min period, tail amputation (75%) and drug administration at 30 min, fluid resuscitation (FR) with Ringer's lactate (RL) solution to reach a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mmHg, a hospital phase of 60 min with hemostasis and FR with LR solution to reach a MAP of 70 mmHg, and a 3-day observation phase. Treatment at the beginning of resuscitation included either normal saline (groups 1, 3) or NP (0.5 mg/kg) (groups 2, 4). The following parameters were evaluated: fluid requirements for resuscitation, liver injury tests, liver tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO), liver histology, and 3-day survival. RESULTS: NP significantly reduced fluid requirements for resuscitation (p = 0.0001). We also observed an improved statistically significant difference in tests demonstrating hepatic injury (p = 0.0001), neutrophil infiltration as evidences by liver MPO (p <0.05), and histology studies (p = 0.001). Survival was also increased from 40% in controls to 60% with NP treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that excess NO mediates hemorrhage-induced liver injury, and that the suppression of NO with NP may reduce the pathological consequences of severe hemorrhage, possibly by scavenging superoxide (O(2)(-)), thus limiting the production of more aggressive radicals.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Choque Hemorrágico/tratamento farmacológico , Circulação Hepática/efeitos dos fármacos , Doadores de Óxido Nítrico/uso terapêutico , Hepatite/prevenção & controle , Nitroprussiato/uso terapêutico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Doadores de Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidratação , Hepatite , Soluções Isotônicas , Fígado , Modelos Biológicos , Necrose , Nitroprussiato/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/fisiologia , Peroxidase/análise , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismo por Reperfusão , Ressuscitação , Choque Hemorrágico , Método Simples-CegoRESUMO
En este trabajo se ha desarrollado una metódica simple que ha permitido la obtención de catepsina D de próstata humana en cantidades apreciables para estudios enzimáticos y químicos, empleando cromatografías combinadas de intercambio en DEAE celulosa y cromatoenfoque en gel PBE-94. La síntesis química de un nuevo sustrato sintético permitió comparar la actividad hidrolítica de la catepsina D con las gastricsinas de próstata y líquido seminal humano, así como con pepsina y gastricsina de mucosa gástrica. La actividad de la catepsina prostática sobre el sustrato sintético N-acetil-L-fenilalanil-L-diyodotirosil-L-valina metil éster (APDTV) fué similar a la de las gastricsinas y mucho mayor con respecto a la pepsina. Las relaciones ácido glutámico/ácido aspártico (Glu/Asp) y leucina/isoleucina (Leu/Ile) de la catepsina D son semejantes a las presentes en las gastricsinas y no en las pepsinas, en cuyo caso estos aminoácidos se encuentran en una razón inversa