RESUMO
Novel structures of glycoinositolphosphorylceramide (GIPC) from the infective yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii were determined by methylation analysis, mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The lipid portion was characterized as a ceramide composed of C-18 phytosphingosine N-acylated by either 2-hydroxylignoceric acid (80%), lignoceric (15%) or 2,3-dihydroxylignoceric acids (5%). The ceramide was linked through a phosphodiester to myo-inositol (Ins) which is substituted on position O-6 by an oligomannose chain. GIPC-derived Ins oligomannosides were liberated by ammonolysis and characterized as: Manpalpha1-->6Ins; Manpalpha1-->3Manpalpha1-->6Ins; Manpalpha1-->6Manpalpha1-->3Manpalpha1-->3Manpalpha1-->6Ins; Manpalpha1-->2Manpalpha1-->6Manpalpha1-->3Manpalpha1-->3Manpalpha1-->6Ins. These structures comprise a novel family of fungal GIPC, as they contain the Manpalpha1-->6Ins substructure, which has not previously been characterized unambigously, and may be acylated with a 2,3 dihydroxylignoceric fatty acid, a feature hitherto undescribed in fungal lipids.
Assuntos
Glicoesfingolipídeos/química , Sporothrix/química , Sequência de Carboidratos , Carboidratos/química , Ceramidas/química , Ácidos Graxos/química , Inositol/química , Lipídeos/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Metilação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Conformação Proteica , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Esfingosina/análogos & derivados , Esfingosina/químicaRESUMO
Glycoproteins on the cell surface of Trypanosoma cruzi are known to play important roles in the interaction of the parasite with the host cells. We previously determined the structures of the O-glycan chains from the sialoglycoproteins (mucin-like molecules) of the G- and Y-strains and observed significant differences between them. We now report the structures of the sialylated and nonsialylated O-linked oligosaccharides isolated from the cell surface glycoproteins of the myotropic CL-Brener strain grown in the presence of fetal calf serum. The structures of the O-linked oligosaccharide alditols obtained by reductive beta-elimination of the sialoglycoprotein were determined by a combination of methylation analysis, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The presence of a beta-galactopyranose substituent on the N-acetylglucosamine O-4 position shows that these O-linked oligosaccharides from CL-Brener strain belong to the same family as those isolated from mucins expressed by T. cruzi Y strain, a reticulotropic strain. In addition, novel O-glycans, including alpha2-3 mono-sialylated species are described.
Assuntos
Glicoproteínas/química , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Trypanosoma cruzi/química , Animais , Configuração de Carboidratos , Sequência de Carboidratos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Metilação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de ÁtomosRESUMO
A novel phospholipid has been purified from strain Dm 28c of Trypanosoma cruzi, and characterized by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a plasmenylethanolamine with a hexadec-l-enyl group in the sn-1 position and an approximately equimolar mixture of octadecenoate and octadecadienoate esterified to the sn-2 hydroxyl. The purified plasmenylethanolamine reacted positively when probed with sera from patients with chronic Chagas' disease. Since plasmenylethanolamines of similar structure are abundant in mammalian cardiac and neuronal tissues, cross reactions between these epitopes may be a factor in the mechanism of autoimmune pathology in the chronic phase of Chagas' disease.
Assuntos
Fosfolipídeos/química , Plasmalogênios/análise , Trypanosoma cruzi/química , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Doença de Chagas/sangue , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Células Clonais , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Fosfolipídeos/imunologia , Plasmalogênios/imunologia , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de Átomos , Ácidos Esteáricos/análiseRESUMO
Glycosphingolipids were extracted from hyphae of Fusarium solani and from an unnamed Fusarium species, and were purified by silica and Iatrobead column chromatography. Their structures were determined by compositional analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the native and peracetylated materials, which defined their sugar, long-chain base and fatty acid compositions. The locations of the double bonds in the bases were established by 2D NMR spectroscopy and by novel mass spectrometric approaches, including collisional activation of the protonated and lithium-cationized glycosphingolipids, and of the sphingadienene-derived fragment ion at m/z 276. From these results we propose that the structures of the glycosphingolipids from F. solani and Fusarium sp. are N-2'-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4, 8-sphingadienine and N-2'-hydroxyoctadecenoyl-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4, 8-sphingadienine, respectively.
Assuntos
Fusarium/química , Glicoesfingolipídeos/química , Ceramidas/química , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Etanolaminas/química , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Monossacarídeos/análiseRESUMO
We have characterized glycoinositol phospholipids (GIPLs) from three strains of the trypanosomatid parasites Endotrypanum schaudinni and Endotrypanum monterogeii. Methanolysis of the intact GIPLs liberated methyl esters of tetracosanoic acid, docosanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid and C20 and C21 phytosphingosines. Phosphoinositol oligosaccharides were released from the GIPLs by mild base treatment, and their structures were determined by compositional analysis, fast-atom-bombardment MS and NMR spectroscopy. Similar compounds were detected in all three strains, although their relative proportions varied. The predominant components in E. schaudinni strain LV59 and E. monterogeii LV88 were Galpbeta1-3Galpbeta1-3Manalpha1-3Manalpha1-4G lcNalpha1-6Ins-1-P and Arapbeta1-2Ga lpbeta1-3Galpbeta1-3Manalpha1-3Manalpha1-4Glc Nalpha1-6Ins-1-P, and the major phosphoinositol oligosaccharide in E. schaudinni LV58 was the hybrid-type GIPL Manalpha1-2(EtNP-6)Manalpha1-6(Galpbeta1-3Man alpha1-3)Manalpha1-4GlcN alpha1-6Ins-1-P (where EtNP is ethanolamine phosphate). Several minor oligosaccharides containing additional galactose and/or arabinose residues were also detected.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Protozoários/química , Epitopos/biossíntese , Glicoesfingolipídeos/química , Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/química , Leishmania major/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Trypanosomatina/química , Animais , Antígenos de Protozoários/biossíntese , Sequência de Carboidratos , Epitopos/química , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Glicoesfingolipídeos/imunologia , Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/imunologia , Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/isolamento & purificação , Leishmania major/imunologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Oligossacarídeos/imunologia , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de Átomos , Trypanosomatina/imunologiaRESUMO
Glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) were isolated from promastigotes of the lizard parasites Leishmania adleri by phenol/water extraction. Phosphoinositol oligosaccharides were liberated by mild alkaline hydrolysis, purified by gel filtration and high pH anion exchange chromatography, and characterized by methylation analysis, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The four major compounds (I-IV) from L. adleri were linked to alkylacyl glycerol, and their glycan moieties had the following structures: Man alpha(1-2)Man alpha(1-6)[Man alpha(1-3)] Man alpha(1-4)GlcN alpha(1-6)Ins-1-PO4 (I), Galp alpha(1-6) Galp alpha(1-3)Galf beta(1-3)Man alpha(1-3)Man alpha(1-4)GlcN alpha(1-6)Ins-1-PO4 (II), Galp alpha(1-3)Galf beta(1-3)Man alpha(1-3) Man alpha(1-4)GlcN alpha(1-6)Ins-1-PO4 (III), Man alpha(1-2)[EtNP(-6)]Man alpha(1-6)[Man alpha(1-3)] Man alpha(1-4)GlcN alpha(1-6)Ins-1-PO4 (IV). These compounds are analogous to the previously characterized GIPLs from New and Old World leishmanial parasites of mammals designated iM4 (identical to compound I), GIPLs 3 and 2 (identical to compounds II and III, respectively), and EPiM4 (identical to compound IV), which is consistent with a close phylogenetic relationship between lizard and mammalian Leishmania. However, in contrast to the mammalian parasites, the abundant surface glycoconjugate known as lipophosphoglycan was either absent or confined to the flagellar pocket region in L. adleri.
Assuntos
Glucanos/química , Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/química , Leishmania/metabolismo , Lagartos/parasitologia , Animais , Configuração de Carboidratos , Sequência de Carboidratos , Cromatografia em Gel , Cromatografia por Troca Iônica , Glucanos/isolamento & purificação , Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/biossíntese , Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/isolamento & purificação , Leishmania/química , Leishmania/classificação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Mamíferos , Metilação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de ÁtomosRESUMO
A dermatan sulfate-like glycosaminoglycan was isolated from the body of the ascidian Ascidia nigra (J. Biol. Chem. 270: 31027-31036, 1995). 1H NMR and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) spectra of the tetra and disaccharides formed by chondroitin ABC lyase digestion support the proposed repeating disaccharide structure for this glycosaminoglycan, [-->4)-alpha-L-IdoA(2SO4)-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalNAc(6SO4)-(1-->] , which differ from mammalian dermatan sulfate in its sulfation at both 2-position of the alpha-L-iduronic acid and the 6-position of the N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine residue.
Assuntos
Condroitina Liases/metabolismo , Dermatan Sulfato/metabolismo , Urocordados/química , Acetilgalactosamina/química , Acetilgalactosamina/metabolismo , Animais , Dermatan Sulfato/química , Dermatan Sulfato/isolamento & purificação , Dissacarídeos/química , Dissacarídeos/metabolismo , Ácido Idurônico/química , Ácido Idurônico/metabolismo , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Oligossacarídeos/química , Oligossacarídeos/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de Átomos , Sulfatos/metabolismoRESUMO
The structures of the glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) from five strains of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi have been determined. Two series of structures were identified, all but one containing the same Man4(AEP)GlcN-Ins-PO4 core. Series 1 oligosaccharides are substituted at the third mannose distal to inositol (Man 3) by ethanolamine-phosphate or 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid, as are some glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-protein anchors of T. cruzi. The core can be further substituted by terminal (1-3)-linked beta-galactofuranose units. In contrast, Series 2 oligosaccharides do not have additional phosphorus-containing groups attached to Man 3, the latter being substituted instead by a single side chain unit of beta-galactofuranose. Series 1 oligosaccharides are present in all strains (G, G-645, Tulahuen CL, and Y) whereas Series 2 structures are present mainly in CL and Y strains. The lipid moiety in the GIPLs from the G, G-645 and Tulahuen strains is predominantly ceramide, as reported for the Y strain, whilst that from the CL strain is a mixture of ceramide and alkylacylglycerol species. The lipid moiety of the GIPLs, and probably also the phosphoinositol-oligosaccharide structures may play an important immunomodulatory role in infection by T. cruzi.
Assuntos
Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/química , Fosfolipídeos/química , Trypanosoma cruzi/química , Ácido Aminoetilfosfônico/análise , Ácido Aminoetilfosfônico/química , Animais , Sequência de Carboidratos , Etanolaminas/análise , Etanolaminas/química , Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/análise , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/análise , Oligossacarídeos/química , Fosfatidilinositóis/análise , Fosfatidilinositóis/química , Fosfolipídeos/análiseRESUMO
We have investigated the structure of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and the O-linked glycan chains of the 40/45-kDa glycoprotein from the cell surface of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This glycoconjugate is the major acceptor for sialic acid transferred by trans-sialidase of T. cruzi Y-strain, epimastigote form. The GPI anchor was liberated by treatment with hot alkali, and the phosphoinositol-oligosaccharide moiety was characterized and shown to have the following structure. [formula: see text] Unusually the glucosamine was 6-O-substituted with 2-aminoethylphosphonate, and 2-aminoethylphosphonate was also present on the third mannose residue distal to glucosamine, partially replacing the ethanolamine phosphate. The beta-eliminated reduced oligosaccharide chains showed that two novel classes of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharide were present. The first series had the structures Galp beta 1-3GlcNAc-ol; Galp beta 1-6(Galp beta 1-3)GlcNAc-ol; and Galp beta 1-2Galp beta 1-6(Galp beta 1-3)GlcNAc-ol, whereas the other series had a 1-4 linkage to N-acetylglucosaminitol and had structures Galp beta 1-4GlcNAc-ol, Galp beta 1-6(Galp beta 1-4)GlcNAc-ol, and Galp beta 1-2Galp beta 1-6(Galp beta 1-4)GlcNAc-ol. We have also investigated the kinetics of in vitro sialylation of these O-linked oligosaccharides by the T. cruzi transsialidase and have shown that incorporation of one molecule of sialic acid hinders entry of a second molecule when two potential acceptor sites are present.
Assuntos
Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Proteínas de Protozoários/química , Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolismo , Animais , Configuração de Carboidratos , Sequência de Carboidratos , Carboidratos/análise , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/biossíntese , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/isolamento & purificação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Fosfatidilinositol Diacilglicerol-Liase , Fosfatidilinositóis/metabolismo , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Protozoários/biossíntese , Proteínas de Protozoários/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
In this report we describe studies on the structures of the O-linked carbohydrate units in cell-surface glycoproteins of epimastigote forms of the G-strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mild alkaline reductive degradation of the 38/43 kDa glycoproteins resulted in beta-elimination of glycosylated threonine and/or serine residues, and the liberation of N-acetylglucosaminitol, galactobiosyl-, galactotriosyl-, galactotetraosyl- and galactopentaosyl-N-acetylglucosaminitol. The structures of these oligosaccharide alditols were established by n.m.r. spectroscopy and methylation analysis as: Galf beta 1-4(Galp beta 1-6)GlcNAc-ol; Galp beta 1-3Galp beta 1-6(Galf beta 1-4)GlcNAc-ol; [(Galp beta 1-3)(Galp beta 1-2)Galp beta 1-6](Galf beta 1-4)GlcNAc-ol; [(Galp beta 1-3)(Galp beta 1-2)Galp beta 1-6](Galp beta 1-2Galf beta 1-4)GlcNAc-ol.
Assuntos
Acetilglucosamina/química , Glicoproteínas/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Trypanosoma cruzi/química , Animais , Configuração de Carboidratos , Sequência de Carboidratos , Glicoproteínas/isolamento & purificação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Metilação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peso Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) were extracted from the trypanosomatid Leishmania adleri by hot phenol extraction and the carbohydrate moieties isolated after base cleavage. Purification of the crude oligosaccharides by high performance anion exchange (HPAE) chromatography yielded four fractions whose structures were determined by a combination of methylation analysis, fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Assuntos
Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Proteínas de Protozoários/química , Trypanosomatina/química , Animais , Sequência de Carboidratos , Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/isolamento & purificação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de Átomos , Trypanosomatina/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS) enables the rapid, accurate and sensitive determination of the molecular masses of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-derived oligosaccharides, from which the composition in terms of monosaccharide residues and non-carbohydrate substituents can be determined. Interpretation of fragment ions in collisional activation mass spectra further enables the determination of residue sequence, the positions of branch points, and the location of non-carbohydrate substituents. We have applied these techniques to the characterization of phosphoinositol oligosaccharides from Leptomonas samueli, Endotrypanum schaudinni and Leishmania adleri. The mass spectral data permit the postulation of candidate structures for the oligosaccharides, which provide a set of constraints that can assist the interpretation of results from other techniques such as NMR.
Assuntos
Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Proteínas de Protozoários/química , Trypanosomatina/química , Animais , Sequência de Carboidratos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de ÁtomosRESUMO
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides an extremely powerful technique to determine the structure of oligosaccharides, particularly when used in conjunction with other physical techniques such as methylation analysis and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). This brief review describes the application of NMR to the determination of the structure of an oligosaccharide isolated from the glycophosphosphingolipid (GPS) from the monogenetic trypanosomatid Leptomonas samueli. When ambiguities arise in the NMR interpretation, the use of other data will be discussed.
Assuntos
Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Proteínas de Protozoários/química , Trypanosomatina/química , Animais , Sequência de Carboidratos , Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/isolamento & purificação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Trypanosomatina/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Mild alkaline hydrolysis of the glycophosphosphingolipids of the protozoan Leptomonas samueli liberated several phosphoinositol-containing oligosaccharides (PI-oligosaccharides), which were purified by high performance anion exchange chromatography. The oligosaccharides in the resulting four fractions were characterized by methylation analysis, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The oligosaccharides contain the core structure Man alpha (1-4)GlcN alpha (1-6)-myo-inositol-1-OPO3, and are substituted with 2 mol of 2-aminoethylphosphonate per mol of oligosaccharide. The nonreducing ends of the oligosaccharides were terminated by rhamnose branched neutral and acidic xylose-containing penta-, hexa-, hepta- and octasaccharides, of which the three most abundant were shown to have the structures: [formula: see text] More tentative structures are also proposed for three minor oligosaccharides.
Assuntos
Glicoesfingolipídeos/química , Glicosilfosfatidilinositóis/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Trypanosomatina/química , Animais , Sequência de Carboidratos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Ramnose/análise , Análise de Sequência , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de ÁtomosRESUMO
Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS) enables the rapid, accurate and sensitive determination of the molecular masses of glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-derived oligosaccharides, from which the composition in terms of monosaccharide residues and non-carbohydrate substituents can be determined. Interpretation of fragment ions in collisional activation mass spectra further enables the determination of residue sequence, the positions of branch points, and the location of non-carbohydrate substituents. We have applied these techniques to the characterization of phosphoinositol oligosaccharides from Leptomonas samueli, Endotrypanum schaudinni and Leishmania adleri. The mass spectral data permit the postulation of candidate structures for the oligosaccharides, which provide a set of constraints that can assist the interpretation of results from other techniques such as NMR
Assuntos
Fosfatidilinositóis/química , Glicolipídeos/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de Átomos , Trypanosomatina/química , Sequência de Carboidratos , Dados de Sequência MolecularRESUMO
Glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) were extracted from the trypanosomatid Leishmania adleri by hot phenol extraction and the carbohydrate moieties isolated after base cleavage. Purification of the crude oligosaccharides by high performance anion exchange (HPAE) chromatography yielded four fractions whose structures were determined by a combination of methylation analysis, fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Assuntos
Animais , Glicoesfingolipídeos/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de Átomos , Trypanosomatina/química , Sequência de Carboidratos , Glicoesfingolipídeos/isolamento & purificação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides an extremely powerful technique to determine the structure of oligosaccharides, particularly when used in conjuction with other physical techniques such as methylation analysis and fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy (FAB-MS). This brief review describes the application of NMR to the determination of the structure of an oligosaccharide isolated from the glycophosphosphingolipid (GPS) from the monogenetic trypanosomatid Leptomonas samueli. Where ambiguities arise in the NMR interpretation, the use of other data will be discussed
Assuntos
Animais , Glicoesfingolipídeos/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Trypanosomatina/química , Sequência de Carboidratos , Glicoesfingolipídeos/isolamento & purificação , Fosfatos de Inositol/análise , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de ÁtomosRESUMO
Aqueous phenol extraction of the lower trypanosomatid Leptomonas samueli released into the aqueous layer a chloroform/methanol/water-soluble glycophosphosphingolipid fraction. Alkaline degradation and purification by gel filtration chromatography resulted in a tetrasaccharide (phosphatidylinositol (PI)-oligosaccharide A), and a pentasaccharide (PI-oligosaccharide B), each containing 2 mol of 2-aminoethylphosphonate and 1 mol of phosphate. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry suggested that the structure of PI-oligosaccharide A is [formula: see text] and that of PI-oligosaccharide B is as shown. [formula: see text] Both compounds contain an inositol unit linked to ceramide via a phosphodiester bridge. The major aliphatic components of the ceramide portion are stearic acid, lignoceric acid, and C20-phytosphingosine. These novel glycolipids fall within the glycosylated phosphatidylinositol (GPI) family, since they contain the core structure Man alpha (1-->4)GlcNH2 alpha (1-->6)myo-inositol-1-PO4, which is also found in the glycoinositolphospholipids and lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania spp., the L. major promastigote surface protease, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein, and the lipopeptidophosphoglycan of Trypanosoma cruzi. The glycophosphosphingolipids of Leptomonas have features in common with the glycolipids of both Leishmania and T. cruzi, resembling the former by the alpha (1-->3) linkage of mannose to the GPI core, while the 2-aminoethylphosphonate substituent on O-6 of glucosamine and the presence of ceramide in place of glycerol lipids is more reminiscent of T. cruzi. Thus these data lend some support to the hypothesis that both T. cruzi and Leishmania evolved from a Leptomonas-like ancestor.
Assuntos
Glicoesfingolipídeos/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Trypanosomatina/química , Animais , Configuração de Carboidratos , Sequência de Carboidratos , Cromatografia em Gel , Glicoesfingolipídeos/isolamento & purificação , Fosfatos de Inositol/análise , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de ÁtomosAssuntos
Fertilidade , Hispânico ou Latino , Gravidez na Adolescência , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , México/etnologia , Gravidez , TexasRESUMO
This study compares the first year's health, neurodevelopmental status, and environment of infants of drug-dependent mothers attending methadone programs during pregnancy with those of drug-dependent mothers not enrolled in treatment programs (untreated). Both groups were also compared with drug-free controls. During pregnancy, the use of heroin and other psychoactive drugs was common among patients using methadone. Neonatal abstinence syndrome was of longest duration in the methadone group. Infants of both drug groups were smaller at birth, had more neonatal infections, and were viewed as more difficult to care for after nursery discharge than were those of drug-free mothers. On follow-up, mean developmental scores were within the normal range for all groups. The untreated drug-dependent group was more hypertonic than the methadone group, and a high rate of transient or minor motor disturbances and poor attention span was found in both drug groups. The behavior of methadone-treated women during pregnancy and the postnatal period closely resembled that of drug-free controls, and contrasted with untreated drug-dependent women. Methadone-treated women had a high degree of compliance with antepartum care, and 80% continued in the role of parent through the first year. Further investigation will determine whether the consistency of parenting will continue and whether it will enhance the development of their children.