RESUMO

Knowledge of the diversity of fruit flies is essential for understanding aspects of their community ecology. However, the effectiveness of sampling methods in representing species diversity and relationships with hosts in a diverse environment has not been adequately assessed. This study aimed to determine the optimum method to represent the diversity of fruit flies and assess their relationships with host fruits. Species of Anastrepha sampled with both traps and fruits in the same area were comprehensively analyzed. Data were analyzed by Hill's numbers (species diversity in both sampling methods), heat map graph (interaction of species with methods), and rank clocks (population fluctuations of the most abundant species). We also measured the interaction strength of the species. Our results showed that estimated parameters of species diversity in an area may differ when sampled with traps or fruits. However, the most abundant species appeared to interact similarly in both methods. Fruits of members of the families Myrtaceae and Anacardiaceae contributed highly to the presence of Anastrepha. The optimum strategy to represent Anastrepha diversity in an area is the combined use of both sampling methods.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Fruit flies are among the most damaging insect pests of commercial fruit in Brazil. It is important to understand the landscape elements that may favor these flies. In the present study, spatial data from surveys of species of Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae) in an urban area with forest fragments were analyzed, using geostatistics and Geographic Information System (GIS) to map the diversity of insects and evaluate how the forest fragments drive the spatial patterns. The results indicated a high diversity of species associated with large fragments, and a trend toward lower diversity in the more urbanized area, as the fragment sizes decreased. We concluded that the diversity of Anastrepha species is directly and positively related to large and continuous forest fragments in urbanized areas, and that combining geostatistics and GIS is a promising method for use in insect-pest management and sampling involving fruit flies.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), remains one of the most damaging parasites of livestock in South America, causing millions of dollars in annual losses to producers. Recently, South American countries demonstrated interest in controlling this pest using the Sterile Insect Technique, and a pilot-project was conducted near the Brazil-Uruguay border in 2009. Since molecular studies have suggested the existence of C. hominivorax regional groups, crossing tests were conducted to evaluate mating competitiveness, mating preference and reproductive compatibility between a C. hominivorax strain from the Caribbean (Jamaica-06) and one from Brazil. Mating rates between Jamaican males and Brazilian females ranged between 82 and 100%, and each male inseminated from 3.3 to 3.95 females. Sterile males, regardless of the strain, competed equally against the fertile males for Brazilian females. Jamaican sterile males and Brazilian fertile males mated randomly with fertile or sterile females. No evidence of genetic incompatibility or hybrid dysgenesis was found in the hybridization crosses. Mating barriers should not compromise the use of Jamaican sterile males for Sterile Insect Technique campaigns in Brazil.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Recent fears of terrorism have provoked an increase in delays and denials of transboundary shipments of radioisotopes. This represents a serious constraint to sterile insect technique (SIT) programs around the world as they rely on the use of ionizing radiation from radioisotopes for insect sterilization. To validate a novel X ray irradiator, a series of studies on Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were carried out, comparing the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) between X rays and traditional gamma radiation from 60Co. Male C. capitata pupae and pupae of both sexes of A. fraterculus, both 24-48 h before adult emergence, were irradiated with doses ranging from 15 to 120 Gy and 10-70 Gy, respectively. Estimated mean doses of 91.2 Gy of X and 124.9 Gy of gamma radiation induced 99% sterility in C. capitata males. Irradiated A. fraterculus were 99% sterile at approximately 40-60 Gy for both radiation treatments. Standard quality control parameters and mating indices were not significantly affected by the two types of radiation. The RBE did not differ significantly between the tested X and gamma radiation, and X rays are as biologically effective for SIT purposes as gamma rays are. This work confirms the suitability of this new generation of X ray irradiators for pest control programs that integrate the SIT.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate adult emergence and duration of the pupal stage of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and emergence of the fruit fly parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), under different moisture conditions in four soil types, using soil water matric potential. Pupal stage duration in C. capitata was influenced differently for males and females. In females, only soil type affected pupal stage duration, which was longer in a clay soil. In males, pupal stage duration was individually influenced by moisture and soil type, with a reduction in pupal stage duration in a heavy clay soil and in a sandy clay, with longer duration in the clay soil. As matric potential decreased, duration of the pupal stage of C. capitata males increased, regardless of soil type. C. capitata emergence was affected by moisture, regardless of soil type, and was higher in drier soils. The emergence of D. longicaudata adults was individually influenced by soil type and moisture factors, and the number of emerged D. longicaudata adults was three times higher in sandy loam and lower in a heavy clay soil. Always, the number of emerged adults was higher at higher moisture conditions. C. capitata and D. longicaudata pupal development was affected by moisture and soil type, which may facilitate pest sampling and allow release areas for the parasitoid to be defined under field conditions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In order to determine the number of hives per hectare for apple pollination, 5 hives of africanized bees, with ca. 35,000 bees each, labeled with radiophosphorus, were taken to an orchard, one at a time, every 2 days. A circular area of 100 meters diameter (0,8ha), was marked every 10 m from the center to the limit (50m), in two perpendicular directions (cross-shape) pointing out to North-South and East-West directions. The honeybees were collected on apple flowers for 10 min a day during a 10 day period. The experimental area (0.8 ha) was saturated with bees from 5 hives and there was no significant diference between the average number of collected bees with 2, 3, 4 and 5 hives. Consequently, the ideal number of hives per hectare of apple orchard is 2.5 taking into consideration the tested population.

Com o objetivo de se determinar o número de colmeias por hectare para polinização de maçã, foram levadas a um pomar uma a uma, a cada dois dias, 5 colônias de abelhas africanizadas, marcadas com fósforo radioativo (32P). Cada colmeia continha uma população estimada em cerca de 35.000 abelhas. Na área experimental de aproximadamente 0,8 ha, foram demarcadas macieiras a cada 10 m a partir do centro onde estavam as colmeias, formando quatro alas perpendiculares em formato de cruz, até a uma distância de 50m. As abelhas foram coletadas com puçá quando visitavam as flores, durante 10 minutos por dia em cada árvore estaqueada e por 10 dias consecutivos. Pôde-se observar que o número de abelhas marcadas coletadas foi aumentando à medida que se acrescentavam mais colmeias no pomar, sendo que não houve diferença estatística significativa entre o número médio de abelhas coletadas nas flores com 2, 3, 4 e 5 colmeias, concluindo-se então que 2,5 colmeias por ha seriam suficientes para visitar todas as flores do pomar.

RESUMO

In order to determine the number of hives per hectare for apple pollination, 5 hives of africanized bees, with ca. 35,000 bees each, labeled with radiophosphorus, were taken to an orchard, one at a time, every 2 days. A circular area of 100 meters diameter (0,8ha), was marked every 10 m from the center to the limit (50m), in two perpendicular directions (cross-shape) pointing out to North-South and East-West directions. The honeybees were collected on apple flowers for 10 min a day during a 10 day period. The experimental area (0.8 ha) was saturated with bees from 5 hives and there was no significant diference between the average number of collected bees with 2, 3, 4 and 5 hives. Consequently, the ideal number of hives per hectare of apple orchard is 2.5 taking into consideration the tested population.

Com o objetivo de se determinar o número de colmeias por hectare para polinização de maçã, foram levadas a um pomar uma a uma, a cada dois dias, 5 colônias de abelhas africanizadas, marcadas com fósforo radioativo (32P). Cada colmeia continha uma população estimada em cerca de 35.000 abelhas. Na área experimental de aproximadamente 0,8 ha, foram demarcadas macieiras a cada 10 m a partir do centro onde estavam as colmeias, formando quatro alas perpendiculares em formato de cruz, até a uma distância de 50m. As abelhas foram coletadas com puçá quando visitavam as flores, durante 10 minutos por dia em cada árvore estaqueada e por 10 dias consecutivos. Pôde-se observar que o número de abelhas marcadas coletadas foi aumentando à medida que se acrescentavam mais colmeias no pomar, sendo que não houve diferença estatística significativa entre o número médio de abelhas coletadas nas flores com 2, 3, 4 e 5 colmeias, concluindo-se então que 2,5 colmeias por ha seriam suficientes para visitar todas as flores do pomar.

RESUMO

Africanized honeybees from five colonies were marked with P-32 and taken to an apple grove for a flight behavior study. The method used to determine the flight range was to put out an array of tagged trees in a cross pattern with the colonies arranged in the center point of a 0.8 ha test area. The tagged trees were located 10 meters apart in the 4 rows of 50 meters each, arranged according to the North, South, East, and West directions. Bees were collected while visiting the tagged tree flowers twice a day, during a ten-day period. The number of honeybees marked decreased in relation to the distance from the hives. Analysis of variance showed that a linear regression was highly significant to describe the process. Geographic directions did not affect the activity of the bees.

O estudo do raio de ação das abelhas na coleta de néctar e pólen é de extrema importância para se saber até que distância a polinização por este inseto é promovida com eficiência. Para tanto, cinco colônias de abelhas africanizadas marcadas com 32P foram levadas a um pomar de maçã, sendo agrupadas no centro de uma área de 0,8 ha, a partir do qual foram colocadas estacas a cada 10m, formando quatro alas correspondentes às direções Norte, Sul, Leste e Oeste. As abelhas foram capturadas duas vezes por dia e por dez dias consecutivos, quando visitavam as flores das macieiras, até 50m do centro. Verificou-se que o número de abelhas marcadas coletadas, diminuiu linearmente à medida em que as mesmas se afastavam das colméias. Não houve interferência das orientações geográficas no comportamento de vôo das abelhas.

RESUMO

The effect of gamma radiation was studied on yeast survival in sugar-cane molasses. Molasses (65o Brix) was diluted to 11o Brix and inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain M-300-A) yeast. The samples were irradiated with doses of 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 kGy (Cobalt-60), at a 1.703 kGy/h rate. The samples were stored at 4, 18 and 32oC during 7 and 14 day periods. No unit-forming colony was detected at the doses of 5.0 and 6.0 kGy, immediately after irradiation. Gamma radiation was effective to control yeast proliferation on sugar-cane molasses right after irradiation. The samples stored at 4oC for periods of 7 and 14 day did not show yeast proliferation, however none of the radiation doses was effective in controlling yeast proliferation of samples stored at 18 and 32oC for periods of 7 and 14 days. The D10 (dose for ten-times population reduction) determined for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in sugar-cane molasses, was 0.775 kGy.

No presente trabalho foi estudado o efeito da radiação gama na sobrevivência da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae em mosto de melaço de cana-de-açúcar. O melaço a 65o Brix foi diluído a 11o Brix e inoculado com a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cepa M-300-A). As amostras foram irradiadas com doses de 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 6,0 kGy (Cobalto-60), a uma taxa de 1,703 kGy/h. As amostras foram armazenadas a 4, 18 e 32oC por 7 e 14 dias. A radiação gama se mostrou efetiva em controlar a proliferação da levedura no mosto logo após a sua irradiação, sendo que nas doses de 5,0 e 6,0 kGy não foi observada nenhuma unidade formadora de colônia da levedura. As amostras armazenadas por 7 e 14 dias a 4oC não apresentaram capacidade de proliferação da levedura, mostando resultados semelhantes àqueles obtidos logo após a irradiação do mosto. Nenhuma dose de radiação foi efetiva, porém no controle da proliferação da levedura nas amostras armazenadas por 7 e 14 dias a 18 e 32oC. A dose D10 (dose para reduzir a população a um décimo) determinada para a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae no mosto foi de 0,775 kGy.

RESUMO

The effect of gamma radiation was studied on yeast survival in sugar-cane molasses. Molasses (65o Brix) was diluted to 11o Brix and inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain M-300-A) yeast. The samples were irradiated with doses of 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 kGy (Cobalt-60), at a 1.703 kGy/h rate. The samples were stored at 4, 18 and 32oC during 7 and 14 day periods. No unit-forming colony was detected at the doses of 5.0 and 6.0 kGy, immediately after irradiation. Gamma radiation was effective to control yeast proliferation on sugar-cane molasses right after irradiation. The samples stored at 4oC for periods of 7 and 14 day did not show yeast proliferation, however none of the radiation doses was effective in controlling yeast proliferation of samples stored at 18 and 32oC for periods of 7 and 14 days. The D10 (dose for ten-times population reduction) determined for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in sugar-cane molasses, was 0.775 kGy.

No presente trabalho foi estudado o efeito da radiação gama na sobrevivência da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae em mosto de melaço de cana-de-açúcar. O melaço a 65o Brix foi diluído a 11o Brix e inoculado com a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cepa M-300-A). As amostras foram irradiadas com doses de 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 6,0 kGy (Cobalto-60), a uma taxa de 1,703 kGy/h. As amostras foram armazenadas a 4, 18 e 32oC por 7 e 14 dias. A radiação gama se mostrou efetiva em controlar a proliferação da levedura no mosto logo após a sua irradiação, sendo que nas doses de 5,0 e 6,0 kGy não foi observada nenhuma unidade formadora de colônia da levedura. As amostras armazenadas por 7 e 14 dias a 4oC não apresentaram capacidade de proliferação da levedura, mostando resultados semelhantes àqueles obtidos logo após a irradiação do mosto. Nenhuma dose de radiação foi efetiva, porém no controle da proliferação da levedura nas amostras armazenadas por 7 e 14 dias a 18 e 32oC. A dose D10 (dose para reduzir a população a um décimo) determinada para a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae no mosto foi de 0,775 kGy.

RESUMO

Africanized honeybees from five colonies were marked with P-32 and taken to an apple grove for a flight behavior study. The method used to determine the flight range was to put out an array of tagged trees in a cross pattern with the colonies arranged in the center point of a 0.8 ha test area. The tagged trees were located 10 meters apart in the 4 rows of 50 meters each, arranged according to the North, South, East, and West directions. Bees were collected while visiting the tagged tree flowers twice a day, during a ten-day period. The number of honeybees marked decreased in relation to the distance from the hives. Analysis of variance showed that a linear regression was highly significant to describe the process. Geographic directions did not affect the activity of the bees.

O estudo do raio de ação das abelhas na coleta de néctar e pólen é de extrema importância para se saber até que distância a polinização por este inseto é promovida com eficiência. Para tanto, cinco colônias de abelhas africanizadas marcadas com 32P foram levadas a um pomar de maçã, sendo agrupadas no centro de uma área de 0,8 ha, a partir do qual foram colocadas estacas a cada 10m, formando quatro alas correspondentes às direções Norte, Sul, Leste e Oeste. As abelhas foram capturadas duas vezes por dia e por dez dias consecutivos, quando visitavam as flores das macieiras, até 50m do centro. Verificou-se que o número de abelhas marcadas coletadas, diminuiu linearmente à medida em que as mesmas se afastavam das colméias. Não houve interferência das orientações geográficas no comportamento de vôo das abelhas.

RESUMO

The effect of gamma radiation and of low temperatures was studied on yeast growth in orange juice. Concentrated orange juice (65° Brix) was diluted to 10,5° Brix and inoculated with comercial biological yeasts. The samples were irradiated with doses of 0.0 (control), 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kGy (Cobalt-60), with a 2.83 kGy/h dose rate. All the samples were stored at 0°, 5° and 25°C for periods of 1; 7; 14; 21; 30; 60 and 90 days of storage. Combined treatment of 1 kGy and refrigeration at 0°C was effective for orange juice conservation for 90 days of storage. The dose of 2.5 kGy, was sufficient to conserve the juice for 90 days of storage at 5°C. At 25°C only the two highest radiation doses (5.0 and 7.5 kGy) were effective to control yeast growth in orange juice.

O efeito da radiação gama e baixas temperaturas foi estudado no crescimento de Saccharomyces cerevisiae em suco de laranja. O suco concentrado de laranja (65°Brix) foi diluído a 10,5°Brix e inoculado com levedura comercial. As amostras foram irradiadas com doses de 1,0, 1,5, 2,0, 2,5, 5,0 e 7,5 kGy (Cobalto 60), a uma taxa de dose de 2,83 kGy/h. Todas as amostras foram armazenadas a 0°, 5° e 25°C, por 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 e 90 dias. O tratamento combinado de 1 kGy e refrigeração a 0°C foi efetivo para a conservação do suco de laranja por 90 dias de armazenamento. A dose de 2,5 kGy foi suficiente para conservar o suco de laranja por 90 dias de armazenamento a 5°C. A 25°C, somente as doses mais altas (5 e 7,5 kGy) foram efetivas no controle do crescimento da levedura no suco de laranja.

RESUMO

The effect of gamma radiation and of low temperatures was studied on yeast growth in orange juice. Concentrated orange juice (65° Brix) was diluted to 10,5° Brix and inoculated with comercial biological yeasts. The samples were irradiated with doses of 0.0 (control), 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kGy (Cobalt-60), with a 2.83 kGy/h dose rate. All the samples were stored at 0°, 5° and 25°C for periods of 1; 7; 14; 21; 30; 60 and 90 days of storage. Combined treatment of 1 kGy and refrigeration at 0°C was effective for orange juice conservation for 90 days of storage. The dose of 2.5 kGy, was sufficient to conserve the juice for 90 days of storage at 5°C. At 25°C only the two highest radiation doses (5.0 and 7.5 kGy) were effective to control yeast growth in orange juice.

O efeito da radiação gama e baixas temperaturas foi estudado no crescimento de Saccharomyces cerevisiae em suco de laranja. O suco concentrado de laranja (65°Brix) foi diluído a 10,5°Brix e inoculado com levedura comercial. As amostras foram irradiadas com doses de 1,0, 1,5, 2,0, 2,5, 5,0 e 7,5 kGy (Cobalto 60), a uma taxa de dose de 2,83 kGy/h. Todas as amostras foram armazenadas a 0°, 5° e 25°C, por 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 e 90 dias. O tratamento combinado de 1 kGy e refrigeração a 0°C foi efetivo para a conservação do suco de laranja por 90 dias de armazenamento. A dose de 2,5 kGy foi suficiente para conservar o suco de laranja por 90 dias de armazenamento a 5°C. A 25°C, somente as doses mais altas (5 e 7,5 kGy) foram efetivas no controle do crescimento da levedura no suco de laranja.

RESUMO

Pupae of Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) were irradiated 2 days before adult eclosión in an air atmosphere with 15, 20, 25, 30, 50 and 70 Gy of gamma radiation (Co-60). The radiation effects on sterility and other parameters of quality and behavior of males and females of caribfly were established. Males became fully sterile with a dose of 50 Gy and females laid no eggs when exposed to 25 Gy. Radiation had no significant effect on adult eclosion, sex ratio, flight ability and irritability, but female mortality was affected significantly by radiation, showing higher survival rates in low dosage treatments. The mating behavior of the males was reduced significantly by increasing the radiation doses.

Pupas de Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) foram irradiadas dois dias antes da emergência dos adultos em atmosfera de ar com as doses de 15, 20, 25, 30, 50 e 70 Gy de radiação gama (Co-60). Foram avaliados os efeitos da radiação sobre a esterilidade e outros parâmetros de qualidade e comportamento de machos e fêmeas de mosca-do-caribe. Machos tornaram-se totalmente estéreis com uma dose de 50 Gy e as fêmeas não ovipositaram quando expostas a 25 Gy. A radiação não teve efeito significativo sobre a taxa de emergência de adultos, na razão sexual, na habilidade de vôo e na irritabilidade desses insetos. Somente a mortalidade das fêmeas foi afetada significativamente pela radiação, causando unia maior sobrevivência nas dosagens mais baixas. A atividade de acasalamento dos machos foi reduzida significativamente com o incremento da dosagem de radiação.

RESUMO

Pupae of Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) were irradiated 2 days before adult eclosión in an air atmosphere with 15, 20, 25, 30, 50 and 70 Gy of gamma radiation (Co-60). The radiation effects on sterility and other parameters of quality and behavior of males and females of caribfly were established. Males became fully sterile with a dose of 50 Gy and females laid no eggs when exposed to 25 Gy. Radiation had no significant effect on adult eclosion, sex ratio, flight ability and irritability, but female mortality was affected significantly by radiation, showing higher survival rates in low dosage treatments. The mating behavior of the males was reduced significantly by increasing the radiation doses.

Pupas de Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) foram irradiadas dois dias antes da emergência dos adultos em atmosfera de ar com as doses de 15, 20, 25, 30, 50 e 70 Gy de radiação gama (Co-60). Foram avaliados os efeitos da radiação sobre a esterilidade e outros parâmetros de qualidade e comportamento de machos e fêmeas de mosca-do-caribe. Machos tornaram-se totalmente estéreis com uma dose de 50 Gy e as fêmeas não ovipositaram quando expostas a 25 Gy. A radiação não teve efeito significativo sobre a taxa de emergência de adultos, na razão sexual, na habilidade de vôo e na irritabilidade desses insetos. Somente a mortalidade das fêmeas foi afetada significativamente pela radiação, causando unia maior sobrevivência nas dosagens mais baixas. A atividade de acasalamento dos machos foi reduzida significativamente com o incremento da dosagem de radiação.