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Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcers are one of the most frequent complications of diabetes; such ulcers cause an increase in the costs of the health care of the diabetic patient and can even cause disability due to amputation in the patient. Although a proportion of patients achieve a spontaneous closure of ulcers, others require medical or surgical treatment. Objective: To determine the cost-effectiveness of the intra- and perilesional application of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF), as opposed to conventional therapy for the management of patients diagnosed with Wagner's 3 or 4 diabetic foot ulcer in Colombia. Methodology: Using a Markov model, the process of care of a diabetic patient with diagnosis of Wagner's 3 or 4 ulcer receiving conventional treatment, or intra- and perilesional rhEGF, is configured. The evaluation cycles of the treatments are weekly over a 5-year horizon and the outcomes evaluated are quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and the number of amputations avoided by each treatment scheme, in addition to the total costs for treatments. Results: For the analysed base case, in the outcome of amputations, it was found that the factor presents 39 fewer amputations, in a cohort of 100 patients, compared with conventional treatment. Likewise, QALYs are 0.65 more with the use of rhEGF in an average patient. The estimated cost-utility ratio for the base case would be below the threshold established for Colombia. Conclusions: The intra- and perilesional application of rhEGF is a more effective therapeutic option than conventional therapy in the treatment of patients with Wagner's 3 or 4 diabetic foot ulcers and is cost-effective, taking as an outcome the QALYs for Colombia from the perspective of the health system.

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Se pretende estimar la multimorbilidad asociada con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y su relación con el gasto farmacéutico, para lo cual se realizó un estudio de corte transversal durante el año 2012. Se identificó a 350 015 individuos diabéticos, a través de códigos clínicos, usando la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades y el software 3M Clinical Risk Groups. Todos los pacientes fueron clasificados en cuatro grupos de morbilidad. El primer grupo corresponde al estadio inicial, el segundo grupo incluye el núcleo de multimorbilidad de pacientes en fases intermedia y avanzada, el tercer grupo incluye pacientes con diabetes y enfermedades malignas, y el último grupo es de pacientes en estado catastrófico, principalmente enfermos renales crónicos. La prevalencia bruta de diabetes fue de 6,7%. El gasto promedio total fue de ¬ 1257,1. La diabetes se caracteriza por una fuerte presencia de otras condiciones crónicas y tiene un gran impacto en el gasto farmacéutico.

Estimations of multimorbidity associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its relationship to pharmaceutical expenditure. Cross-sectional study during 2012. 350,015 diabetic individuals, identified through clinical codes using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problem and the 3M Clinical Risk Groups software. The raw prevalence of diabetes was 6.7%. All patients were stratified into four morbidity groups. The first group corresponds to the initial state; the second group includes the core multimorbidity patients in the intermediate and advanced stages; the third group includes patients with diabetes and malignancies; the last group patients with catastrophic statuses, manly chronic renal patients. The raw prevalence of diabetes was 6.7%. The average total cost was ¬ 1257.1. Diabetes is characterized by a strong presence of other chronic conditions have a great impact on pharmaceutical spending.

As estimativas de vários morbidade associada com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e sua relação com a despesa farmacêutica, para o qual um estudo transversal foi realizado em 2012. Ele foi identificado em 350 015 indivíduos diabéticos, foram identificados através códigos clínicos, utilizando a Classificação Internacional de Doenças e Risco clínica software Grupos 3M. Todos os pacientes foram classificados em quatro grupos de doença 4. O primeiro grupo corresponde à fase inicial (CRG 1-4); O segundo grupo inclui pacientes multimorbid principais fases intermediárias e avançadas, o terceiro grupo inclui pacientes com diabetes e doenças malignas, eo último grupo de pacientes em estado catastrófico, pacientes renais crónicos, principalmente. A prevalência global de diabetes foi de 6,7%. A despesa média total foi de ¬ 1257,1. Diabetes que se caracteriza por uma forte presença de outras condições crónicas e tieniendo um grande impacto sobre os gastos farmacêutica.

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BACKGROUND: Intercultural Mediation is a strategy for quality health care aimed at reducing inequalities in immigrant population. The aim is to analyse main reasons consultation with the mediation service, women care profile and characteristics of intervention. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 339 episodes of care by two intercultural mediators (MI) from February 2008 to October 2011 in Valencia. Variables were analysed individual records of the consultations of the MI: reasons for referral to MI and professionals who refer, motives and problems identified by MI, kind of intervention, kind of derivation of MI and socio-economic variables. To evaluate the differences between countries, X2 test was used for qualitative variables and one-way ANOVA test for quantitative variables. RESULTS: 123 women (36,3%), were referred to the MI by the Sexual and Reproductive Health Centre and 98 (28,9%) by the midwife. 272 women (80,24%) were referred for information and demand for contraception. The MI conducted health education and detected social problems in 67 women (19,7%) and gender violence in 38 (11,21%). CONCLUSIONS: The women attending were Latin American immigrants (those of Bolivia showed more vulnerability) and were referred for contraception. The MI provided information, education and facilitated access to reproductive health services. Bolivian women showed more vulnerability factors: irregular situation, precarious work and low residence time.

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The purpose of this review is to do a discussion about the use of the HRQoL as a health measure of the populations that enable to analyze its potential use as a measure of development and efficiency of health systems. The principal use of the HRQoL is in health technologies economics evaluation; however this measure can be use in public health when need to know the health state of population. The WHO recognizes its potential use but its necessary to do a discussion about your difficulties for its application and restrictions for its use as a performance indicator for the health systems. The review show the different aspects about the use of HRQoL how a measure of efficiency ot the health system, each aspect identified in the literature is analyzed and discussed, developing the pros and cons of their possible use, especially when it comes as a cardinal measure. The analysis allows recognize that measuring HRQoL in countries could serve as a useful indicator, especially when it seeks to measure the level of health and disease, as do most of the indicators of current use. However, the methodological constraints that do not allow comparability between countries especially when you have large socioeconomic differences have yet to be resolved to allow comparison between different regions.

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Problema: en el actual contexto de restricciones presupuestarias en el sector salud, se precisa de sistemas de gestión que permitan asignar el gasto de manera más eficiente. En el caso del gasto farmacéutico, los modelos de ajuste de riesgos en salud son herramientas que ayudan a mejorar la eficiencia. Objetivos: evaluar la capacidad predictiva de un modelo de ajuste de gasto farmacéutico, Indicador de Importe Estandarizado (he), según variables sociodemográficas: condición de farmacia, cobertura internacional, edad y sexo. Método: se incluyó la población empadronada en la Comunidad Valenciana (España) entre el 01/09/2009 y el 31/08/2010. Se estandarizó la población y se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal para explicar la variabilidad del gasto farmacéutico ambulatorio. Resultados: el sistema de ajuste evaluado supone un avance en relación con modelos anteriores, alcanzando un mayor poder predictivo (R² = 34%). Conclusiones: el he es válido para predecir el gasto farmacéutico y asignar presupuestos prospectivos a departamentos y centros de salud.

Problem: In the current context of budget constraints in the health sector management systems that allow allocating spending more efficiently are required. In the case of pharmaceutical expenditure, risk adjustment models are tools that help to improve the efficiency. Objectives: To evaluate the predictive power of a pharmaceutical expenditure adjustment model, Standardized Amount Indicator, using sociodemographic variables: Copayment, international coverage, age and sex. Methods: We included the population registered in Valencia (Spain) between 01/09/2009 and 31/08/2010. Population was standardized and linear regression analysis was performed in order to explain the variability of outpatient pharmaceutical expenditure. Results: The adjustment model evaluated improve the predictive power, reaching a R² of 34%. Conclusions: This models valid to predict pharmaceutical costs and allocate prospective budgets to health districts and centers.

Questão: No atual contexto de restrições orçamentais no sector da saúde são precisos sistemas de gestão que permitam alocar os dispêndios de forma mais eficiente. No caso da despesa farmacêutica os modelos de ajuste de risco em saúde são ferramentas que ajudam no melhoramento da eficiência. Objetivos: avaliar a capacidade preditiva de um modelo de ajuste da despesa farmacêutica, Indicador de Importe Padronizado (hp), de acordo com variáveis sociodemográficas: condição de farmácia, cobertura internacional, idade e gênero. Métodos: Foi incluída a população registrada em Valencia (Espanha) entre 01/09/2009 e 31/08/2010. A população foi padronizada e realizou-se análise de regressão linear para explicar a variabilidade dos dispêndios farmacêuticos ambulatórios. Resultados: O sistema de ajustamento avaliado supõe uma melhoria em relação aos modelos anteriores, alcançando maior poder preditivo (R2=34%). Conclusões: O iip é válido para prever os custos farmacêuticos e alocar orçamentos prospectivos aos departamentos e centros de saúde.

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Las vacunas conjugadas contra Haemophilus influenzae tipo b (Hib) son la herramienta más importante para prevenir la mayoría de las enfermedades invasoras producidas por dicho patógeno, pero debido a su costo, aún no se han introducido mundialmente de manera masiva. En el presente estudio se determinó la relación costo-efectividad de una vacuna contra Hib para prevenir la neumonía y la meningitis bacterianas en niños menores de 2 años en Colombia.

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OBJECTIVE: Conjugate vaccines are the best public health tools available for preventing most invasive diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), but the high cost of the vaccines has so far kept them from being introduced worldwide. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of introducing Hib conjugate vaccines for the prevention of meningitis and pneumonia among children under 2 years of age in Colombia. METHODS: We estimated the direct and indirect costs of managing in-hospital pneumonia and meningitis cases. In addition, following the recommendations of the World Health Organization, we assessed the cost-effectiveness of Hib vaccination programs. We also estimated the costs for preventing Hib cases, and the cost per year of life saved in two hypothetical situations: (1) with vaccination against Hib (with 90% coverage) and (2) without vaccination. RESULTS: The average in-hospital treatment costs were 611.50 US$ (95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 532.2 to 690.8 US$) per case of pneumonia and 848.9 US$ (95% CI = 716.8 to 981.0 US$) per case of meningitis. The average cost per Hib case prevented was 316.7 US$ (95% CI = 294.2 to 339.2 US$). In terms of cost-effectiveness, the cost would be 2.38 US$ per year of life saved for vaccination, versus 3.81 US$ per year of life saved without vaccination. CONCLUSION: Having an adequate Hib vaccination program in Colombia could prevent around 25,000 cases of invasive disease per year, representing a cost savings of at least 15 million US$ annually. Furthermore, the program could prevent some 700 deaths per year and save 44,054 years of life per year.

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This article summarizes the Final Report published by the Instituto de Pesquisa Econ mica Aplicada, containing the results of the Delphi Study conducted in 2000 with the objective of identifying the main health trends in Brazil in the first decade of the 21st century, according to opinion-makers selected from various social segments most directly involved in issues in their respective sectors. A total of 138 panelists were interviewed, of whom 105 (76.1%) participated in both stages of the study (1st and 2nd questionnaires). The first major general conclusion is the improbability of any scenario involving a break with the current model. The second refers to the presence of contradictory opinions among the different groups on numerous issues. The healthy absence of a single line of thought is displayed even when all segments represented in the panel point in the same direction, since the degree of optimism (or pessimism) differs from one group to another.

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Este artigo sintetiza o Informe Final publicado pelo Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada contendo os resultados do Estudo Delphi, realizado no ano 2000, com o objetivo de identificar as principais tendências da saúde no Brasil para a primeira década do século XXI, segundo o entendimento de formadores de opiniäo selecionados entre diversos segmentos sociais mais diretamente envolvidos nas questöes setoriais. Foram ouvidos 138 painelistas, dos quais 105 (76,1 por cento) participaram das duas etapas do estudo (1º e 2º questionários). A primeira grande conclusäo de ordem geral do estudo é a improbabilidade de qualquer cenário de ruptura com o modelo atual. A segunda se refere à presença do contraditório nas opiniöes dos diferentes grupos em inúmeras questöes. A salutar ausência do pensamento único é evidenciada mesmo quando todos os segmentos representados no painel apontam na mesma direçäo, já que o grau de otimismo (ou pessimismo) difere em cada grupo

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Identifica as principais tendências do sistema de saúde brasileiro nesta primeira década do século XXI. Foram consultados painelistas, formadores de opinião setorial, sobre as seguintes questões: valores sociais sobre saúde, organização e estrutura, aspectos econômicos, mercados e regulação, recursos humanos, ciência e tecnologia em saúde e perfil epistemológico.

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