RESUMO
This review aims to explore the role and value of serology testing in the context of COVID-19 immunization policies in Latin American countries and the barriers and challenges to the adequate use and uptake of this tool. It builds on a review of the academic literature, evidence, and existing policies, and includes a multistage process of discussion and feedback by a group of five experts. Regional and country-level evidence and resources from five focus countries-Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico-were collected and analyzed. This review contains an overview of (1) the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the variants of concern and current testing strategies, (2) the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination, (3) the potential use of serology testing to support immunization initiatives, (4) the current frameworks for the use of serology testing in the region, and (5) the barriers and challenges to implementing serology testing in the context of COVID-19 immunization policies, including a discussion on the potential actions required to address these barriers and facilitate the uptake of this strategy in the region. Stakeholders can use elements of this document to guide timely decision-making, raise awareness, and inspire further studies.
Assuntos
Teste Sorológico para COVID-19 , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Política de Saúde , Imunização/normas , Anticorpos Antivirais , Argentina , Brasil , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/imunologia , Chile , Colômbia , Humanos , América Latina , México , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , VacinaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a multifaceted intervention for preterm and low birth weight infants and their parents. Short- and mid-term benefits of KMC on survival, neurodevelopment, breastfeeding, and the quality of mother-infant bonding were documented in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in Colombia from 1993 to 1996. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the persistence of these results in young adulthood. METHODS: From 2012 to 2014, a total of 494 (69%) of the 716 participants of the original RCT known to be alive were identified; 441 (62% of the participants in the original RCT) were re-enrolled, and results for the 264 participants weighing ≤1800 g at birth were analyzed. The KMC and control groups were compared for health status and neurologic, cognitive, and social functioning with the use of neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and behavioral tests. RESULTS: The effects of KMC at 1 year on IQ and home environment were still present 20 years later in the most fragile individuals, and KMC parents were more protective and nurturing, reflected by reduced school absenteeism and reduced hyperactivity, aggressiveness, externalization, and socio-deviant conduct of young adults. Neuroimaging showed larger volume of the left caudate nucleus in the KMC group. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that KMC had significant, long-lasting social and behavioral protective effects 20 years after the intervention. Coverage with this efficient and scientifically based health care intervention should be extended to the 18 million infants born each year who are candidates for the method.
Assuntos
Cuidado do Lactente/tendências , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Método Canguru/tendências , Adolescente , Aleitamento Materno , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/prevenção & controle , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Transtorno da Conduta/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Conduta/prevenção & controle , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Inteligência , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Relações Mãe-Filho , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/prevenção & controle , Apego ao Objeto , Ajustamento Social , Análise de Sobrevida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the discriminative ability of the Infant Neurological International Battery (INFANIB), applied at 3, 6 and 9 months of corrected age (CA), on neurological outcomes at 1 year of CA. METHOD: An observational analytic study was conducted on a cohort of 5857 infants, followed up to 1 year of CA in a Kangaroo Mother Care programme from 1993 to 2010 in Bogotá, Colombia. Infants were included if they had two complete INFANIB results at 3 or 6 or 9 months of CA and at 12 months of CA, including the Griffiths Scale. The outcome was defined as the presence of a neurological abnormality, as evidenced by the results of both the INFANIB and Griffiths Scale. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the INFANIB at 3 months was 62.2%, and specificity was 76.1%, with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area of 0.69. At 6 months, the results were 77.5% for sensitivity and 74.4% for specificity (ROC 0.76), and at 9 months, they were 77.2% for sensitivity and 91.1% for specificity (ROC 0.84). CONCLUSION: The INFANIB was an appropriate neurological screening test with regard to determining which Colombian infants would benefit from a timely intervention for neuromotor disorders.