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Zika Preparedness Latin American Network (ZikaPLAN) is a research consortium funded by the European Commission to address the research gaps in combating Zika and to establish a sustainable network with research capacity building in the Americas. Here we present a report on ZikaPLAN`s mid-term achievements since its initiation in October 2016 to June 2019, illustrating the research objectives of the 15 work packages ranging from virology, diagnostics, entomology and vector control, modelling to clinical cohort studies in pregnant women and neonates, as well as studies on the neurological complications of Zika infections in adolescents and adults. For example, the Neuroviruses Emerging in the Americas Study (NEAS) has set up more than 10 clinical sites in Colombia. Through the Butantan Phase 3 dengue vaccine trial, we have access to samples of 17,000 subjects in 14 different geographic locations in Brazil. To address the lack of access to clinical samples for diagnostic evaluation, ZikaPLAN set up a network of quality sites with access to well-characterized clinical specimens and capacity for independent evaluations. The International Committee for Congenital Anomaly Surveillance Tools was formed with global representation from regional networks conducting birth defects surveillance. We have collated a comprehensive inventory of resources and tools for birth defects surveillance, and developed an App for low resource regions facilitating the coding and description of all major externally visible congenital anomalies including congenital Zika syndrome. Research Capacity Network (REDe) is a shared and open resource centre where researchers and health workers can access tools, resources and support, enabling better and more research in the region. Addressing the gap in research capacity in LMICs is pivotal in ensuring broad-based systems to be prepared for the next outbreak. Our shared and open research space through REDe will be used to maximize the transfer of research into practice by summarizing the research output and by hosting the tools, resources, guidance and recommendations generated by these studies. Leveraging on the research from this consortium, we are working towards a research preparedness network.

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Zika Preparedness Latin American Network (ZikaPLAN) is a research consortium funded by the European Commission to address the research gaps in combating Zika and to establish a sustainable network with research capacity building in the Americas. Here we present a report on ZikaPLAN's mid-term achievements since its initiation in October 2016 to June 2019, illustrating the research objectives of the 15 work packages ranging from virology, diagnostics, entomology and vector control, modelling to clinical cohort studies in pregnant women and neonates, as well as studies on the neurological complications of Zika infections in adolescents and adults. For example, the Neuroviruses Emerging in the Americas Study (NEAS) has set up more than 10 clinical sites in Colombia. Through the Butantan Phase 3 dengue vaccine trial, we have access to samples of 17,000 subjects in 14 different geographic locations in Brazil. To address the lack of access to clinical samples for diagnostic evaluation, ZikaPLAN set up a network of quality sites with access to well-characterized clinical specimens and capacity for independent evaluations. The International Committee for Congenital Anomaly Surveillance Tools was formed with global representation from regional networks conducting birth defects surveillance. We have collated a comprehensive inventory of resources and tools for birth defects surveillance, and developed an App for low resource regions facilitating the coding and description of all major externally visible congenital anomalies including congenital Zika syndrome. Research Capacity Network (REDe) is a shared and open resource centre where researchers and health workers can access tools, resources and support, enabling better and more research in the region. Addressing the gap in research capacity in LMICs is pivotal in ensuring broad-based systems to be prepared for the next outbreak. Our shared and open research space through REDe will be used to maximize the transfer of research into practice by summarizing the research output and by hosting the tools, resources, guidance and recommendations generated by these studies. Leveraging on the research from this consortium, we are working towards a research preparedness network.

RESUMO

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant condition with pleiotropic manifestations involving the skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular systems. The diagnosis is based primarily on clinical involvement of these and other systems, referred to as the Ghent criteria. We have identified three Hispanic families from Mexico with cardiovascular and ocular manifestations due to novel FBN1 mutations but with paucity of skeletal features. The largest family, hMFS001, had a frameshift mutation in exon 24 (3075delC) identified as the cause of aortic disease in the family. Assessment of eight affected adults revealed no major skeletal manifestation of MFS. Family hMFS002 had a missense mutation (R1530C) in exon 37. Four members fulfilled the criteria for ocular and cardiovascular phenotype but lacked skeletal manifestations. Family hMFS003 had two consecutive missense FBN1 mutations (C515W and R516G) in exon 12. Eight members fulfilled the ocular criteria for MFS and two members had major cardiovascular manifestations, however none of them met criteria for skeletal system. These data suggest that individuals of Hispanic descent with FBN1 mutations may not manifest skeletal features of the MFS to the same extent as Caucasians. We recommend that echocardiogram, ocular examination and FBN1 molecular testing be considered for any patients with possible MFS even in the absence of skeletal features, including Hispanic patients.

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Las infecciones nosocomiales respiratorias representan hasta un 70 por ciento de las infecciones nosocomiales y el 50-70 por ciento de la mortalidad en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, por lo que constituyen un verdadero problema a pesar de los grandes esfuerzos en la investigación de nuevos antibióticos y técnicas novedosas para el diagnóstico. Existen numerosos factores predisponentes inherentes al paciente y asociadas a la ventilación mecánica y el ambiente de la UCI. Los mecanismos patógenos son diversos, destacando entre ellos la aspiración del contenido de la boca hacia las vías aéreas superiores. Los gérmenes más frecuentes asociados con neumonía nosocomial son los Gram-negativos, y entre ellos las Pseudomonas, Proteus, E.coli, y Haemophilus, y de los Gram-positivos destaca el Staphylococcus. Dentro de las complicaciones, la más frecuente es el derrame paraneumónico. La terapéutica inicial se instituye en base a la coloración de Gram, mientras se obtiene el resultado de los cultivos y antibiograma. En la actualidad existen diversas medidas preventivas con el fin de evitar la colonización, aspiración y deterioro de los diferentes sistemas de defensa del huesped.

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Bacteremia nosocomial, se define como el crecimiento de un microorganismo en un cultivo tomado con las medidas de asepsia y antisepsia adecuadas en un paciente sin signos o síntomas de infección o el crecimiento de nuevos gérmenes en un cultivo previamente positivo. La bacteremia primaria es aquella producida sin ningún foco séptico a distancia, mientras que la secundaria es aquella donde si existe un foco séptico primario: adbomen, pulmones, etc. Existen factores predisponentes para la bacteremia nosocomial relacionada con catéter, entre los cuales están: métodos y sitio de inserción, material del catéter, tipo de catéter y duración del catéter en el sitio. Los gérmenes más frecuentes asociados a bacteremis nosocomiales asociadas a catéter son: cocos Gram (+), S. coagulosa (-) en 25 por ciento, S. aureus con 15 por ciento, y el Enterococcus spp; los Gram (-) más frecuente encontrados: E. coli, Enterobacter spp; y la levadura Candida albicans, con 5 a 8 por ciento para cada uno de ellos. La infección nosocomial relacionada con líneas corresponde entre el 25 y el 30 por ciento del total de las bacteremias nosocomiales. Existen diversas medidas preventivas tales como el lavado de las manos, preparación del sitio de la inserción, cambio de curas, catéteres, equipos de infusión, transductores y soluciones de infusión, así como el uso de catéteres con "cuffs" de colágeno, y la realización de la técnica de tunelización, con el fin de disminuir la frecuencia de estas infecciones

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La infección nosocomial, aquello que se deasrolla durante la estancia hospitalaria de un paciente, y producida por microorganismo adquiridos en el hospital, tiene una incidencia global del 6 por cientos, existiendo variaciones importantes no solo dependiendo del tipo de hospital, sino del área en el mismo. Estas son 3 a 5 veces más frecuentes en las unidades de cuidados intensivos en relación a las salas de hospitalización. El 90 por cientos de las infercciones son de caracter endémico, mientras del 2 al 4 po cientos son epidémicas.Existen numerosos factores de riesgo inherentes al medio ambiente así como al paciente mismo, que juegan un papel importante en la adquisición de esta patología La gran mayoria mayoria son ocasinadas por un patógeno único y por bacterias aeróbicas de un 76 a 80 por cientos, destacando los bacilos Gram negativos y los estafilococos. La presencia de una infección nosocomial ocasiona un aumento importante en la mobimortalidad del paciente, prolonga su estancia hospitalaria e incrementa los costos, por lo que un adecuado programa de control de las mismas, debe ser implementado

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